Unit 5

Which labeled step(s) represents cis-retinal binding to opsin, regenerating a photopigment that is functional? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 E. Both 1 and 3

4

________ is the neurotransmitter used by the pathway shown in the diagram and it causes ________. A. Acetylcholine; depolarization B. Norepinephrine; depolarization C. Epinephrine; depolarization D. Norepinephrine; hyperpolarization E. Acetylcholine; hyperpolarization

A. Acetylcholine; depolarization

Which papillae increase surface area but do not aid in direct gustation? A. Filiform B. Foliate C. Fungiform D. Vallate E. Circumvallate

A. Filiform

In a sympathetic division motor pathway, which neurotransmitter is released at the kidney? A. Norepinephrine B. Acetylcholine C. Epinephrine D. Dopamine E. Serotonin

A. Norepinephrine

Which statement accurately describes the changes in the membrane potential of a photoreceptor cell when light rays strike its photopigments? A. The photoreceptor cell undergoes hyperpolarization. B. The photoreceptor cell creates action potentials at a frequency proportional to the intensity of the light stimulus. C. A graded potential proportional to the intensity of the light stimulus occurs in the photoreceptor cell. D. The photoreceptor cell undergoes rapid depolarization. E. No changes in the membrane potential occur.

A. The photoreceptor cell undergoes hyperpolarization.

What lies between the lens and the retina? A. Vitreous chamber B. Anterior cavity C. Anterior chamber D. Cornea E. Aqueous humor

A. Vitreous chamber

Otoliths are located in the A. macula of the saccule. B. tectorial membrane of the spiral organ. C. cupula of the crista. D. hair cells and supporting cells of semicircular ducts E. basilar membrane of the cochlear duct

A. macula of the saccule.

Postganglionic neurons from the otic ganglion supply the ________, and release ________. A. parotid gland; acetylcholine B. sublingual gland; norepinephrine C. sublingual gland; acetylcholine D. submandibular gland; acetylcholine E. parotid gland; norepinephrine F. submandibular gland; norepinephrine

A. parotid gland; acetylcholine

The ________ contains sympathetic preganglionic axons and connects the anterior ramus of the spinal nerve with the sympathetic trunk ganglia. A. white rami communicanes B. gray rami communicanes C. greater splanchnic nerve D. meningeal branch E. autonomic plexus

A. white rami communicanes

An uncorrected myopic eye is seen in which diagram? A B C D E

B

In the retina diagram, where is the bipolar cell layer? A B C D

B

Tastants make contact with which portion in the diagram? G B C D E

B

Place the events in order of sympathetic motor pathway. 1. postganglionic neuron depolarizes 2. acetylcholine binds to sweat gland's muscarinic receptor 3. postganglionic neuron releases acetylcholine 4. neuron exits lumbar segment of spinal cord 5. acetylcholine binds to nicotinic receptor 6. neuron releases acetylcholine A. 2, 3, 1, 4, 6, 5 B. 4, 6, 5, 1, 3, 2 C. 4, 5, 6, 1, 3, 2 D. 5, 3, 4, 1, 2, 6 E. 6, 4, 5, 3, 2, 1

B. 4, 6, 5, 1, 3, 2

In a parasympathetic division motor pathway, which neurotransmitter is released at the effector? A. Norepinephrine B. Acetylcholine C. Epinephrine D. Dopamine E. Serotonin

B. Acetylcholine

Which neurotransmitter is released at the adrenal gland by the preganglionic neuron in the sympathetic pathway? A. Norepinephrine B. Acetylcholine C. Epinephrine D. Dopamine E. Serotonin

B. Acetylcholine

Which neurotransmitter is released at the autonomic ganglion by the preganglionic neuron? A. Norepinephrine B. Acetylcholine C. Epinephrine D. Dopamine E. Serotonin

B. Acetylcholine

After staying up all night to study, your eyes are bloodshot. The vasculature in what area is congested and dilated? A. Retina B. Bulbar conjunctiva C. Palpebral conjunctiva D. Cornea E. Lacrimal puncta

B. Bulbar conjunctiva

Which the following regions of the brain serve as the major control and integration center of the ANS? A. Cerebrum B. Hypothalamus C. Pituitary D. Cerebellulum E. Thalamus

B. Hypothalamus

Which neuron is most likely to be adrenergic? A. Parasympathetic preganglionic B. Sympathetic postganglionic C. Sympathetic preganglionic D. Parasympathetic postganglionic E. Both sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic

B. Sympathetic postganglionic

Opsin looks colorless when trans-retinal is separated from opsin. This is termed A. conversion. B. bleaching. C. isomerization. D. transition. E. regeneration.

B. bleaching.

Nerve impulses for the sense of hearing are initiated in the spiral organ (organ of Corti) and then travel through the ________ to the cochlear nuclei in the ________. A. vestibular branch of cranial nerve VIII; medulla oblongata B. cochlear branch of cranial nerve VIII; medulla oblongata C. vestibular branch of cranial nerve VIII; pons D. cochlear branch of cranial nerve VIII; midbrain

B. cochlear branch of cranial nerve VIII; medulla oblongata

Olfactory epithelium is found A. only in the inferior portion of the nasal cavity. B. only in the superior portion of the nasal cavity. C. only in the mid-nasal ridges. D. throughout the nasal cavity. E. from the vestibule to the pharynx.

