Unit 5: Humanism and the Commercial Revolution and How They Affected the Renaissance; Protestant and Scientific Revolutions and HTA the Enlightenment

What does the term Renaissance man mean?

A Renaissance man is a multi-talented person that pursued a variety of interests.

How did business methods change after the Crusades?

A class of wealthy bankers and merchants began, now that economic life was no longer dependent on agriculture production or land owning (feudalism). Commercial exchanges and finance overseas through trading began and the act of lending money for interest was wide spread and acceptable. This decreased the power of the Church since Protestants allowed for this to be acceptable. Entrepreneurs, or individuals that organized, managed, and assumed responsibility for business, popped up.

What does a humanist education involve according to Leonardo Bruni?

A humanist education, according to Leonardo Bruni, involves the study of literature, poetry, and history that glorify mankind. He pushes that student read words that have an elegant style to have an eloquent style of speech, which makes people sophisticated and refined in knowledge and style. This makes humans more perfect and gives them more glory than divine beings, so they are "humanist".

What are joint-stock companies and how did they help in the revival of capitalism?

A joint-stock company is a privately owned company that sells stock, or partial ownership in company, to investors. An example is the Dutch East India Company. This globalized economy from the previous local economy (feudalism).

What is a Renaissance and what was the European Renaissance + when and where did it start?

A rebirth/revival; the rebirth/revival of Greek and Roman or Greco-Roman culture. The European Renaissance occurred in Italy around 1100, when Italians became interested in learning the culture of the Byzantine Empire/Eastern Roman Empire because of the increased contact during the Crusades.

What is active life? What is contemplative life?

Active life is the concern with the present world, which became ideal, while contemplative life was the concern with salvation in the next world that was more dominant in the Middle Ages. This made civic humanists (who believe in developing and improving civic [town/city] pride in Italian cities) believe that a person can be an active citizen with a family and not have to have severe self-discipline and avoid indulgences in order to be saved, therefore still being a "good Christian", connecting the Renaissance to contemporary issues of the time.

What role did the religious makeup of the population play in France's religious wars?

As time went on, the religious makeup of the French population played a big role for the political rivalry of the 3 royal families trying to rule the monarchy. The Bourbons from southern France and the Montmorency-Chatillons from central France were mostly Huguenots and had leaders in that reform movement. When regent Catherine tried to balance the power between the families by plyaing both sides but then helped the Guises, who were Catholics, attempt to murder a Montmorency-Chatillon, Coligny, a Huguenot leader, the Huguenots were filled with a need for vengeance.

How was science viewed before the Science Revolution?

Before the 1800's, science was basically "natural philosophy" and entangled with moral philosophy, theology, and magic. In the MA, science meant knowledge, in the Renaissance it meant the art in describing a particular body of knowledge, and in the early 18th century it was anything with methodical observations. Mid-19th century science replaced "natural philosopher", referring to physics and chemistry primarily. Historians disagree in calling the 17th century "revolution" a "revolution" because it's questionable that it can qualify as one.

What are the Catholic and Counter Reformations and what is the difference between the two?

Both 16th-century reform movements, they were both created in reaction of the Catholic Church to the Protestant Movement. The Catholic Reformation had to do with making changes in the Church according to the abuses Luther had pointed out. The Council of Trent aided in this by forbidding simony and indulgences. The Counter Reformation had to do with creating new religious orders. This resulted in the Jesuits, who promoted faith and devotion in the Church in order to stop the spread of Protestantism.

What is the thesis and what are the main points of The Renaissance in Relation to the Reformation by V. J. Brook?

Brook is arguing that the Renaissance was a necessary "pre-condition" for the Reformation because it undermined the authority of the Church and was the basis for any break away from/opposition to the Church. Brook points out that the people of that time couldn't go against the Church any other way except by reason/science since the Church has too much authority and was the only mediator between the people and God, so humanism gave the people the resources (historical documents, antique things, etc.) to fight against the Church. However, Brook believes that Luther had the logic of a regular humanist scholar but that the movement was not why he went against the Church, but because of his spiritual experience of finding peace by having faith in God.

What is capitalism? How did the advent/resurgence of capitalism occur?

Capitalism is the system where business owners risk capital, or money, to start new businesses in hope of making profit. Production became privately owned, for profit, including merchants and bankers that became the foundation for capitalism. Joint-stock companies were created, allowing different people to have a part of a company's profits and globalized the economy.

What is evidence that there was no science present in the 17th century that could quality as a Science Rev.?

