UNIT 5 Practice Final

The Milgram obedience experiments were controversial because the:

"teachers" were deceived and frequently subjected to stress.

Inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity are major symptoms of:

ADHD.

A generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by:

a continuous state of tension, apprehension, and autonomic nervous system arousal.

While he was studying, Matthew was suddenly overwhelmed by feelings of intense apprehension. For several minutes he felt so agitated that he could not catch his breath. Matthew was most likely suffering from:

a panic attack.

Kaylee is so afraid of spiders and insects that she avoids most outdoor activities and even refuses to go to the basement of her own house alone. Kaylee appears to suffer from:

a phobia.

Which of the following therapists would most likely try to understand an adult's psychological disorder by exploring that person's childhood experiences?

a psychoanalyst

Having observed participants in his simulated prison study, Philip Zimbardo offered an explanation for the destructive behavior of U.S. military guards at Iraq's Abu Ghraib Prison. Zimbardo's explanation best exemplified:

a situational attribution.

One of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia is:

an expressionless face.

Mrs. Swift is alarmed by her own intrusive and irrational thoughts that her house is contaminated by germs. Her experience best illustrates the agitating effects of:

an obsession.

Xanax and Ativan are ________ drugs.

antianxiety

Sluggishness, tremors, and twitches similar to those of Parkinson's disease are most likely to be associated with the excessive use of certain ________ drugs.

antipsychotic

The distinctive features used to identify the three clusters of personality disorders are:

anxiety, eccentricity, and impulsivity.

Systematic desensitization involves:

associating a pleasant relaxed state with anxiety-arousing stimuli.

In treating alcoholism, therapists have clients consume alcohol that contains a nausea-producing drug. This technique is known as:

aversive conditioning.

Psychological research on the principles of learning has most directly influenced the development of:

behavior therapy.

Attitudes are ________ that guide behavior.

belief-based feelings

George Frideric Handel composed his Messiah during three weeks of intense, creative energy. Many believe Handel suffered a mild form of:

bipolar disorder.

A common ingredient underlying the success of diverse psychotherapies is the:

client's expectation that psychotherapy will make things better.

Which therapeutic approach relies most heavily on patients' discovering their own ways of effectively dealing with their difficulties?

client-centered therapy

Which theory best explains why our actions can lead us to modify our attitudes?

cognitive dissonance theory

The discomfort we feel when two thoughts are inconsistent is called:

cognitive dissonance.

The assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions is most clearly central to:

cognitive therapies.

An integrated therapy that aims to modify both self-defeating thinking and maladaptive actions is known as:

cognitive-behavior therapy.

Repeatedly washing your hands is to ________ as repeatedly thinking about your own death is to ________.

compulsion; obsession

A procedure that trains people to make new responses to stimuli that currently trigger unwanted responses is called:

counterconditioning.

Systematic desensitization is a form of:

counterconditioning.

Abnormally low levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin are associated with:

depression.

Selective-serotonin-reuptake-inhibitors are frequently prescribed for the treatment of:

depression.

Psychiatrists and psychologists label behavior as disordered when it is:

deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional.

Fritz Heider concluded that people tend to attribute others' behavior either to their:

dispositions or their situations.

Disruptions in conscious awareness and sense of identity are most characteristic of ________ disorders.

dissociative

Tardive dyskinesia is often associated with long-term use of drugs that occupy certain ________ receptor sites.

dopamine

Schizophrenia is associated with an excess of receptors for:

dopamine.

According to Milgram, the most fundamental lesson to be learned from his study of obedience is that:

even ordinary people, who are not usually hostile, can become agents of destruction.

Solomon Asch reported that individuals conformed to a group's judgment of the lengths of lines:

even when the group judgment was clearly incorrect.

The DSM-IV does not:

explain the causes of the various psychological disorders.

A major depressive disorder is most likely to be characterized by:

feelings of personal worthlessness.

