Unit 9.1-9.3 Quiz
"Does one focus energy and resources only on attacking the disease or attempt a broader strategy that includes addressing issues of political and economic inequality or underdevelopment that contribute to the disease? In regard to malaria, this debate had already emerged in the 1920s, as seen in the conflict between the Malaria Commission of the League of Nations (which supported a broad approach focusing on social and economic development) and United States malariologists (who focused almost exclusively on measures to control malaria-spreading mosquitoes). In the second half of the twentieth century, the failure of the United Nations' World Health Organization's malaria eradication program showed that the narrow approach, even with the help of powerful new insecticides, could not break the cycle of disease and poverty, particularly given the radical population changes and movements in the postcolonial developing world. Wars and refugee movements, environmental degradation, resettlement and labor migration due to economic development itself, often reversed any progress made in local or even national mosquito control programs. The most important obstacle to malaria control, however, remains the uneven distribution of resources across the globe. Despite its listing of malaria as a top priority, the World Health Organization can do little to fight the disease given the developed nations' failure to provide the United Nations with adequate funding." Lyn Schumaker, historian, article on the history of anti-malarial efforts in the twentieth century, 2003 Based on the passage, anti-malarial programs in the twentieth century are broadly illustrative of health-care efforts to combat which of the following types of diseases? A Diseases associated with poverty B Diseases associated with environmental pollution C New epidemic diseases that first emerged in the twentieth century D Diseases associated with increased longevity
A
Based on the graph, the increased availability of antibiotics and vaccines after circa 1955 is most clearly associated with A a greater decline in the death rates for Mexico than in the death rates for Sweden B equal rates of decline in the death rates for Mexico and Sweden C a greater increase in the birth rates for Mexico than in the birth rates for Sweden D a greater increase in the overall population in Sweden than in the overall population in Mexico
A
Which of the following was the most direct consequence of the widespread availability of a reliable birth control pill during the twentieth century? A An increased participation of women in the workforce B An increased percentage of men occupying political office C An increased percentage of men primarily responsible for work within the household D An increased infant mortality rate
A
"Our country needs a large population to utilize and exploit its land and natural resources. In general, the way to increase a country's population is to increase the number of births and to decrease the number of deaths. Some European states adopt a number of methods to increase their birth rates: (1) additional government services are provided to people who are married and have many children; (2) discounts and tax rebates on expenses related to the education of children are provided; (3) awards are given to families with many children. In Iran, due to the special impact of our national morals and religious traditions, families have many children. Therefore, the best means to increase the Iranian population is to take measures to decrease the death rate. More governmental physicians and health officials are needed to prevent the wasting of the country's human capital. Due to the lack of literature on child rearing available to Iranian mothers, and due to the absence of sufficient means for the treatment of ill children, more than 50% of all children born to Iranian families die before the age of seven. Through instructions and acquainting people with the literature on child rearing, as well as by providing families with free medical treatment, at least 90% of children could live to reach adolescence. In this context, patriotic women's organizations must carry out serious and efficient actions to help invigorate the management of the country's health." Fereydun Keshavarz, Iranian pediatrician, article published in an Iranian newspaper, 1937 Keshavarz' analysis in the third paragraph of the difficulties of growing Iran's population best reflects which of the following demographic realities in the early twentieth century? A Effective forms of birth control gave women greater control over their fertility. B Diseases associated with poverty and underdevelopment were still prevalent in most world regions. C Military conflicts led to population decreases in many countries, followed by postwar baby booms. D The Green Revolution dramatically increased agricultural productivity and led to rapid population growth.