Cardinal Bellarmine feels things are right/effective when evidence is provided, but thinks people should still listen to the Bible. Addison believes in witchcraft, but has no evidence. Maclautin says science is "subservient to purposes of a high kind", or that science leads to God in the end.

What is civic humanism? What did this lead to?

Civic humanism, which appeared in the 1400's, is the interest in improving and developing civic (city/urban) pride in Italian cities with Ancient Greek and Roman cities as models. This thought led to civic improvement projects like better sewage systems and better art to beautify cities. This also led to the awareness of and participation in political life, which caused attempts to create a republic form of government (democratic representation), using the Roman Republic as a model. This led to the active and contemplative lives, which made the Renaissance relevant to present problems and issues of the time.

How was there science present in the 17th century (1600's) that could qualify it as a Science Rev.?

Copernicus found out that the Earth moved and revolved around the Sun, and found some others thought the same, one from a Byzantine bishop called Nicetas. This went against the Church's thought that everything revolved around the Sun, since humans were the most important creation of God and therefore deserved to be in the center of the universe. If people questioned this idea, they would question the Church, so this also influenced the Protestant Reformation. William Gilbert wanted to understand how magnets work so he made a provable hypothesis, and found out the properties of iron were "awakened by" a magnet. Redi did experiments with meat to see why maggots and flies went to dead bodies, instead of worms, which questioned the norm and used experiments to find the truth. Leopold used math and technology to perform experiments accurately.

What are the overall causes of the Protestant Reformation?

Economic causes, like how the Church imposed taxes, and political conflicts, referring to how many thought the pope had too much power over secular matters. Humanism and the Renaissance spread the thought that humans have the ability to read and understand the Bible for themselves.

How was the power of the Church increased and then decreased after the collapse of the Byzantine Empire?

Europe unifies around the Church's goals and the status of the Church increased for a bit but then new ideas from abroad threatened the Church's teachings and their loss of the Holy Lands and failures of later Crusades reduced their status.

What is indulgence?

Giving church money for pardon

IWW is Luther critical of the papacy, monks, and the monastic orders of the Catholic Church?

He doesn't like that the Church extorts money from people with their ceremonies and indulgences and that the monks exaggerate and are effusive on their "struggle" to fast when after the a day of fasting, they have three days of feasting ready for them.

What did Martin Luther do that started the Reformation of the Catholic Church?

He wrote and nailed the 95 Theses on church in Wittenburg on Oct. 31, 1517 on how these changes should change as a response to Johann Tetzel, a representative of pope that wanted to renovate the main church by selling indulgences.

What were the effects of Calvin's thoughts?

He wrote his religious thoughts in "The Institutes of the Christian Religion" in 1536. Calvinism spread to Geneva, the Netherlands, especially urban areas, and Southern France. In 1541, Geneva became a Calvinist theocracy and the government regulated dancing, bad manners, and obscene language. In France, followers, called Huguenots, built churches.

How did Calvinism affect France and the relationship between Calvinists and Catholics?

Huguenots and Catholics went to war between 1562-1598 due to a Calvinist King, Henry III marrying a Catholic Princess in Paris and becoming the King of France. The Huguenots were killed in Paris and in other parts in France in huge numbers, like the St.Bartholomew's Day Massacre of August 1572. The two religions had tension until the Edict of Nantes, which made an issuance that said Protestants in France and those of other religions could practice faith, allowing religious toleration, which basically ended the war. French Protestants could now have the same rights as Catholics, such as holding a position in government or going to school.

What is humanism?

Humanism was the Classical World's glorification of the human form as beautiful and the human mind as capable of discovering truth with the guidance of God, which put a focus on humanity and the humanities. It emphasized individual achievement and the development of the spirit while discouraging pride.

What is Christian humanism? What did it lead to?

In northern Europe, humanists tried to "humanize" Christianity. Christian humanism as a movement to attempt to combine the best values of the Classical World with Christianity, putting more emphasis on Classical literature and philosophy. It lead to "an intellectual examination of Christianity", which lead to the want for reform, planting the seeds for the the Protestant Reformation/Reformation movement.

Why did the Science Rev. occur in Europe rather than in China or the Islamic World?

