Unit 8 MCQ

Which of the following scenarios is consistent with the behavioral therapeutic approach? A Ralph is misbehaving in school so Dr. Evans creates a token economy to increase Ralph's good behavior. B Collette believes she will never be able to write her paper, so Dr. Beck teaches Collette new, more adaptive ways of thinking about her paper to reduce her anxiety. C Frances is struggling with making friends, so Dr. Hughes listens empathetically to Frances without making many suggestions. D Kenneth is experiencing conflicts with his father, so Dr. Hubert uses free association with Kenneth to bring his unconsciousness conflicts to the forefront. E James is experiencing anxiety, so Dr. Rice prescribes him antianxiety medication.

A because Skinner emphasized reinforcement of desired behaviors

Bree, who has been diagnosed with schizophrenia, remains motionless for hours despite her family's attempts to interact with her. What symptom is Bree demonstrating? A Catatonia B Alogia C Hallucinations D Flat affect E Delusions

A because catatonia is associated with remaining motionless for long periods of time

As a child, Ryan took delight in hurting animals. As an adult, he frequently abuses strangers and feels no remorse. What diagnosis would Ryan most likely receive, and why? A Antisocial personality disorder, because lack of empathy and remorse are characteristics of this disorder. B Antisocial personality disorder, because Ryan most likely has another personality. C Bipolar disorder, because lack of empathy and remorse are characteristics of this disorder. D Bipolar disorder, because people with bipolar disorder often hurt animals. E Bipolar disorder, because bipolar disorder usually manifests itself in childhood.

A because his behavior indicates abuse of others without remorse, a sign of antisocial personality disorder

Dangerous

sufficiently harming

Lena has experienced severe pain in her right arm for years, although her doctor can find no cause or external symptom for the pain. Lena would most likely be diagnosed with what psychological disorder? A Dissociative identity disorder B Narcissistic personality disorder C Generalized anxiety disorder D Somatic symptom disorder E Borderline personality disorder

D because Lena's symptoms have no obvious physical cause but are nonetheless painful to her

Deviant

abnormal, atypical, or rare

Distressing

sufficiently upsetting

Which of the following is an example of Albert Ellis' rational emotive behavior therapy? A A therapist uses systematic desensitization B A therapist refutes irrational beliefs C A therapist uses dream analysis D A therapist uses unconditional positive regard E A therapist reinforces good behavior

B because Ellis is responsible for rational emotive behavior therapy

Greg experienced trauma as a young child. Now as an adult, in times of stress, his voice and mannerisms change and he claims to be a different person. Greg's symptoms are most in line with what psychological disorder? A Schizophrenia B Dissociative identity disorder C Antisocial personality disorder D Anorexia nervosa E Obsessive-compulsive disorder

B because Greg has different identities, and its etiology, is indicative of dissociative identity disorder

Which of the following most likely emphasized listening intently and feeling positively about a client no matter what the client did in therapy? A B. F. Skinner B Carl Rogers C Mary Cover Jones D Sigmund Freud E Albert Ellis

B because Rogers had a humanistic approach to therapy, which included unconditional positive regard

Jimmy has a difficult time paying attention in class. He often gets up from his seat, he demonstrates repetitive behaviors, and has difficulty making eye contact with others. What disorder is Jimmy most likely experiencing? A Intellectual developmental disorder B Autism spectrum disorder C Specific learning disorder D Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) E Receptive-expressive language disorder

B because autism involves deficits in verbal communication and social interaction and repetitive movement, interests, or activities

Geraldine goes through a few weeks of feeling so sad that she can barely summon the energy to leave her bed. Then she will have an extended period of energy and productivity, during which she barely sleeps. Geraldine would most likely be diagnosed with what disorder? A Schizophrenia B Bipolar disorder C Antisocial personality disorder D Major depression E Borderline personality disorder

B because she is showing cyclical nature of depression and mania indicative of bipolar disorder

Dr. Keeler believes that a strong therapeutic alliance causes positive therapeutic outcomes. He tests this hypothesis by randomly assigning individuals seeking therapy to either work with a therapist or work through a therapy workbook and then measuring the reduction in symptoms after eight weeks. Dr. Keeler concludes that therapy is beneficial to anyone experiencing psychological problems. Why is Dr. Keeler's conclusion invalid? A Dr. Keeler should not have used random assignment to test his hypothesis. B Dr. Keeler conducted his study from individuals seeking out therapy; therefore, his results are not applicable to the general population. C Dr. Keeler should have studied the participants for longer than eight weeks. D Dr. Keeler should not have had the participants use a therapy workbook; they should have used an unrelated workbook instead. E Dr. Keeler should have assigned participants to work with a cognitive therapist or a behavioral therapist to see the effect on therapy outcomes.

