Unit 8 apes

Researchers are evaluating the waste treatment facility located on the Moose River in the northeastern United States. They are sampling the river and its tributaries at several locations, as shown on the map below. Researchers suspect that sewage leaked into the Moose River. Rates for which of the following diseases should be used to determine whether the human population using the river as a source of drinking water was exposed to sewage? A Dysentery B Mesothelioma C Asthma D Malaria

A Dysentery

Endocrine disruptors directly affect which of the following in an organism? A White blood cells B Hormones C Iron content D Oxygen levels

B Hormones

Researchers are evaluating the waste treatment facility located on the Moose River in the northeastern United States. They are sampling the river and its tributaries at several locations, as shown on the map below. Water from which of the following locations on the map would best serve as a control group for the study? A A B B C C D D

A

The graph below depicts the dose response curves for three common bacteria and a newly discovered bacterium found in streams near certain agricultural properties. An individual is exposed to the water in the stream from which the sample show in the graph was taken. If the individual was exposed to the highest dose of the bacteria, which of the following bacteria would have the lowest probability of causing illness if ingested? A C. jejuni B E. coli C Salmonella spp���. D Newly discovered bacterium

A C. jejuni

Which of the following best describes why DDT��� is classified as a persistent organic pollutant? A DDT��� is very stable, and as much as 50% of the original concentration can remain in the soil 15 years after the initial application. B DDT��� can be used to control diseases, such as malaria and typhus, that are spread by insects. C DDT��� is detected in food worldwide and the general human population is most commonly exposed to the toxin through food. D DDT��� has both short-term acute and long-term chronic health effects in both humans and wildlife.

A DDT��� is very stable, and as much as 50% of the original concentration can remain in the soil 15 years after the initial application.

Based on the diagram, which of the following is associated with the primary treatment of sewage? A Grit chamber B Aeration tank C Effluent D Activated sludge

A Grit chamber

The two pie charts show municipal solid waste (MSWMSW) in the United States, 2015. Based on the data in the graphs, which of the following would result in the largest reduction in volume of municipal solid waste disposed of in landfills? A Introduce composting programs for yard trimmings and food waste B Increase programs to recycle glass and metals C Promote reusing plastics and wood products D Increase funding to clothing donation programs

A Introduce composting programs for yard trimmings and food waste

Significant increases in water temperature can drastically change dissolved oxygen (DO)(DO) levels in a lake. Why does the combined effect of these two environmental changes result in algal blooms? A Low dissolved oxygen leads to death for aerobic organisms, like fish, whose decomposition provides an overabundance of nutrients for the algae, resulting in the large blooms. B Increased temperature causes an increase in metabolic rates of fish and insects. Increased metabolism results in increased waste from aquatic organisms, which provides energy for the algae to grow rapidly. C Increased temperature and low dissolved oxygen drive aquatic animals out of the area. The lack of competition gives the algae more nutrients for reproduction. D Increased temperature leads to an increase in dissolved oxygen. The higher oxygen content increases the rates of cellular respiration and reproduction, resulting in an increased population of algae.

A Low dissolved oxygen leads to death for aerobic organisms, like fish, whose decomposition provides an overabundance of nutrients for the algae, resulting in the large bloom

Which of the following is the best example of a point source pollutant? A Oil tanker spill B Farm field C Golf course D Parking lot

A Oil tanker spill

Which of the following best explains why top predators can have up to 60 times as much of persistent organic pollutant (POPPOP) as their prey and up to 600 times as much of the pollutant as producers? A POPsPOPs accumulate in the body fat of living organisms. POPsPOPs increase in concentration as they move up the food chain. B POPsPOPs can travel over long distances by wind or water. Predators have greater access to different locations than do producers and therefore have higher concentrations of POPsPOPs. C POPsPOPs are not carbon-based compounds, so animal digestive systems lack enzymes capable of breaking them down. POPsPOPs biomagnify in the fatty tissues of animals but not in plants. D POPsPOPs are solids, which only animals can ingest. Therefore, POPsPOPs have a greater effect on secondary and tertiary levels of food chains.

A POPsPOPs accumulate in the body fat of living organisms. POPsPOPs increase in concentration as they move up the food chain.