In the Islamic Empire, only a few authorities patronized science and most of its studies were done in places outside of formal education/universities called madrassas, where Quranic studies and religious law were of the most importance. People viewed science as suspicious and inaccurate, since science created more questions than answers (confusion) and because it strayed from the teachings in the Quran. In China, authorities didn't allow for schools to be independent from religion, and instead emphasized Confucianism and the civil service examinations that came with it. These two were unlike Europe, which had created a system of legality by the 1100's and 1200's that allowed for places like universities to be independent and thought of like a corporation, with a group of people having control over its enrolled participants. With this form of self-government in schools, scholars could pursue their studies without too much control from the Church or local authorities. These universities were the ones that taught and brought about many prominent people in the Scientific Revolution without the overpowering external control of religion.

What is the Theory of Predestination?

It is the thought that God chose certain people to be saved (The Elect) and that the rest of the people could not be saved not matter what they did. However, people should behave as if they were among the chosen by leading a life according to "strict/high moral standards" and living simply (without material things and having self-discipline).

What happened as a result of the collapse of the Byzantine Empire and their people running to Western Europe? How did this affect the feudal system?

It resulted in the rediscovery of ancient Greek + Roman (Greco-Roman) texts and the adoption of Arab/Muslim ideas and inventions that blended with existing European technology, like paper and numerals, allowing for new advances in ship navigation, math and astronomy. Also, the number of university increases from 1300-1500 because more people wanted to learn about ancient Greece and Rome (Oxford, Cambridge, Moracco Unis.). Additionally, the power of the kings increases (except Europe temporarily because of the Magna Carta=less authority) because gunpowder technology from China goes to Europe, making castles and knights less effective, and bringing the feudal system down while aiding in the military, which is led by the king. Also, the king collected national taxation for the Crusades (money is used to fight far from home), meaning the kings became less dependent on the military and financial support of the nobles, which is necessary in a feudal system. This leads to an absolute monarchy.

Why was the Donation of Constantine important? What was it about and how was it revealed that it had been forged? What were it's affects?

It was important because it justified the Church's political authority of appointing rulers in Europe, and because it could be used against the Church since it was forged. It was "associated with the coronations of Pippin in 754 and Charlemagne in 800" and it was thought that it was written "in the 750s or 760s by a cleric of the Lateran in Rome" (Donation... sheet. It was actually based on "The Legend of St.Sylvester" where Constantine converted to Christianity after Pope Sylvester I cured him of leprosy in the 5th-century and the earliest manuscript is from the 9th century. Lorenzo Valla revealed it was forged by pointing out how the Latin used was "not that of the 4th century" in 1440, which was when Constantine was in rule, but it was written in the 8th century. This was done by the help of humanism, which emphasized the interest in language, history, literacy, etc. and his method of proving it was a forgery can be traced to humanism. It made Protestants trust the Church even less since they lied, so they shouldn't have authority over their religion, and if they were lying about this document, what else could they lie about?

What was the Pope and Roman Emperor's response to Luther at the DIET of Worms?

Luther appeared before the Emperor in Worms, a German city, and was put on trial, arrested, and then excommunicated.

When and how was Luther excommunicated?

Luther increased his attacks, further emphasizing the authority of the Bible and people's conscious over the authority of the Pope and burned the Papal Bull (official document of the Pope) with local citizen support. He was excommunicated in June, 1520.

Who was Martin Luther? What did he believe? What did Martin Luther do that started the Reformation of the Catholic Church?

Martin Luther, a professor of religion, didn't like some practices of the Church, especially how they taught one can be forgiven of sins. This includes having faith, praying, fasting, performing good works, and most importantly, indulgence. Luther thought that sins could be forgiven only by faith in God alone. He wanted to reform the sale of indulgences, simony (selling church offices/roles), and nepotism (giving relatives positions in church), which all just accumulated the Church's wealth and let rich people become "free of sins" easily.

What is an enduring legacy/outcome of the European religious wars?

One is that they lead to the Enlightenment, which gave less power to the Catholic Church and questioned the norm, delving in philosophy, science, and reason.

What were the political, economic and cultural results of the Protestant Reformation?

Political: Kings and other gov. officials, especially in northern and central Europe, gained power as the power of the Church decreased; Economic: Protestant areas became wealthy as the Church sold property and ended taxes; Cultural: Education and literacy progressed since more people wanted to read the Bible themselves, reformers supported the universities and education was also important for the Jesuits because of their beliefs in self-discipline and faith.

How and where did Protestantism spread? What did it lead to?

Protestantism spread to northern Europe, where Frenchman John Calvin from Geneva, Switzerland caught the spreading thoughts. Calvin agreed with Luther that good works didn't lead to one's salvation, but thought that God had selected the people that will be saved and is the only one that can do so (theory of predestination), so people should behave as if they were one of the selected. His religion, Calvinism, spread as well.

