Unit 8a AP Psych

Positive and negative environmental stimuli that motivate behavior are called

incentives

The specific body weight maintained automatically by most adults over long periods of time is known as the

set point

Our sexual attraction toward members of either the same sex or the opposite sex is called our

sexual orientation

Annie has gone in a diet, initially she lost much weight, but now her weight seems to have stabilized, this is probably because

she has reached the lower end of her set point

Studies show that people tend to eat much more in social situations, such as parties and celebrations. Which psychological principle best explains why we overeat in these situations?

social facilitation

The secretion of ghrelin ________ appetite, and the secretion of obestatin ________ appetite.

stimulates;suppresses

Professor Fiekema claims that people are genetically predisposed to live in groups because social attachments enhanced the survival and reproductive success of our human ancestors. The professor's suggestion best illustrates

the evolutionary perspective

A mother's immune system may have a defensive response to substances produced by male fetuses. This is most likely to contribute to

the fraternal birth-order effect

In one experiment, professional actors played the role of either normal-weight or overweight job applicants. Research participants' willingness to hire the applicants revealed

greater discrimination against overweight women than against overweight men.

Financial satisfaction is more strongly predictive of well-being in poor nations than in wealthy ones. This fact would most clearly be anticipated by

hierarchy of needs theory

A. L. Washburn swallowed a balloon. When inflated, the balloon filled his stomach and transmitted his stomach contractions to a recording device. Washburn found that

hunger pangs accompany feelings of hunger

By definition, anorexia nervosa involves a person who weighs less than ________ of their ideal body weight and still is concerned about being fat.

85 %

Researchers have observed that the incidence of obesity and diabetes among 50,000 nurses was predicted by their

TV-viewing habits

An integrated understanding of rising obesity rates in terms of set points, culturally learned taste preferences, and the ready availability of large food portions is best illustrated by

a bio psychosocial approach

Motivation is defined by psychologists as

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior towards a goal

A need refers to

a physiological state that usually triggers motivational arousal.

Research on sex hormones and human sexual behavior indicates that

adult males who suffer castration experience a decline in their sex drive.

Brain scans of people viewing erotic material reveal a more active ________ in men than in women.

amygdala

Maslow's theory of motivation has been criticized as a theory of motivation because

an individual can forgo a need in a lower level and still fulfill a need higher along the hierarchy.

Chiara, a 14-year-old, is of average height but weighs only 80 pounds. She has lost 30 pounds over the last six months by eating very little and running five miles a day. She is determined not to become overweight and ignores her parents' suggestion that she should eat well-balanced meals. Chiara suffers from

anorexia nervosa

Which theory would be most helpful for explaining why people are motivated to watch horror movies?

arousal theory

Identify the case below in which the more basic need is listed before the "higher" need, according to Maslow's theory of motivation.

attachment before esteem

Homosexuality itself is not considered a mental disorder. However, adolescent homosexuals are at increased risk for which of the following?

attempting suicide

Ivan just spent an evening watching movies involving attractive women who actually seemed to enjoy being sexually coerced. This experience is most likely to lead him to

be more willing to hurt women

Sheila is more fearful of loneliness than of remaining in a physically abusive relationship with her boyfriend. This best illustrates the potentially harmful impact of ________ needs.

belongingness

Sixteen-year-old Jill loves ice cream and other rich foods, but she has become increasingly anxious about gaining too much weight. Jill frequently overeats and then intentionally vomits in an attempt to control her weight. Jill most clearly suffers from

bulimia nervosa

Which of the following events would most likely cause an animal to overeat and become obese?

destruction of its ventromedial hypothalamus

Inhibition of hunger is to overeating as ________ is to ________.

destruction of the lateral hypothalamus; destruction of the ventromedial hypothalamus

Which theory most clearly emphasizes the importance of homeostasis in motivation?

drive-reduction theory

Unlike those with bulimia nervosa, those with binge-eating disorders are not likely to ________ following binge eating.

engage in excessive exercise

The ________ phase of the sexual response cycle involves the swelling of blood vessels in the pelvic region.

excitement

The correct order of the stages of human sexual response as reported by Masters and Johnson are

excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

John has a BMI of 35 and is desperate to get it down to at least 25. He is trying a low-sugar, low-carbohydrate diet. John is likely to have difficulty losing weight while dieting because

fat tissue can be maintained by fewer calories than can other body tissues.

When an organism's weight falls below its set point, the organism is likely to experience a(n) ________ hunger and a(n) ________ its basal metabolic rate.

increase in; decrease in

A complex, unlearned, and fixed pattern of behavior common to all members of a species is called a(n)

instinct

When a rat's blood sugar level decreases, the ________ hypothalamus releases the hunger-triggering hormone ________.

lateral, orexin

A violent illness that follows our eating of a particular food is likely to influence our taste preferences. This illustrates that taste preferences are influenced by

learning experiences

When people's images on a video monitor are widened to make them look fatter, observers perceive them as

less sincere and less friendly

Researchers use biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis to understand eating disorders. The social-cultural level of analysis is especially likely to emphasize that eating disorders are influenced by

mass media standards of appearance

Lack of body fluids is to thirst as ________ is to ________.

need; drive

One gene scan of 40,000 people worldwide identified a variant of a gene called FTO. This gene nearly doubles the risk of

obesity

The anterior cingulate cortex shows increased activity in response to both physical pain and

ostracism

Research on obesity and weight control indicates that

overweight people typically suffer from a lack of willpower and self-discipline.

Secretion of the female hormones, the estrogens, peaks during

ovulation

Lower rates of pregnancy have been observed among teens who have

participated in a service learning program as tutors or teachers' aides.

Abraham Maslow suggested that self-transcendence needs motivate people to strive for

transpersonal reasoning

When encouraged to eat their fill of M&M's, people ate more when given a large rather than a small serving scoop. This most clearly reflects

unit bias

An instinctive behavior is one that is

unlearned