B
In developed countries during the second half of the twentieth century, more effective methods of contraception contributed to which of the following? A A rise in the birth rate among affluent women B Greater control by women over their own fertility C A loss of power by women within the patriarchal family D National suffrage movements and the acquisition of voting rights
B
Source 1: "Any attempt on our part to improve nutrition in Gambia by increased cultivation of foodstuffs will no doubt have to come at the expense of the cultivation of cash crops and would therefore have the adverse economic consequence, in the early stages, of reducing the revenue of the colony. It is hoped, however, that this would be offset by an improvement in the health of the people, leading in time to increased strength and activity which might encourage Gambian farmers to cultivate both more extensively and more intensively than they do at present, resulting ultimately in greater production of cash crops." Letter from the British governor of the West African colony of Gambia to the British Committee on Nutrition in the Colonial Empire, 1936 Source 2: "Improvements in nutrition in Kenya must, as a matter of greatest importance, involve efforts to educate African women, to whom falls the care of the home and children. The African housewife is no less a creature of domestic habits and prejudices than her European counterpart, and her support has to be enlisted if progress is to be made in any of the activities surrounding nutrition. She plays a predominant part in such matters, being in most cases the cultivator as well as the cook." Letter from a Kenyan medical officer to the British Committee on Nutrition in the Colonial Empire, 1937 Which of the following late-twentieth-century developments most directly helped resolve the dilemma (expressed in Source 1) between producing enough food and producing cash crops to grow the economy? A Decolonization B The Green Revolution C Globalization of consumer culture D Outsourcing of industrial manufacturing to East and South Asia
B
The primary technology shown in the table contributed most directly to advances in which of the following areas? A Internet and cellular communications B Energy production C Medical vaccines and antibiotics D Genetically modified agriculture
B
Which of the following statements is true about the world at the end of the twentieth century? A The standard of living in the least economically developed countries of the world rapidly approached that of the most developed countries. B The pace and intensity of international contacts accelerated as a result of transportation and communication breakthroughs. C The world balance of power was reversed as the West no longer had a military advantage over non-Western countries. D World religions were in decline as the spread of science and secularism intensified.
B
"Does one focus energy and resources only on attacking the disease or attempt a broader strategy that includes addressing issues of political and economic inequality or underdevelopment that contribute to the disease? In regard to malaria, this debate had already emerged in the 1920s, as seen in the conflict between the Malaria Commission of the League of Nations (which supported a broad approach focusing on social and economic development) and United States malariologists (who focused almost exclusively on measures to control malaria-spreading mosquitoes). In the second half of the twentieth century, the failure of the United Nations' World Health Organization's malaria eradication program showed that the narrow approach, even with the help of powerful new insecticides, could not break the cycle of disease and poverty, particularly given the radical population changes and movements in the postcolonial developing world. Wars and refugee movements, environmental degradation, resettlement and labor migration due to economic development itself, often reversed any progress made in local or even national mosquito control programs. The most important obstacle to malaria control, however, remains the uneven distribution of resources across the globe. Despite its listing of malaria as a top priority, the World Health Organization can do little to fight the disease given the developed nations' failure to provide the United Nations with adequate funding." Lyn Schumaker, historian, article on the history of anti-malarial efforts in the twentieth century, 2003 As outlined in the passage, the institutions involved in twentieth-century anti-malarial efforts best illustrate the link between global public health efforts and A the rise of multinational corporations B the process of decolonization C the development of organizations to safeguard international peace D the development of anti-globalization movements and groups
C
"Our country needs a large population to utilize and exploit its land and natural resources. In general, the way to increase a country's population is to increase the number of births and to decrease the number of deaths. Some European states adopt a number of methods to increase their birth rates: (1) additional government services are provided to people who are married and have many children; (2) discounts and tax rebates on expenses related to the education of children are provided; (3) awards are given to families with many children. In Iran, due to the special impact of our national morals and religious traditions, families have many children. Therefore, the best means to increase the Iranian population is to take measures to decrease the death rate. More governmental physicians and health officials are needed to prevent the wasting of the country's human capital. Due to the lack of literature on child rearing available to Iranian mothers, and due to the absence of sufficient means for the treatment of ill children, more than 50% of all children born to Iranian families die before the age of seven. Through instructions and acquainting people with the literature on child rearing, as well as by providing families with free medical treatment, at least 90% of children could live to reach adolescence. In this context, patriotic women's organizations must carry out serious and efficient actions to help invigorate the management of the country's health." Fereydun Keshavarz, Iranian pediatrician, article published in an Iranian newspaper, 1937 In the late twentieth century, which of the following factors would most directly enable governments around the world to achieve the public policy goals outlined in Keshavarz' article? A The spread of radical nationalist and religious movements B The political and legal emancipation of women C Advances in medicine, such as vaccines and antibiotics D Advances in communication, such as television and the Internet
C
A demographic trend in industrialized countries worldwide in the late twentieth century was A a decline in divorce rates B an increase in birth rates C a decline in family size D an increase in infant mortality rates E an increase in death rates
C
Based on the trends shown in the graph, which of the following best describes the populations of Sweden and Mexico at the end of the twentieth century? A Both Sweden and Mexico had declining populations. B Mexico's population was stable, while Sweden's population was still growing. C Sweden's population was stable, while Mexico's population was still growing. D Sweden's population was growing more rapidly than Mexico's population.