B the results will not be applicable to the population in general

Which of the following is the primary reason for using the most current edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)? A To help a psychologist diagnose an individual with multiple personality disorder B To use a reliable classification system for mental disorders C To obtain statistics on the death rates of people with a certain cancer D To determine whether a person should be labeled with a psychological disorder E To assist individuals in self-diagnosis of mental disorders

B to use a reliable classification system for mental disorders

What term associated with psychological disorders best describes a thought, feeling, or behavior that is atypical or rare? A Distressing B Dangerous C Deviant D Dysfunctional E Disordered

C Deviant (departing from usual or accepted standards, especially in social or sexual behavior)

Oliver has been afraid to leave his house for several months. He cannot identify anything in particular that scares him, but he has begun having food and groceries delivered and keeps his shades drawn. Oliver most likely suffers from what disorder? A Dissociative identity disorder B Borderline personality disorder C Agoraphobia D Major depression E Obsessive-compulsive disorder

C because Oliver's fear of going outside could indicate agoraphobia

Which therapeutic lifestyle change would have a positive impact on someone's well-being if they experience bouts of depression? A Taking antidepressant medication B Seeing a psychoanalytic therapist C Engaging in aerobic exercise D Increasing rumination E Undergoing deep-brain stimulation

C because exercise is a therapeutic lifestyle change that is related to well-being

Which of the following individuals would most likely experience the lowest level of stigma because of their psychological disorder diagnosis? A Susan, a woman, who was diagnosed with major depressive disorder B Mike, a man, who was diagnosed with alcohol use disorder C Ronaldo, a man, who was diagnosed with anorexia nervosa D Yi, a woman, who was diagnosed with bulimia nervosa E Mason, a man, who was diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

C because people tend to be more sympathetic toward individuals who receive gender atypical diagnoses. More women are diagnosed with anorexia nervosa than men

Cheryl, who is 85, is having difficulty remembering her phone number and address; at times, she is unsure of where she is. Cheryl is most likely experiencing A autism spectrum disorder B schizophrenia C major neurocognitive disorder D dissociative identity disorder E agoraphobia

C because people with MND experience confusion, memory loss, and sometimes physical challenges

Dr. Jones hypothesizes that antianxiety drugs cause a reduction in central nervous system activity. In order to test the hypothesis, what should her independent variable be? A High versus low anxiety levels B Central versus peripheral nervous system activity C Taking Xanax versus taking a placebo D Patients with anxiety versus patients without anxiety E Serotonin versus dopamine levels in the brain

C in order to test the hypothesis, an antianxiety drug like Xanax would need to be the independent variable

Joaquim wants to determine whether cognitive therapy is effective in treating depression. He measures the depression levels of 40 participants using a pretest, making several practical behavior-change recommendations to implement, and then measuring depression levels in a posttest. Joaquim concludes that cognitive therapy was effective in treating depression. Why is this conclusion invalid? A Joaquim should have had the participants change only one behavior at a time. B Joaquim should have used more participants. C Joaquim should have studied other types of therapy as well. D Joaquim should have used a control group. E Joaquim should have operationally defined depression better

D because Joaquim needs to see if the participants improved due to the therapy or to other factors

Since her father's death, Nina has become dangerously thin because she exercises compulsively and strictly limits her eating. Based on these symptoms, Nina would most likely be diagnosed with what disorder? A Bulimia nervosa B Simple phobia C Posttraumatic stress disorder D Anorexia nervosa E Binge-eating disorder

D because Nina's calorie restriction and obsessive exercising are signs of anorexia nervosa

Dr. Freddy believes that the development of schizophrenia is solely caused by biological factors. Which of the following is NOT accounted for by this belief? A Drug therapy is the most common treatment for schizophrenia. B Individuals whose mother was exposed to the flu virus during pregnancy have a greater possibility of developing schizophrenia later in life. C Individuals with schizophrenia typically have enlarged brain ventricles. D If one member of a set of identical twins develops schizophrenia, the other twin has an almost 50 percent chance of also developing schizophrenia. E Excess amounts of dopamine are often found in people exhibiting schizophrenia.

D because if one twin has schizophrenia, the other twin has a 100 percent chance of developing schizophrenia

To test the effectiveness of an SSRI, Dr. Morris randomly assigns one group of participants to receive the drug and assigns the other group a placebo. Dr. Morris is most likely using A a correlational design, and the dependent variable is depression B a correlational design, and the dependent variable is narcolepsy C an experimental design, and the independent variable is depression D an experimental design, and the dependent variable is depression E an experimental design, and the dependent variable is narcolepsy

D because it includes random assignment and SSRIs are used to treat depression

Paul is seeing a cognitive therapist to treat his depression. What piece of advice is Paul's therapist likely to give him? A Write down all your dreams for a week so we can analyze them. B Whenever you feel happiness, reinforce this feeling by giving yourself a reward. C Bring in your whole family next session so we can understand your depression in context. D Try to replace your catastrophic thinking with more realistic, positive thoughts. E Engage in at least 30 minutes of aerobic activity a day at least three days a week.