The LD50LD50 for arsenic in humans is 13mg/kg13mg/kg. Which of the following approaches should be used to calculate the number of grams of arsenic it would take to reach the LD50LD50 in a 140-pound person? [Note: 1kg=2.2pounds1kg=2.2pounds] A 140lb×2.2lb1kg×1kg13mg×1g1,000mg140lb×2.2lb1kg×1kg13mg×1g1,000mg B 140lb×1kg2.2lb×13mg1kg×1g1,000mg140lb×1kg2.2lb×13mg1kg×1g1,000mg C 13mg1kg×50×140lb×1kg2.2lb13mg1kg×50×140lb×1kg2.2lb D 13mg1kg×1kg2.2lb×140lb1

B 140lb×1kg2.2lb×13mg1kg×1g1,000mg

Which of the following best describes the action of an endocrine disruptor? A An endocrine disruptor attacks hormones that invade a body system and cause disease. B An endocrine disruptor blocks the receptor protein binding site of a hormone so that the cell cannot receive a signal. C An endocrine disruptor acts as an organic catalyst, produced by living things to regulate the rate of chemical reactions. D An endocrine disruptor helps to transport substances, such as pesticides, in an organism following exposure.

B An endocrine disruptor blocks the receptor protein binding site of a hormone so that the cell cannot receive a signal.

Researchers are evaluating the waste treatment facility located on the Moose River in the northeastern United States. They are sampling the river and its tributaries at several locations, as shown on the map below. Which of the following water quality tests would best indicate if sewage from the wastewater treatment plant has contaminated the Moose River? A Dissolved oxygen measured at site A B Fecal coliform measured at site B C Nitrates measured at site C D Temperature measured at site D

B Fecal coliform measured at site B

Which of the following is the most likely consequence of runoff transporting chemicals that are endocrine disruptors to a pond? A Decreased turbidity in the pond B Increased frequency of birth defects in fish populations in the pond C Increased mutualistic relationships between fish and frog populations in the pond D Increased dissolved oxygen in the pond

B Increased frequency of birth defects in fish populations in the pond

A beach community was recently negatively affected by a hurricane. Community leaders are looking for a potential solution to prevent damage from future hurricanes. Below is a list of their concerns as well as how important each issue is to the community. Community ConcernsConcern LevelWave actionLowBeachfront developmentLowNearshore aquacultureLowHealth of nearby coral reefModerateRoosting bird speciesHighStorm surge threatHigh Which of the following solutions would best address the issues of greatest concern in the community? A Construction of a seawall B Planting mangrove forests C Construction of an offshore breakwater D Adding large sand dunes

B Planting mangrove forests

Which of the following practices would best help to protect against inland and coastal flooding in urban areas? A Regulating the use of pesticides and fertilizers in agriculture B Preserving wetland and coastal mangrove habitats C Increasing the capacity of the sewer lines so they can handle a larger volume of water D Straightening stream channels to increase stream flow

B Preserving wetland and coastal mangrove habitats

When water used to cool power plants during normal plant operations is released into adjacent waterways, which of the following is most likely to occur as a result? A Biodiversity of aquatic life in the adjacent waterways would decrease because the used coolant water is radioactive. B The dissolved oxygen in the adjacent waterways would decrease because used coolant water is warm and leads to thermal pollution. C Salinity in the adjacent waterways would increase because of dissolved solids in the used coolant water. D Nutrient levels in the adjacent waterways would increase because of phosphorous in the used coolant water.

B The dissolved oxygen in the adjacent waterways would decrease because used coolant water is warm and leads to thermal pollution.

A massive bluegill fish kill was observed in a lake near a power plant during the winter months. It was determined that the plant was releasing large amounts of hot water into the lake. Which of the following explains what likely caused the death of so many bluegills in the lake? A The increased water temperature caused dissolved oxygen levels to increase, leading to greater metabolic activity of catfish, which outcompeted the bluegill fish for resources. B The influx of warmer water caused an unexpected increase in the metabolic rate of the bluegills, which led to increased physiological stress from limited resource availability. C Rates of organic matter decomposition increased, which lead to an increase in dissolved oxygen and increased bacteria levels. D Photosynthetic output of aquatic plants decreased because of the higher temperature, which lowered the amount of carbon dioxide available for bluegills to carry out cellular respiration.

B The influx of warmer water caused an unexpected increase in the metabolic rate of the bluegills, which led to increased physiological stress from limited resource availability.

