Unit 5

What is the usual story of the Scientific Revolution?

A frenzy of amazing discoveries by brilliant men in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries

What steps did Muhammad Ali take to modernize Egypt?

Ali encouraged more cotton production and began to sponsor factories so that Egypt could profit from its own industrialization. These factories processed cotton into clothing

Why did British manufacturers move their sugar plantations to the Indian Ocean?

British government outlawed the slave trade so sugar plantations became less profitable

How did industrialization drive urbanization?

By creating economic growth and job opportunities that draw people to cities

Once child labor was outlawed, what did children usually end up doing?

Children worked and went to school

What was the moral objection to child labor?

Education, creativity, and playfulness had become more valued, especially among the middle and upper classes in the West.

How did the Industrial Revolution change southern Russia, Argentina, and California?

Efforts to import more wheat. British capitalists funded railroads in southern Russia. In Argentina, British financiers funded new railroads and ports. In California, gold miners became wheat farmers

European banks loaned lots of money to help Muhammad Ali modernize Egypt. Why was this a bad thing for Egypt?

Egypt functioned more like a British colony than a sovereign state

Who participated in the Scientific Revolution?

Elite and highly-educated men

What was Tokugawa Japan's class system?

Emperor shoguns, Daimyos, Samurais, Peasants, Artisans, Merchants

What are the three explanations for Egypt's failure?

Failure of leadership, Lack of natural resources, European tariffs

What were some consequences of the Industrial Revolution?

Imperalism, Enviromental exploitation

How did labor unions argue against child labor?

Organizations like the National Child Labor Committee launched public campaigns against child labor. They used posters, photographs, exhibitions, and other media

What steps did the reformers take to modernize Japan?

Regional armies were replaced by a national army. The new government embraced new ideas and technologies brought to Japan by Western merchants and diplomats

What did Upton Sinclair's The Jungle reveal to many Americans, and what was one result of their outcry?

The horrible effects of capitalism on workers in the Chicago meatpacking industry. Lead to the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act in 1906

What is the proletariat?

Working class

What were some important outcomes of the investigation into the fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company?

Legislation requiring improved factory safety standards

What was Lewis Hines' contribution to the child labor reform movement?

Photography of child labor

What are some major factors to explain international migration?

Push: Wars, religious persecution, famines Pull: Demand for labor, colonialism, slavery

What are the means of production?

The tools and materials used to create goods

Why didn't Chinese and Indian migrants move to the Americas?

Governments of most American countries restricted Asian immigration

Why was Japan's economy having trouble in the mid-nineteenth century?

Shoguns relied on taxation from agriculture to keep the country going and to stay in power. Over time, this did not produce enough money for the government

How did some Islamic scholars react to Egypt's failures?

Some looked for solutions in modernizing, or becoming more like Europeans, while others wanted to return to their Islamic roots

How was the Welsh copper industry tied to the sugar and wheat industries around the world?

Steam engines that moved sugar and wheat around the world relied on copper components. Copper vats were essential to sugar refining

Why was there a reform movement (and civil war) after Perry's arrival?

Changes fed into the unrest already bubbling up within Japan from the peasants and samurai classes

Why did formal child labor increase during the industrial revolution?

Industry required more labor to sustain production

How did reforms in child labor impact areas in colonized Asia and Latin America?

It didn't

Did the Meiji Restoration actually place the emperor back into power?

No, the government was now controlled by the emperor's new samurai advisors

Why did the Industrial Revolution spread out of Britain?

Visitors learned about them and took the techniques back home. Sometimes they smuggled machines out in rowboats while others memorized factory and machine plans

Stephen Smith connected unsanitary conditions to the spread of typhus and cholera. What kinds of reforms resulted from work like his?

A new Public Health Act ensured the government was responsible for making sure drinking water was safe, sewage waste properly managed, and contagious disease contained.

Jacob Riis wrote about terrible conditions in New York's Tenements. To what reforms did his book contribute?

City officials passed the Tenement House Law. This set higher standards for safety and sanitation in the tenements. Some of the improvements included higher quality construction materials, mandatory fire escapes, and more windows in order to give residents access to air and light

What inspired different groups of social reformers, beginning in the United States and Britain, in the 19th century?

Evangelical Christianity

What were conditions like for workers overall?

Extremely harsh work conditions. There wasn't a minimum wage, and workers could be fired at any time for any reason. They typically worked 12 to 16 hours a day, six days a week, with only 30 minutes for lunch and dinner. Workplace injuries and deaths were common.

What were some negative social effects of the Scientific Revolution?

Ideas from the Scientific Revolution often reinforced gender and racial hierarchies

Why was Japan's victory over Russia so important?

It told the world that European militaries were not invincible

After the restoration, the emperor put many samurai into government and into positions of power. But how was this different from the previous political system?

People could pursue jobs that they wanted, rather than being limited to class-specific traditional occupations. The samurai went from the military and political backbone of a divided country to just another privileged and wealthy class

What was the initial reason that people in Britain started mining coal?

People there had cut down most of their trees either to build houses and ships or to burn for heating and cooking. So now they needed something else to burn

What was Matthew Perry's motivation for sailing four warships into Tokyo Bay?

Perry hoped it would force Japan to change its trading policies and allow American imports to be sold

Why was the arrival of American warships such a shock to the Japanese? What domestic problems did Matthew Perry's arrival worsen?

The introduction of foreign money into Japanese markets happened too quickly and destabilized the economy. People blamed the shogun for their problems

What disadvantages did Japan have as it started to industrialize, and how did the country overcome them?

The island country lacked many raw materials, including that very important burnable rock called coal. The goods they were able to produce faced significant tariffs from already industrialized countries. Japan actively brought business leaders into government, poured tax money into industrialization, sought new markets for their goods, resources to make the goods, and created some markets by forcibly taking colonies

How did the fact that wet conditions and its impact on mining turn into an advantage for Britain?

They had to devise a way to get the water out of the mines, which led to the invention of the steam engine

How did Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton's experiences as abolitionists lead them to become advocates for the rights of women?

They were denied the right to speak at the 1840 anti-slavery convention in London. So they decided to form a society to advocate for the rights of women

Why did industrialists begin to hire women, and what were their experiences?

To meet the demand for labor. Women usually received one-third to one-half the pay that men received for equally hard work

How did industrialization influence migration patterns?

Urban workers who had trouble making ends meet in cities began to seek new opportunities (Europe->America, Asia->Asia)

What were some positive changes brought by industrialization? Who benefited?

Wage labor provided a chance at social mobility and financial freedom, Social progress because of the misery produced

What evidence is there to argue that the Industrial Revolution was dehumanizing and degrading for people in Britain?

Wage laborers, destroyed communities and culture, disintegration of family networks, the rise of factories endangered children and unmarried women

How did workers begin to organize into alliances like unions, and what were their principal tactics?

Workers who used to spend the day outside in agricultural settings were now crammed inside crowded mills, factories and mines. This made it easier for people to talk to each other and share their experiences. Collective bargaining