Unit 5:The Middle Ages
fairs of Champagne
-6 fairs held a year in Northern France. -Merchants were promised safety→ increased the trade -Trade was supervised so there were no knockoffs -Their was a sales tax *** -Traded furs, woolen cloth, tin, hemp, and honey
Pope Gregory VII 391 - 397
Pope in 1073, fought against the lay investiture and believed the Pope should rule all of Christendom His struggle between King Henry IV was known as the Investiture Controversy it was the greater struggle between church and state in the High Middle Ages
What was the purpose of feudalism? What did this system look like? 353 - 355; 380 - 383; 386 - 389;
-After the Carolingian Renaissance, the government couldn't protect locals from Vikings, Magyars, and Islamic Empires, so the people turned to local landed aristocrats -Feudalism gave order to society.
What were the causes of the Crusades? 372 - 375
-Alexius I and Byzantines requested the Pope's and Europe's help to fend off the Seljuks Turks -Wanted to regain Holy Land→ Wanted more power
What factors enabled the rise of cities during the High Middle Ages?
-By late 10th century, people with skills/products to trade emerged. -Iron plow, harness and the rotation of fields (3 fields, one vacant) made farming easier and more efficient→ more food→ specialization→ can trade→ smaller towns turned into cities -Venice was the first to trade in late 8th century -Merchants settled in old Roman cities then the craftsmen and artisans followed.
What impact did the Crusades have?
-Crusader kingdoms relied on cities for supplies→ cities like Genoa, Pisa , and Venice grew rich -In 1204, Byzantium was sacked by the crusaders. By 1261 the Byzantine army took it back, but the empire was no longer a great power in the Mediterranean Sea
Urban VI
-Elected 1378 after Pope Gregory XI died when he wanted to move back to Rome. -The pope in Rome during the Great Western Schism
How was the power of kings during the Early Middle Ages limited? 359 - 364
-Had to honor the rights and privileges of vassals If King failed to give vassal rights, they could and would rebel
How did the Capetian Dynasty take hold of France?
-Hugh Capet was new French king in 987 thus starting the Capetian Dynasty -King Philip II Augustus (1180-1223) waged war against the English who ruled French territories; he gained control of the territory and the expansion of France enlarged its power -New royal officials were appointed to collect royal revenue in the new territory -After Philip II, more land was acquired through military and over time the household staff of Philip IV the Fair (1285-1314) was enlarged and divided into 3 branches of government; council, accounts, Parlement (aka royal court)
How did the Cistercian order foster religious activity throughout Europe?
-In the 2nd half of the 11th century and the 1st half of the 12th century there was a wave of religious enthusiasm throughout Europe. Their was a new spectator growth in monasteries→ resulted in new monastic orders. -Cistercians were a strict new monastic order. Founded in 1098. They shortened their religious services so their was more time for prayer. *They developed a new activistic spiritual model for the 12th century.
Who went on the Crusades and why?
-Knights fought for religious purposes, but their were others who wanted adventure, enjoyed fighting, wanted to gain territory, riches and possibly a title.
How did people react to the Black Death?
-People thought the Plague was sent as a punishment from God because of their Sins. -Many lost faith because they didn't understand the science of it and so many died. Though God loved them. -Some beat themselves (flagellants), some blamed the devil, and others blamed the Jews for poisoning the wells of the cities
What were the motives for the Crusades?
-Regain holy land -if you die in battle you go to heaven -Gain title, riches, land -Adventure→ travel and proving their worth -To fight for god
How did manorialism support the feudal system, economically? Please describe the system.
-Small farmers needed protection or food in a time of bad harvests, so they gave up their freedom to the lords of large land estates in return for protection and the use of the lord's land. -The serfs provided labor services, paid rent, and were subject to the Lord's control.
How did Charlemagne organize his government to consolidate power? Was it successful? 348-351
-Successful military -Expanded Frankish Kingdom -Administration--> Counts and missi dominici -Backed up by the Pope--> fused church and state -Carolingian Renaissance This was successful because he took control over a vast empire, but also unsuccessful because his successors didn't uphold the empire. This is the beginning of a bureaucracy (central control)
To what extent was the Catholic Church part of everyday life?
-The 7 Sacraments made it so the church was an important part of everyday life. -The Sacraments were administered by the clergy; seen as ways to receive God's grace and they were necessary for salvation. Made it so clergy was necessary for everyone's salvation.
What was the Black Death and how did it arrive in Europe? 403 - 409
-The Black Death was the most devastating natural disaster in European. Happened in mid 14th century, about 36 million people died. AKA the Bubonic Plague. -It was spread through black rats infested with fleas carries the virus. The Black Death followed the trade routes.
What was the Carolingian Renaissance?
-The Carolingian Renaissance was the rebirth of learning; the revival of classical studies (Greek & Roman). -Preserved the Latin culture -Happened because educated clergy was needed for the Church and needed literate government officials
What was the Great Schism? What did it highlight about the declining strength of the church?