The two pie charts show municipal solid waste (MSWMSW) in the United States, 2015. Incineration is one solution to reduce the volume of municipal solid waste. Municipal solid waste can be used to produce energy at waste-to-energy plants. Based on the data in the graphs, which of the following materials would be best suited for incineration to reduce total volume, produce energy, and have minimal release of air pollutants? A Glass B Wood C Metals D Plastics

B Wood

A pesticide was applied to a population of roaches, and it was determined that the LD50LD50 was 55mgkg55mgkg. If the average mass of a roach was 0.02kg0.02kg, which of the following approaches will determine the dose in mgmg per roach? A 55mg1kg×10.02kg55mg1kg×10.02kg B 55mg1kg×50%×0.02kg55mg1kg×50%×0.02kg C 55mg1kg×0.02kg55mg1kg×0.02kg D 0.02kg1×55mg1kg50%

C 55mg1kg×0.02kg

The graph below shows the LD50LD50 for two different species of mice after being exposed to a mutagen for 30 days. Based on the data in the graph, which of the following should be used to calculate the difference in LD50LD50 for the two different species of mice? A (200mg−100mg)2(200��−100��)2 B 490mg50−575mg50490��50−575��50 C 575mg−490mg D (600mg×50)30 days

C 575mg−490mg

Based on the diagram, which of the following is an expected consequence of runoff and sewage in an aquatic environment? A Decreased oxygen levels in surface water as a result of a decrease in photosynthetic rates by algae B Increased oxygen levels in bottom water from increased rates of cellular respiration in decomposers C Decreased oxygen production by seaweed on the seafloor from an increase in turbidity D Increased oxygen production by decomposition of dead fish and other aquatic organisms

C Decreased oxygen production by seaweed on the seafloor from an increase in turbidity

The two pie charts show municipal solid waste (MSWMSW) in the United States, 2015. Based on the data in the graphs, which of the following strategies would best increase the total volume of municipal solid waste being recycled? A Free or low-cost pickup of grass trimmings by municipal waste haulers B Increased use of plastic packaging for consumer products C Enacting a single-stream recycling program and providing bins to residential homes D Digitization of news and use of e-mail for communication

C Enacting a single-stream recycling program and providing bins to residential homes

Which of the following is a point source pollutant that would likely affect the ecosystem health of a coral reef? A Small pieces of plastic washed in by local currents B Runoff of oil from nearby urban highway systems C Oil released from the broken hull of a shipwrecked tanker D Excess nutrients introduced by fertilization of farmland

C Oil released from the broken hull of a shipwrecked tanker

Which of the following best describes a way that persistent organic pollutants (POPsPOPs) cause harm in the environment? A Persistent organic pollutants release carbon dioxide and methane into the atmosphere when buried for disposal. B Persistent organic pollutants release radioactivity during decay. C Persistent organic pollutants are soluble in fat, so they accumulate in an organisms' fatty tissues. D Persistent organic pollutants have magnetic signatures that confuse birds during migration

C Persistent organic pollutants are soluble in fat, so they accumulate in an organisms' fatty tissues.

The graph below depicts the dose response curves for three common bacteria and a newly discovered bacterium found in streams near certain agricultural properties. If all four of the bacteria species shown in the graph are equally likely to contaminate agricultural products at a dose of 102 CFU , regulating which of the following species would have the greatest effect in reducing the likelihood of illness in humans? A C. jejuni B E. coli C Salmonella spp . D Newly discovered bacterium

C Salmonella spp .

Long Island Sound is a body of water off the northeast coast of the United States. Over nine million people live in the small watershed area that feeds into the sound. To determine the effect of the population density on the watershed, scientists measured the oxygen content of bottom waters in the sound. The data from late summer 2013 are displayed in the map below. Based on the image, which of the following conclusions can best be drawn to describe the conditions in the Long Island Sound? A The sound has high levels of dissolved oxygen as a result of storm water runoff from urban areas. B The sound has high levels of phosphorus and nitrogen from an increase in the number of producers. C The sound has large numbers of phytoplankton blooms that are decomposing and consumed by respiring bacteria. D The sound has high numbers of respiring fish populations and very low turbidity.

C The sound has large numbers of phytoplankton blooms that are decomposing and consumed by respiring bacteria.