What are Luther's Teachings/the Principles of Protestantism?

Protestants believe salvation comes through faith, religious authority goes to the Bible, not the Pope and the officials, and that only 2 sacraments out of the 7 should be permitted: baptism and communion. They also believe that the ministers are the guides for the followers, so that the people can understand and interpret the Bible for themselves, and that priests should marry.

What is the thesis and what are the main points of The Reformation, Humanism, and Education: The Wittenberg Model for Reform by Robert Rosin?

Rosin is arguing that the humanistic education that sprouted from the Renaissance has a certain approach and method that gave birth to the development of the Protestant Reformation by changing the focus from the norm, Scholasticism, to theology and other subjects with Greco-Roman learning. Rosin gives detailed evidence on how humanism changed the educational system in Europe, and how this affected the Church and people's thoughts about the Church. Rosin explains how universities like Wittenberg, where Luther studied, brought in this humanistic education and promoted it, which eventually became accepted and allowed people to use different aspects of it, whether it be grammar, language, or theology, to fight against the Church and fight for reform, including Luther, according to this author.

What is secular humanism?

Secular humanism is the non-religious emphasis on the study and progress of human nature, which is displayed by Renaissance artists.

What happened in the religious wars in Spain?

The Catholic King was trying to convert the Europeans and allied with Venice in order to defeat Turkey and Muslims, who were trying to invade Spain. After he successfully did so, he tried to convert the Protestants in the Netherlands, where there were a lot of Protestants, but the Calvinist followers rebelled and Queen Elizabeth I of England helped the revolt, which succeeded but didn't leave much of a dent on Spain. She also got excommunicated previously so Philip decided to try to invade England in 1588 but failed horribly, losing major political power in the 1600's while the Protestants had a psychological victory.

What were the four doctrines issued by the Council of Trent?

The Council of Trent banned the sale of indulgences and simony, supported the "supreme" power of the pope over the Catholic Church, kept the belief that faith and good deeds are necessary for salvation, and improved the training of priests.

Why did the aftermath of the Protestant vs. Catholic/Counter Reformation lead to such long and bloody wars in Europe?

The French Huguenots were vengeful and felt this conflict was a matter of survival due to the Catholics' obsessive and violent behavior. The tension between the two religions exploded after royal forces under Charles IX executed thousands of Huguenots before St.Bartholomew's Day on August 24, 1572, thinking that they were going to overthrow the crown, called the St. B. Day Massacre. After that, the moderate (non-obsessive and non-vengeful) followers of the religions were more focused on political and social stability rather than their religious beliefs.

What was the Hundred Years War and the Reconquista of Spain and how did they influence the decrease of the feudal system?

The Hundred Years War was caused by the negative attitudes between France and England because of land and the Reconquista of Spain was when Spain was reconquered from the Muslims. These two events increased nationalism (basically loyalty to one's nation) and created loyalty to the nation rather than to the feudal system.

What was the Inquisition?

The Inquisition was the court in which Pope Paul III created to find, try (trial), and punish people that broke the rules of the Church.

What were the Jesuits?

The Jesuits were members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola. Like their founder, they "emphasized self-discipline and complete obedience to papal leadership" (The Catholic and Counter Reform.). They are known as the "soldiers of the Catholic Church".

What and where were the Southern Italian and Northern European Renaissances? How were the Northern and Southern European Renaissances different + how did they display humanism and secularism?

The Northern Renaissance, which first developed in Italy, focused on literature and less on art and architecture , which included Shakespeare and Sir Thomas Moor (wrote Utopia). The Southern Italian Renaissance first developed in Italy and occurred earlier, and focused on humanism, including civic humanism, and focused on painting, literature, sculpture, and architecture.

What led to the collapse of the Byzantine Empire? When was it?

The Ottoman Empire took over Constantinople and many Byzantines fled to Western Europe, including the scholars and scribes that brought Greek and Roman learning to Europe. The conquest was in 1493.

What drove the Protestant Reformation (Table Talk)?

The Reformation was driven by the church's blasphemy (speaking against God's will) by using their authority over God's, the thought that salvation should be achieved through faith, not by good works or indulgences, and because they believed Church was corrupt, hypocritical, and the Pope was the Anti-Christ.

How were the Protestant R. and the European Renaissance similar/what major influence did the Renaissance have on the Protestant R. that affected philosophers and scholars?

The Renaissance had encouraged a questioning attitude, making the Reformation and the Renaissance both encourage people to question tradition/the norm.

What happened in the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)?