C
The chart above proves which of the following? A The population of Latin America is greater than that of the Middle East. B Latin America has a much older population than the Middle East does. C The female population of the four Latin American countries listed is greater than the male population. D In the countries of the Middle East the percentage of the population that is under 15 is in the majority.
C
What was the leading cause of the unprecedented increase in global population in the twentieth century? A The end of international epidemics B Global warming and other types of climate change C The impact of medical innovations and public health measures D The reduction of world hunger
C
Which of the following contributed most to the demographic changes shown on the graph above? A Eradication of epidemic diseases in South Asia B Decreasing level of civilian casualties during military conflicts C Diffusion of Green Revolution technology D Increasing fertility rates in western Europe
C
Which of the following was an important effect of the petroleum revolution from 1880 to 1920 ? A Air and water quality improved. B Deforestation eased. C Industrial production increased. D Wartime casualties decreased.
C
Which of the following was the most immediate cause of global economic integration in the late twentieth and early twenty-first century? A Increased dependence on cheap oil from the middle east B Population growth in the developing world C Decreases in the cost of long-distance communication and transportation D Regulation of air and water pollution in the developed world
C
"Does one focus energy and resources only on attacking the disease or attempt a broader strategy that includes addressing issues of political and economic inequality or underdevelopment that contribute to the disease? In regard to malaria, this debate had already emerged in the 1920s, as seen in the conflict between the Malaria Commission of the League of Nations (which supported a broad approach focusing on social and economic development) and United States malariologists (who focused almost exclusively on measures to control malaria-spreading mosquitoes). In the second half of the twentieth century, the failure of the United Nations' World Health Organization's malaria eradication program showed that the narrow approach, even with the help of powerful new insecticides, could not break the cycle of disease and poverty, particularly given the radical population changes and movements in the postcolonial developing world. Wars and refugee movements, environmental degradation, resettlement and labor migration due to economic development itself, often reversed any progress made in local or even national mosquito control programs. The most important obstacle to malaria control, however, remains the uneven distribution of resources across the globe. Despite its listing of malaria as a top priority, the World Health Organization can do little to fight the disease given the developed nations' failure to provide the United Nations with adequate funding." Lyn Schumaker, historian, article on the history of anti-malarial efforts in the twentieth century, 2003 Based on the discussion in the second paragraph, which of the following best describes the relationship between advances in medicine and public health efforts in the twentieth century? A Many diseases remained impossible to treat, despite technological and medical advances. B Advances in medicine resulted in dramatic reductions of infection rates from all communicable diseases. C The emergence of new diseases offset any medical advances related to the treatment of existing diseases. D Political and economic factors stood in the way of advances in medicine living up to their full global potential.
D
On a global scale, which of the following directly prevented problems such as those alluded to in the map and graph from leading to population decline in the late twentieth century? A The development of new forms of global communication and transportation B The extension of the average human life span brought about by medical advances C The greater social acceptance of birth control D The increases in average agricultural yields per acre brought about by the Green Revolution
D
Which of the following best explains the change in energy consumption in the time period from 1850 to 2000 C.E.? A Medical innovations that extended human life expectancy B Breakthroughs in agricultural production as a result of the Green Revolution C New methods of communication, such as radio and the Internet D New technologies that enhanced production through the use of petroleum and nuclear power
D
Which of the following best explains the differences in the major causes of death experienced by high-income countries versus low-income countries during the early twenty-first century? A Prevalence of cancer causing pollutants in high-income countries B Acceptance of contraception in high-income countries C Greater access to long-term medical care in low-income countries D Changing lifestyle habits and greater longevity in high-income countries
D
Which of the following is characteristic of the Green Revolution of the 1960s through the 1980s? A It restored tropical forests destroyed by slash-and-burn agriculture. B It prevented oil exploration in the natural habitats of endangered species. C It sought to limit the use of nuclear energy. D It used new technologies to increase agricultural yields in developing regions.
D
Which of the following was the leading cause of the huge global population increase in the twentieth century? A Rapid increases in per capita birth rates B The end of international epidemics C Global warming D The impact of public health measures E The elimination of world hunger
D
By 1980 most industrialized countries reached a fairly stable population level, but population growth in nonindustrialized countries continued at a very high rate. The most likely explanation for this difference is that A climatic shifts resulting from global warming have caused population decline in the industrialized countries B the "green revolution" was rejected by industrialized countries but embraced by nonindustrial countries C farmers in industrialized countries concentrated on growing crash crops for export rather than food crops for domestic consumption D pollution in industrialized countries caused a decline in human fertility rates E children are a more important source of labor in agricultural than in industrial societies
E