B. only in the superior portion of the nasal cavity.

A postganglionic neuron in the ANS A. has its cell body in the brain or spinal cord. B. releases neurotransmitter that binds to the effector cell. C. has its axons exiting the CNS through cranial nerves. D. carries information into the sympathetic chain ganglia. E. is the first part of an autonomic motor pathway.

B. releases neurotransmitter that binds to the effector cell.

In the diagram which area contains only cones? A B C H G

C

Which structure in this diagram produces the material that dissolves odorants so transduction can occur? F G C D I

C

Cholinergic neurons release ________ and adrenergic neurons release ________. A. ACh; ACh B. epinephrine; ACh C. ACh; NE D. NE; ACh E. NE; NE

C. ACh; NE

The chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla possess what type of receptor that makes them responsive to the ACh released by preganglionic sympathetic neurons? A. Muscarinic receptors B. β2-adrenergic C. Nicotinic receptors D. β3-adrenergic E. β1-adrenergic

C. Nicotinic receptors

Which parasympathetic terminal ganglion is associated with the parotid salivary gland? A. Submandibular ganglion B. Pterygopalatine ganglion C. Otic ganglion D. Ciliary ganglion E. Both otic and submandibular

C. Otic ganglion

What ear structure vibrates back and forth when sound waves strike? A. Pinna B. Cochlea C. Tympanic membrane D. Vestibulocochlear nerve E. Spiral organ

C. Tympanic membrane

You are just about to perform a clinical procedure for the first time and your palms begin to sweat. This is due to A. increased parasympathetic stimulation of sweat glands possessing muscarinic receptors. B. increased parasympathetic stimulation of sweat glands possessing nicotinic receptors. C. increased sympathetic stimulation of sweat glands possessing muscarinic receptors. D. increased sympathetic stimulation of sweat glands possessing adrenergic receptors. E. increased sympathetic stimulation of sweat glands possessing beta 2 receptors.

C. increased sympathetic stimulation of sweat glands possessing muscarinic receptors.

Cholinergic receptors include A. alpha, beta, and nicotinic receptors. B. adrenergic and nicotinic receptors. C. nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. D. nicotinic and adrenergic receptors. E. muscarinic, alpha, and beta receptors.

C. nicotinic and muscarinic receptors.

Dynamic equilibrium is maintained by the A. utricle and saccule. B. spiral organ. C. semicircular canals. D. cochlea. E. vestibule.

C. semicircular canals.

Parasympathetic innervation of the liver occurs through A. oculomotor (III) nerve. B. facial (VII) nerve. C. vagus (X) nerve. D. glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve. E. pelvic splanchnic nerve.

C. vagus (X) nerve.

Which of the following types of adrenergic receptors are only found in brown adipose tissue where their activation stimulates heat production? A. α2-adrenergic B. β2-adrenergic C. β3-adrenergic D. β1-adrenergic E. α1-adrenergic

C. β3-adrenergic

An uncorrected hyperopic eye is seen in which diagram? A B C D E

D

Place the flow of tears in correct order. 1. lacrimal gland 2. lacrimal sac 3. lacrimal duct 4. superior or inferior lacrimal canal 5. nasolacrimal duct 6. nasal cavity A. 2, 5, 3, 4, 1, 6 B. 6, 5, 2, 4, 3, 1 C. 3, 1, 4, 2, 5, 6 D. 1, 3, 4, 2, 5, 6 E. 2, 5, 6, 1, 3, 4

D. 1, 3, 4, 2, 5, 6

Select the sequence of events for the olfactory pathway 1. a second messenger opens cation channels (Na+ and Ca+2) 2. depolarization of olfactory receptor cells occurs 3. odorant binds to olfactory receptor protein 4. G protein activates cyclic adenosine monophosphate A. 2, 1, 4, 3 B. 3, 1, 2, 4 C. 4, 2, 1, 3 D. 3, 4, 1, 2 E. 1, 2, 3, 4

D. 3, 4, 1, 2

Identify the malleus, incus, and stapes in the diagram. A. J, C, G B. C, D, G C. A, B, C D. A, B, J E. A, C, G

D. A, B, J

________ bind the odorants and begin signal transduction. A. Supporting cells B. Bowman's glands C. Gustatory receptor cells D. Olfactory cilia

D. Olfactory cilia

Identify the structure labeled 2 in the diagram. A. Parasympathetic postganglionic neuron B. Sympathetic postganglionic neuron C. Somatic motor neuron D. Parasympathetic preganglionic neuron E. Sympathetic preganglionic neuron