Mercury concentrations were measured in freshwater shrimp populations in two different ponds, one polluted with mercury and one unpolluted, with a similar food web in each pond. Which of the following best identifies the scientific question that would guide this investigation? A How do different species of shrimp excrete mercury from their bodies? B How does the food web in a pond affect biomagnification of toxins? C How much mercury accumulates in the tissues of freshwater shrimp living in a polluted pond? D How much mercury is found in the tissues of shrimp predators in an unpolluted pond?

C. How much mercury accumulates in the tissues of freshwater shrimp living in a polluted pond?

Which of the following components, which are not shown on the diagram, are part of the tertiary treatment of wastewater? A Wet scrubbers B Filters C Coagulants D Disinfectants

D Disinfectants

Which of the following examples includes both a point and a nonpoint source of pollution? A A factory smokestack and a sewage overflow B Runoff from city streets and pesticides from agricultural fields C Waste from animal feedlots and sediment from construction sites D Fertilizer from suburban lawns and wastewater from a water treatment plant

D Fertilizer from suburban lawns and wastewater from a water treatment plant

Long Island Sound is a body of water off the northeast coast of the United States. Over nine million people live in the small watershed area that feeds into the sound. To determine the effect of the population density on the watershed, scientists measured the oxygen content of bottom waters in the sound. The data from late summer 2013 are displayed in the map below. Which of the following factors would most likely contribute to the conditions observed in the Long Island Sound? A Overfishing B Plastic pollution C Sewage treatment D Restricted circulation

D Restricted circulation

The graph below depicts the dose response curves for three common bacteria and a newly discovered bacterium found in streams near certain agricultural properties. Some drinking water standards allow bacteria in water at dosages up to the 10% probability of illness. Which of the following statements is best supported by the data in the graph? A If there are fewer than 102 colonies for all species in a drinking water sample, the water will be considered safe to drink. B If C. jejuni is the only species of bacteria present in the drinking water sample, the water will be considered safe to drink at all doses. C E. coli and Salmonella spp . would have the highest allowable dosage to meet the drinking water standards. D The newly discovered bacterium would have the lowest allowable dosage to meet the drinking water standards.

D The newly discovered bacterium would have the lowest allowable dosage to meet the drinking water standards.

Based on the diagram, which of the following best describes how a malfunctioning air compressor would affect the process of sewage treatment? A The oxygen concentration in the aeration tank would increase. B The settling of large debris, such as wood, from the water would be prevented. C Fewer bacteria would be available to absorb dissolved organics in the tank. D The sludge pump would return activated sludge to the aeration tank at a slower pace.

Fewer bacteria would be available to absorb dissolved organics in the tank.

Which of the following is a way to potentially eliminate one of the greatest threats to the world's mangrove wetlands? A Increase desalination to reduce the effects of prolonged drought in mangroves. B Integrate ecologically sound shrimp aquacultural practices with mangrove management. C Construct dams in mangroves to increase sediment load and decrease pollution. D Employ irrigation methods to address potential desertification of mangrove habitats.

Integrate ecologically sound shrimp aquacultural practices with mangrove management.

Scientists are interested in determining if selenium, from a nearby mine, magnifies in the tissues of fish living in a lake. Which of the following best describes a testable hypothesis for the study? A Tissue from fish in the lake will have a higher level of selenium than tissue from fish in a nearby lake. B Selenium will be at a higher concentration in fish tissue than in the tissue of fish prey. C Fish will have a higher concentration of selenium than mercury in their tissues. D Selenium will be at a higher concentration in acid mine drainage than in fish tissues.

Selenium will be at a higher concentration in fish tissue than in the tissue of fish prey.

A scientist is studying PCBs���� in tertiary consumers. She wants to determine if PCBs���� can be found in tertiary consumers even though these compounds were banned in the United States in the 1970s. Which of the following best identifies a testable hypothesis for the study? A PCBs���� are highly soluble in water, so it is unlikely that the compounds will be found in the liver or kidneys of tertiary consumers because the compounds have been banned. B PCBs���� are persistent organic compounds that are fat-soluble, so they should be found in the fatty tissues of tertiary consumers even though the compounds have been banned for decades. C PCBs���� have synergistic effects with other toxins in the environment and are broken down in water and soil, so most tertiary consumers are not directly exposed to them. D PCBs���� are acutely toxic to most forms of life and quickly kill most organisms upon exposure; therefore, tertiary consumers today would be expected to have high levels of the compound in their tissues.

are persistent organic compounds that are fat-soluble, so they should be found in the fatty tissues of tertiary consumers even though the compounds have been banned for decades.