-The Great Western Schism was when King Philip IV tried to tax the clergy, but Pope Boniface VII didn't agree, Philip tried to kidnap the Pope, and Boniface died. -In 1305, a french pope was elected, Clement V, he was relocated to Avignon, France. Later in 1378 Pope Gregory XI wanted to return to Rome, he died then Italian Pope Urban VI was elected. The French disagree with the election of Urban VI, so they elected their own pope Clement VII. Clement lived in Avignon. -Now there were 2 popes, both disagreed with each other, and called each other the Antichrist. People were split, and lost their faith.
What contributing factors allowed for monarchs to extend their powers? Why did this help them? (page 359)
-War and marriage alliances -Their conquests allowed them to reward their followers with land or bid powerful nobles to them -The revival of commerce allowed them to hire soldiers and officials so they didn't have to rely on their vassals as much.
Interdict
1198, Pope Innocent III makes priests take away sacraments so the people put pressure on the ruler so the King will do as the Pope wishes
Relics
Bones of a saint or objects connected with the saint.
Carolingian Renaissance : scriptoria
Carolingian Renaissance: -The Carolingian Renaissance was the rebirth of learning; the revival of classical studies (Greek & Roman). -Preserved the Latin culture -Happened because educated clergy was needed for the Church and needed literate government officials Scriptoria: -Monasteries during the Carolingian Renaissance established the scriptoria which is writing rooms where monks copied works of the Bible and classical Latin authors.
What role did religion play in consolidating Charlemagne's power?
Charlemagne, when succeeding a the Saxons, he forced them to take on Christianity. With the Saxons now Christian, the Franks and Saxons formed a union. The values of the time were defined by the Church
Charlemagne : Holy Roman Emperor
Charlemagne: -Charles the Great; king of the Frankish Empire after Pepin (his father) died in 768. Intelligent, fierce warrior, Christian, valued education, but was illiterate. Reign was 768-814. -Expanded the territory of the Frankish kingdom and created Carolingian Empire. Holy Roman Emperor: -In 800 on Christmas day, Charlemagne was coronated "Holy Roman Emperor" by Pope Leo III. -Now the church and the state were fused together
Crusades
Christian military expeditions; the holy war against the infidel. Set of religious wars/expeditions focused on taking/retaking the Holy Land.
What was the significance of Charlemagne's coronation as emperor?
Coronated 300 years after the fall of Western Rome. Demonstrated the strength of an enduring Roman Empire. It symbolized Roman, Christian, and Germanic elements coming together to make up basis of European civilization Since Charlemagne was coronated by the Pope the Church and the State were fused together.
counts : missi dominici
Counts: Counts were royal officials exercising the kings authority in districts called counties Missi dominici: Established by Charlemagne to keep the counts in check and to make sure they are following the will of the king.
feudalism: manorialism
Feudalism: The economic , social, and decentralized political system in which local lords owed loyalty and provided military service to a king or more powerful lord Manorialism: Economic system that organized the the rural Middle Ages where lords own and operate agricultural states worked on by serfs.
Clement V
French pope elected 1305; moved papacy to Avignon, France
In what ways did the king's power in England grow during the High Middle Ages? 359 - 364
Henry II (1154-1189) strengthened royal court. Royal courts were now throughout England so their was now a body of common law.
Henry II: King John: Edward I 359 - 364
Henry II: English king (1154-1189). Wanted to strengthen the royal court to expand his power. Eventually the royal court was throughout England, making a body of common law. Wanted to punish clergymen in court, but Thomas a Becket said only church courts can. Henry wished Becket dead→ 4 knights killed him→ public outrage→ Henry backed down King John: English king after Henry II (1189), people resented the King's power and the nobles rebelled. So he had to seal the Magna Carta Edward I: English king after King John. In 1295, he needed money so he invited 2 knights from every town to meet with the Great Council to consent to new taxes→ first official Parlement.
heresy : Inquisition
Heresy: The holding of religious doctrines different from the orthodox teachings of the Church. Inquisition: The church wanted to find and try heretics, so they created the Inquisition. The court created found and tried the heretics
King John : Magna Carta
King John: English king after Henry II (1189), people resented the King's power and the nobles rebelled. So he had to seal the Magna Carta Magna Carta: King John in Runnymeade in 1215 was forced to seal the Magna Carta . Conferred more rights to the nobles than commoners (later gave rights to commoners)
lay investiture : Concordat of Worms
Lay investiture: Where secular rulers (nobles/lords) could appoint government officials Concordat of Worms: 1122, new pope and new king compromise so clergy is nominated by Pope; the clergy pays homage to feudal relations
Serf
Serfs provided labor services, paid rents, and were subjected to the lords control.
How was the papacy reformed to address lay investiture? 391 - 397
The lay investiture made it so secular rulers (the state; lords and dukes) could appoint clergy (church officials).
Infidel
Unbeliever (in god)
feudal contract
Unwritten rules between lord and vassal. Vassal did military service, stayed loyal, and appeared on lord's court in exchange for possibly land to live on and protection
vassalage: fief
Vassal: (knights) skilled military soldiers hired by lords to protect land in exchange for plot of land to support family. Fief: A piece of land given to the vassal from the lord in return for military service.
Frankish Kingdom 348-351
West Roman Empire. 7th and 8th centuries kings of Frankish Kingdom lost their power and mayors took control of the kingdom. Pepin took control of the kingdom (Charlemagne's father)