D because reducing catastrophic thinking is a is hallmark of cognitive therapy

Which scenario is most closely related to the results of the 1973 Rosenhan study? A Even though he was highly distressed, when Teddy reported that he was hearing voices, no one believed him. B After frowning through her family's dinner, Rebekka felt more depressed than she had before the dinner began. C After she shared her anxieties with her therapy group, Aurora reported that she was less stressed than she had been before. D After Andy received a diagnosis of bulimia nervosa, his family interpreted all of his behaviors as symptoms of his diagnosis. E When his hands and feet began to tingle, Rodie believed that he was experiencing a catastrophic physical illness and sought medical attention.

D because the Rosenhan study illustrated that people are likely to interpret behavior as confirming a diagnosis

Which research design, using twenty participants, would most effectively determine how well a drug treats depression? A Evaluate how much distorted negative thinking the participants are experiencing. Then assign the first ten participants to a group that receives the drug and the last ten participants to a placebo group. After ten weeks of treatment, assess the participants' degree of distorted negative thinking. B Evaluate how much worry the participants are experiencing without cause. Then assign the first ten participants to a group that receives the drug and the last ten participants to a placebo group. After ten weeks of treatment, assess the participants' degree of worrying without cause. C Randomly assign ten participants to a group that receives the drug and ten participants to a group that receives a placebo. After ten weeks of treatment, evaluate the participants' level of depression. D Evaluate how much negative thinking the participants are experiencing. Then assign ten participants to a group that receives the drug and ten participants to a placebo group. After ten weeks of treatment, evaluate how many negative thoughts they are experiencing again. E Evaluate how much anxiousness the participants feel without cause. Then assign ten participants to a group that receives the drug and ten participants to a placebo group. After ten weeks of treatment, evaluate how much anxiousness they experience after the treatment.

D because this studies measures improvement in depression, and a pre-treatment and post-treatment measure of depression is an effective way to measure change in depression levels

What is an appropriate reason for a clinician to break confidentiality? A The clinician needs to ask another clinician advice about a particular client, and it is impossible to do so while maintaining the client's anonymity. B A husband asks details about his wife's therapy. C The clinician wants to publish findings based on conclusions from a client's treatment to inform the community of a successful therapeutic strategy. D The client is a danger to self or others. E An adult client's parent wants to know what the client discusses with the clinician in therapy.

D the client is a danger to self or others

What are the four D's of psychological disorders?

Dysfunctional, deviant, dangerous, and distressing

Gale reluctantly visited a psychotherapist because he is unable to maintain personal relationships. He says, "People don't understand how fortunate they are when I give them the opportunity to come out with me. Sometimes they even say they already have other plans. They clearly are making a mistake turning me down!" Gale's mindset is most indicative of what disorder? A Obsessive-compulsive disorder B Schizophrenia C Antisocial personality disorder D Borderline personality disorder E Narcissistic personality disorder

E because Gale has a distorted sense of his own importance and centrality

Ever since Minnie witnessed a serious car crash, she continues to have vivid nightmares and reacts with panic at any sudden noise. Minnie's symptoms are most indicative of what disorder? A Schizophrenia B Bipolar disorder C Agoraphobia D Panic disorder E Posttraumatic stress disorder

E because Minnie shows ongoing symptoms of hypervigilance and jumpy anxiety long after her trauma, which are indicative of PTSD

Scott is undergoing psychoanalysis to try to deal with his severe anxiety. What technique is his therapist likely to use? A Active listening B Drug therapy C Aversion therapy D Stress inoculation training E Free association

E because free association is a technique used in psychoanalysis to uncover repressed feelings

Every night as he readies for bed, Steven walks in a circle beside his bed five times, afraid that something terrible will happen if he does not. Then, after lying down, he fears that he did not count right, gets up, and repeats the circling. This cycle continues to the point that he gets little sleep. Steven most likely has what disorder? A Narcissistic personality disorder B Bipolar disorder C Generalized anxiety disorder D Posttraumatic stress disorder E Obsessive-compulsive disorder

E because he has obsessive beliefs that lead to compulsive actions in a dysfunctional way

Dr. Vazquez is interested in comparing the effectiveness of electroconvulsive therapy with that of antidepressant drugs in treating depression. Which research design is he most likely to use? A Randomly assigning participants to take either an SSRI or a benzodiazepine B Randomly assigning participants to take either an amphetamine or an SSRI C Randomly assigning participants to either take an amphetamine or receive a brief electrical current through their brain D Randomly assigning participants to either take a benzodiazepine or receive a brief electrical current through their brain E Randomly assigning participants to either take an SSRI or receive a brief electrical current through their brain

E because this is experimental and contains both antidepressant medication and electroconvulsive therapy

Dysfunctional

affects daily functioning in a negative way