D. Parasympathetic preganglionic neuron

Which of the following lists the components of an autonomic reflex arc in the proper sequence of activation? A. Effector — sensory neuron — integrating center — motor neuron — receptor B. Receptor — motor neuron — integrating center — sensory neuron — effector C. Integrating center — receptor — sensory neuron — motor neuron — effector D. Receptor — sensory neuron — integrating center — motor neuron — effector E. Receptor — sensory neuron — motor neuron — effector — integrating center

D. Receptor — sensory neuron — integrating center — motor neuron — effector

Which structure is dually innervated? A. Radial iris muscle B. Spleen C. Most blood vessels D. Stomach E. Adipose tissue

D. Stomach

Thoracolumbar is another name for which division of ANS? A. Central nervous system B. Parasympathetic nervous system C. Peripheral nervous system D. Sympathetic nervous system E. Somatic nervous system

D. Sympathetic nervous system

Why is the optic disc known as the blind spot? A. The macula degenerated over the optic disc. B. Rods and cones are inactive in that area. C. The layer of bipolar and ganglion cells do not cover the cones in this area. D. There is no retinal layer so there are no cones and rods. E. The neural circuits lack amacrine and horizontal cells.

D. There is no retinal layer so there are no cones and rods.

The lens accommodates when contraction of ________ pulls on ________. A. suspensory ligaments; zonular fibers B. ciliary processes; ciliary muscle C. ora seratta; suspensory ligaments D. ciliary muscle; zonular fibers E. zonular fibers; ciliary muscles

D. ciliary muscle; zonular fibers

The ________ regulates the amount of light entering the eyeball through the pupil. A. fovea centralis B. cornea C. retina D. iris E. lens

D. iris

The two main neurotransmitters of the autonomic nervous system are A. acetylcholine and dopamine. B. norepinephrine and dopamine. C. noradrenaline and adrenaline. D. norepinephrine and acetylcholine. E. adrenaline and acetylcholine.

D. norepinephrine and acetylcholine.

One of the main differences between a somatic reflex and autonomic reflex is the type of effectors that are activated. The effectors in somatic reflexes are ________, while the effectors in autonomic reflexes are ________. A. smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands; skeletal muscles B. skeletal muscles and glands; smooth muscle and cardiac muscle C. glands; skeletal muscles, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle D. skeletal muscles; smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands E. striated muscles; smooth muscle and glands

D. skeletal muscles; smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

The axons of the ganglion neurons of the retina terminate in the A. primary somatosensory area of cerebral cortex. B. optic chiasm. C. visual cortex of cerebrum. D. thalamus.

D. thalamus.

Place the events of sound transduction in order. 1. Exocytosis of neurotransmitters occurs 2. Mechanically-gated channels fully open allowing cations to enter 3. Calcium voltage-gated channels open 4. Stereocilia of hair cells bend 5. Higher frequency of action potentials in first-order neurons 6. Cations entering cause depolarization A. 2, 6, 3, 4, 1, 5 B. 4, 1, 6, 3, 2, 5 C. 5, 1, 3, 2, 6, 4 D. 6, 4, 2, 3, 5, 1 E. 4, 2, 6, 3, 1, 5

E. 4, 2, 6, 3, 1, 5

Which molecule detects light rays that strike the photopigments in the retina? A. Opsin portion of rhodopsin B. Melanin C. cGMP D. Retinal isomerase E. Cis-retinal

E. Cis-retinal

Pink eye is an infection of the thin mucous membrane that protects the inner aspect of the eyelids and the anterior portion of the sclera. What membrane is involved? A. Cornea B. Choroid C. Palpebral fissure D. Lateral commissure E. Conjunctiva

E. Conjunctiva

________ are proteins that make up the refractive portion of the lens. A. Ciliary bodies B. Collagens C. Keratins D. Elastins E. Crystallins

E. Crystallins

Jennifer is at a stoplight and begins to accelerate into traffic when the light turns green. She stops suddenly as a truck runs the red light and is only a few inches away from her front bumper. Which effect would you NOT expect to see in Jennifer's body? A. Airway dilation B. Increased heart rate C. Increased secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine D. Increased pupil diameter E. Increased secretion of digestive juices

E. Increased secretion of digestive juices

Which structures contain endolymph? A. Scala vestibule, scala tympani, and bony labyrinth B. Membranous and bony labyrinth C. Scala vestibule, scala tympani, and cochlear duct D. Cochlear duct, vestibule and semicircular canals E. Saccule, utricle and cochlear duct

E. Saccule, utricle and cochlear duct

The first step in the visual transduction process that occurs in the retina is A. absorption of scattered light by the pigmented epithelium. B. interruption of the dark current. C. generation of action potentials in the optic nerve. D. activation of amacrine cells. E. absorption of light by photopigments.

E. absorption of light by photopigments.

Beta blockers are used to A. prevent sweating. B. prevent a drop in heart rate. C. decrease dry eye syndrome. D. dilate pupils. E. prevent a rise in heart rate.

E. prevent a rise in heart rate.

In this diagram which structure composed of bone and cartilage, helps equalize pressure between middle ear and the atmosphere? H F C D E

H