Normative social influence results from peoples' desire to:

gain social approval.

Freire did very poorly on his last arithmetic test. The tendency to make the fundamental attribution error might lead his sixth-grade teacher to conclude that Freire did poorly because:

he is unmotivated to do well in school.

Attribution theory was designed to account for:

how people explain others' behavior.

Which form of therapy would most likely help depressed patients by teaching them how to resolve disagreements with their friends?

interpersonal psychotherapy

Luke suffers from acrophobia, a fear of high places. Luke's therapist suggests that his reaction to heights is a generalization of the fear triggered by a childhood playground accident in which he fell off a sliding board. The therapist's suggestion reflects a ________ perspective.

learning

Melissa is fearful of men and refuses to go out on dates. Her therapist suggests that she is fearful because she was sexually abused by her father when she was young. The therapist's suggestion most clearly reflects a ________ perspective.

learning

A disorder in which an individual is overexcited, hyperactive, and wildly optimistic is known as:

mania.

Lithium is often an effective ________ drug.

mood-stabilizing

The billionaire aviator Howard Hughes insisted that his assistants carry out elaborate hand-washing rituals and wear white gloves when handling any document he would later touch. His behavior best illustrated the symptoms of:

obsessive-compulsive disorder.

We have a tendency to explain the behavior of strangers in terms of ________ and to explain our own behavior in terms of ________.

personality traits; situational constraints

Those with ________ symptoms of schizophrenia more often have a(n) ________ condition that responds to drug therapy.

positive; reactive

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia are the ________ of inappropriate behaviors, and negative symptoms are the ________ of appropriate behaviors.

presence; absence

Unlike psychoanalytic therapists, humanistic therapists tend to focus on the ________ more than the ________.

present; past

Mr. Choi's therapist wants to help him become aware of his conflicting childhood feelings of love and hate for his parents. The therapist's goal best reflects a primary aim of:

psychoanalysis.

Laura's husband died three years ago, but she is still depressed. Her therapist suggests that she is really angry at her husband for abandoning her. The therapist's interpretation reflects the ________ perspective.

psychoanalytic

Systematic desensitization is based on the idea that ________ facilitates the elimination of fear.

relaxation

Evidence that symptoms of dissociative identity disorder are triggered by the suggestions and leading questions of therapists most clearly points out the importance of ________ in the onset of this disorder.

role-playing

Philip Zimbardo devised a simulated prison and randomly assigned college students to serve as prisoners or guards. This experiment best illustrated the impact of:

role-playing on attitudes.

In which type of disorder is a person's speech likely to be so full of unrelated words and phrases that it could be characterized as a "word salad"?

schizophrenia

Flat affect and catatonia are symptoms most closely associated with:

schizophrenia.

The social-cognitive perspective has emphasized that depression is perpetuated by:

self-blaming attributions.

According to the medical model, psychological disorders are:

sicknesses that need to be diagnosed and cured.

The fundamental attribution error refers to our tendency to underestimate the impact of ________ and to overestimate the impact of ________ in explaining the behavior of others.

situational influences; personal dispositions

Which branch of psychology is most directly concerned with the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another?

social psychology

In Milgram's obedience experiments, "teachers" were most likely to deliver high levels of shock when:

the "learner" was placed in a different room from the "teacher."

Most people are likely to be surprised by the results of Milgram's initial obedience

the "teachers" were more obedient than most people would have predicted.

In Milgram's obedience experiments, "teachers" exhibited a somewhat lower level of compliance with an experimenter's orders when:

the experiment was not associated with a prestigious institution like Yale University.

Carol is restless during class because her professor's distressed facial expressions lead her to believe that he dislikes teaching. The professor, on the other hand, is distressed because he sees Carol's restlessness as an indication that she lacks any motivation to learn. At this point, both student and professor should be informed of the dangers of:

the fundamental attribution error.

Research participants believed that the Asch conformity test involved a study of:

visual perception.