Unit 5 Transport review questions

What are the limits of diffusion

1. Concentration gradient may work against the organism's/cell's need for materials Example: Paramecium - has a specialized vacuole (contractile vacuole) to pump water out of the cell to prevent bursting. 2. Substances may be too large to diffuse across the cell membrane. Some cells use processes like phagocytosis in order to obtain large materials for the cell. Ameba uses phagocytosis. 3. Diffusion is a slow process.

Describe the three functions of blood

1. Transportation Supplies nutrients, O2, and hormones to cells. Carries wastes away from cells 2. Regulation Regulates temperature, pH, and water balances (helps maintain homeostasis) Normal Temperature of humans: 98.6oF and 37oC 3. Protection Defends against diseases Clots to prevent blood loss (blood clots)

Describe plasma and its function.

A liquid called plasma makes up about half of the content of blood. Plasma contains proteins that help blood to clot, transport substances through the blood, and perform other functions. Blood plasma also contains glucose and other dissolved nutrients. Plasma (liquid part of blood) 90% - H20 10% Salts Nutrients (glucose, amino acids, fatty acids) Vitamins Enzymes Cellular wastes Proteins

How are antibodies effective against an infection?

Antibiotics are produced by microorganisms to kill or control the growth of other microorganisms by blocking specific metabolic pathways within the cell. Instead they rely on a host cell (a human cell) to carry out these processes for them. Antibodies are effective on any foreign subtsance that enters our bodies. Antibiotics are only effective on bacteria. Antibodies cause antigens to stick together, then... ... Antigens can't get near body cells ... Phagocytes can "gobble up" more antigens at a ti

Antibodies are effective on

Any foreign substance that enters our body

What is the function of an artery? What type of blood does it carry? How does it appear different from the other blood vessels?

Arteries - carry blood AWAY from the heart to organs and tissues Wall of the arteries are thick and elastic Arteries carry blood rich with oxygen (oxygenated)

Antibiotics are only effective on

Bacteria

What controls heart rate?

Body size, pacemaker

Where are red blood cells produced?

Bone marrow

What is the function of a capillary? How does it appear different from the other blood vessels?

Capillaries - connect the arteries and veins Microscopic (red blood cells must pass through in single file to get through) Thin walls ( 1 cell layer thick) allow material exchange between body and blood cells (diffusion)

Describe a platelet and its function

Cell fragments. Function as blood clotting agents.

Describe the structure of the heart. Include the number and names of the chambers as well as the function of the septum and the valves.

Divided into four chambers Atria - smaller thin-walled upper chamber. Ventricles - larger thick-walled lower chambers.

What is a closed circulatory system?

Humans have a closed circulatory system → blood is always contained within the vessel.

Describe the inflammatory response.

Inflammatory response: causes redness, swelling, pain to infected area; increased blood flow; phagocytes ingest foreign substances (pathogens).

What is hemoglobin?

Iron-containing protein that carries oxygen in RBC hemoglobin is an iron-containing protein that allows for transport of O2 and CO2.

What is an antigen?

It is a toxin or other foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body, especially the production of antibodies. In immunology, an antigen is a molecule capable of inducing an immune response in the host organism. Sometimes antigens are part of the host itself in an autoimmune disease. Antigens are "targeted" by antibodies.

What physical barriers do you have against infection?

Physical barriers: skin, tears, saliva, mucus, etc.

Describe the structure and function of red blood cells.

Red blood cells - carry O2 and Most numerous cells in blood. Disk-shaped, thinner in center, no nucleus. Contains hemoglobin (an iron-containing protein that allows for transport of O2 and CO2). Made by bone marrow - they live about 120 days and then are replaced

Define diffusion

T he process by which substances move across the cell membrane from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.

What is an antibody?

They are produced mainly by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to neutralize pathogens such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses. - They are the key to immunity. - They are known as an immunoglobulin (Ig). - It is a large, Y-shaped protein. -The production of this large, Y-shaped protein, is the main function of the humoral immune system.

What is the main function of a white blood cell?

They protect the body from against disease.

Why are tissue and organ transplants sometimes rejected by a person?

This is because the person's immune system detects that the antigens on the cells of the organ are different or not "matched." Mismatched organs, or organs that are not matched closely enough, can trigger a blood transfusion reaction or transplant rejection. Sometimes transplants are rejected the body sees it as a foreign substances the immune system attacks it

What is the function of a vein? What type of blood does it carry? How does it appear different from the other blood vessels?

Veins - return blood from the body's tissues and organs to the heart. Walls are thin in the veins Veins contain valves that prevent backflow of blood Carries oxygen poor blood (deoxygenated)

Where are white blood cells produced?

White blood cells are produced in the bone marrow.