The Thirty Years' War was basically a set of warfare in Europe, mostly German states, on the division of the Catholic and Protestant lands, including religious wars with emerging European nation-states. It began with the Peasants' War in Germany and the Puritan Revolution in England, try to make the country into a Protestant state. The wars were brutal on both ends, with burning people, looting others, and more. It ended with a treaty, the Peace of Westphalia of 1648, that served as a guide for the future of European states to have "either a Catholic or Protestant majority" (Major Results of ...), but Germany stayed divided between the two. Germany lost 7 mil out of 21 mil people, and lost so much money and resources (resulted in famine, disease, etc., a total state of despair) to the point that they had to return to the feudal system.

How could the decentralization of the political power of the church allowed for/contributed to the Renaissance?

The decentralization of political power let kings and citizens focus on their types of government, which diverged from religion by patronizing art and enabling Italian city-states to support trade. When the dominant Papal States lost power as they received opposition from the nobles, the kings took the power and declared their own pope, but since different rulers wanted different popes, the Great Schism occurred, bringing decentralization and decreasing influence to the church. This less concern to the Church allowed rulers and people to focus on government and cities like Florence became self-governing with a republic in the 1200s that patronized the arts, leading to their Golden Age. The northern Italy city-state Siena supported trade and became very wealthy for it, also becoming a prominent city for the Renaissance.

How did the collapse of the Byzantine Empire and the following results affect the economy?

The economy expanded and fleets were built to carry crusaders and trade, which enhances the merchant class. Trade of spices and silks were reopened and Chinese inventions such as printing and the movable type went to Europe and was improved by Johannes Gutemburg, which resulted in the printing press that created large numbers of books faster with a lower cost. These economical enhances created a money economy for trade that weakens manorialism, which is self sufficient, along with serfdom and feudalism, making way for capitalism.

How were trade and economics prior to the Commercial Revolution?

The economy was based on land and agriculture due to feudalism (manorialism). There were also guilds, which were associations of merchants/artisans that governed a town in the Middle Ages. The Catholic Church prohibited the lending of money for interest, called usury, which caused those that took a loan to have a higher risk of getting no profit/less money due to getting less money with no interest. This stopped the growth of the economy.

What is secularism?

The indifference to or rejection/exclusion of religion and religious considerations.

What is the definition of science?

The intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study (Scientific Method) of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment.

How did the advent of the printing press influence the spread of Protestantism?

The printing press allowed for ideas in the 95 Theses to spread throughout Europe, which sought to decrease the sales of indulgences and put pressure on the Papal States and local authorites. Even when the Pope and the Church went against him, Luther refused to take back what he wrote.

What did the Council of Trent create in order to combat the spread of protestant beliefs around the world?

They created the Index, which was a list of books that were considered "heretical" (or going against religious doctrine) and forbidden to Catholics.

Why might Catholic authorities challenge Luther's singular emphasis on the Bible (Table Talk)?

They don't like the emphasis on the Bible because it threatens their power and influence, and if they listened to the Bible, the people have another source to look up to. Also, if they didn't have such a great following, they wouldn't make profit from the indulgences, ceremonies, etc. they are in charge of.

How did the concepts of humanism and secularism influence the art of the southern Italian Renaissance? What is the hieratic scale?

They influenced the art of the southern Italian Renaissance by allowing artists to represent humans and their surroundings as great as the holy figures and letting them create new strategies and tools to create their art. In the Middle Ages, saints and holy figures were large in scale compared to ordinary people, since artists used the hieratic scale (which represented the sizes of things based on their importance rather than how they actually would be sized in the real world). Holy people were also usually represented against a gold background, which symbolized beauty and value of the heaven-like atmosphere, and had halos over their heads. During the Renaissance, the halos disappeared, the saints began to look more like ordinary people, and saints began to occupy human environments like forests and buildings. Also, artists began to use more perspective with math, along with using different tools like oil paint, which dried slowly and was translucent (light can shine through paint) compared to the Middle Ages egg tempura (made of egg yolks) that was widely used but dried quickly and made a flat, rough surface. The new paint allowed artists to build layers of colors, creating depth and shadows.

Was there even a Science Rev.?

This is arguable, but what isn't arguable is the fact that there were definitely large changes in the 15th and 26th centuries in the Western European world in regards to science development. If not a revolution, it could be an "Age of Science".

What was the Reformation/Protestant Reformation?

This was a movement to reform/change certain ideas and practices of the Roman Catholic Church, which influenced religion, politics, and economics.