Unit: Natural selection

Each answer choice below describes a specific fossil. Which fossil provides the strongest evidence for the discovery of a transitional species between early non-mammalian synapsids and mammals?

the fossil of an organism with a sprawling gait and middle ear bones, found in a 250-million-year-old rock layer

Which of the following is an example of gene flow?

A sea anemone egg floats from the area inhabited by one population to the area inhabited by another sea anemone population, where it is fertilized.

Which of the following statements is best supported by the data in the table?

A. thaliana is more closely related to C. sinensis than to G. max.

Based on the information in the table, which of the following cladograms best represents the evolutionary relationships among the species?

perfect rectangles until the end

Given the average height for Generation 1 B. rapa plants, which of the following graphs best predicts the average height for Generations 2 and 3?

perfect stairs facing --->

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The data about which trait provides the strongest evidence that all of the plant species in the table share a common ancestor?

vascular tissue

Assuming there is no selective pressure on the A and a alleles, which of the following best predicts what will happen over time to the populations' genotype frequencies?

They will become more similar as a result of gene flow.

Which of the following statements provides the best justification for this relationship? Choose 1 answer:

Tigers share a more recent common ancestor with snow leopards than with jaguars.

Of the structures depicted in the diagrams, which were likely present in the common ancestor of all eukaryotes, but not in the common ancestor of all organisms?

spliceosomal introns, membrane-bound organelles, and linear chromosomes

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Assuming that the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, which of the following is the frequency of the h allele in this population, rounded to two decimal places?

0.39

Assuming that the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, which of the following is the frequency of the A allele in this population, rounded to two decimal places?

0.55

Assuming that the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, which of the following is the frequency of the M allele in this population, rounded to two decimal places?

0.63

Assuming that the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, which of the following is the number of plants in the population that have the genotype B, B?

128 plants

Based on the information given, which of the following graphs best shows the type of selection occurring on the wild carp population?

2 humps looking at each other

Based on the information given, which of the following graphs best shows the type of selection occurring on the finch population after the drought?

2 humps looking at each other again... are they gonna fight?

Barley yield began to increase dramatically after 1975 due to selective breeding of higher-yielding barley plants.

3-45

Which of the following graphs best predicts the distribution of trichome number in Generation 3?

30-35---25/27

Assuming that the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, which of the following is the number of fish in the population that have the genotype E, E?

396 fish

Assuming that the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, which of the following is the number of mice in the population that have the genotype F, f?

476 mice

Which of the following is the most likely reason that the population deviated from Hardy-Weinberg expectations during the study period?

A group of wolves from a separate geographic area migrated into the population.

Based on the information above, which of the following is most likely true about the ancestry of wheat stem rust strain Ug99?

A strain of stem rust developed a mutation that changed the structure of its injected proteins so that they were not detected by resistant wheat plants, allowing the strain to grow and reproduce on these plants.

Which of the following claims is best supported by the data in the table?

A vaccine against the measles virus is likely to be more durable in the population than a vaccine against the influenza A virus.

Which of the following cladograms is best supported by the information in the table?

A.halleri- A.tha-----------------

If the two populations are each in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, which of the following graphs shows the correct genotype frequencies for the populations?

AA-0.3 Aa-0.5 aa-0.2 population 2 perfect graph

Which of the following statements is best supported by the table?

Allele B became fixed in Population 1 as a result of genetic drift.

Which of the following statements is best supported by the table?

Allele N was lost from Population 2 as a result of genetic drift.

Based on the cladogram, which of the following derived characters is shared by orangutans and eagles but is not present in salamanders?

Amniotic egg

Based on the data above, which of the following statements about tawny owl evolution is true?

As snow depth decreased over time, brown owls became more common in the population because they were better able to survive and reproduce.

Which of the following statements provides evidence that all of Earth's organisms are descended from a common ancestor? 👁️ Note that there are 2 answers to this question.

Bacteria, eukaryotes, and archaea use ATP to release energy that can be used by the cell. Bacteria, eukaryotes, and archaea use DNA to encode proteins, which carry out cellular functions.

Which of the following best explains the data in the table?

Barley yield began to increase dramatically after 1975 due to selective breeding of higher-yielding barley plants.

Which of the following statements support the hypothesis that bats are more closely related to gorillas than to birds? 👁️ Note that there are 2 answers to this question.

Bats and gorillas have one hole behind each eye socket in the skull, while birds have two. Bats and birds have more nucleotide differences in their mitochondrial DNA sequences than bats and gorillas do.

Based on the cladogram, which of the following derived characters is shared by chordates and echinoderms but is not present in cnidarians?

Bilateral symmetry

Which of the following observations would provide the most direct evidence in support of the scientist's claim?

Birds from each population mate only with birds from their own population.

Which of the following describes a result of artificial selection?

Body size in a population of sheep has decreased due to selective breeding by humans.

Which of the following best explains the data in the table?

Corn yield increased dramatically after 1940 largely because farmers bred new, higher-yielding corn varieties.

Which of the following statements support the hypothesis that crocodiles are more closely related to birds than to frogs? 👁️ Note that there are 2 answers to this question.

Crocodiles and birds have eggs that are protected by an amniotic membrane, while frogs do not. Crocodiles and frogs have more nucleotide differences in their homologous DNA sequences than crocodiles and birds do.

Which of the following describes a postzygotic mechanism of reproductive isolation?

Crosses between two species of dwarf hamsters, Phodopus campbelli and P. sungorus, result in embryos with severe developmental defects.

Which of the following statements support the hypothesis that dolphins are more closely related to humans than to fish? 👁️ Note that there are 2 answers to this question.

Dolphins and fish have more nucleotide differences in their ribosomal RNA gene sequences than dolphins and humans do. Dolphins and humans have forelimbs with a similar bone structure, while fish do not.

Based on the information above, which of the following is most likely true about the ancestry of the different lemur species on the island of Madagascar?

Due to variation in the ancestral lemur population, certain individuals were able to better exploit resources and leave more surviving offspring in novel habitats.

Which of the following statements is best supported by the data in the table?

During the process of maize domestication, humans likely crossed plants with larger-than-average kernels to create each new generation.

Which of the following describes a result of artificial selection?

Ear length in a population of dogs has increased due to selective breeding by humans.

Which of the following statements is best supported by the data in the table?

Emperor penguins are more closely related to dogs than to zebrafish.

Which of the following is the most likely reason that the population deviated from Hardy-Weinberg expectations during the study period?

Female fish in the population preferred mates with a certain color pattern.

Based on the information in the table, which of the following cladograms best represents the evolutionary relationships among the species?

Finch-Alligator

Which of the following observations would provide the most direct evidence in support of the scientist's claim?

Fish from each population occasionally mate with fish from the other population, but they do not produce viable offspring.

Based on the information in the table, which of the following cladograms best represents the evolutionary relationships among the species?

French rose- giant--royal---caro

Which of the following describes a result of artificial selection?

Fur length in a population of cats has decreased due to selective breeding by humans.

Based on the information given above, which of the following is most likely true about the ancestry of the marine iguana?

Iguanas with phenotypes that were better suited for swimming were able to exploit a novel food source, so they left more surviving offspring over time.

Based on the experimental results, which of the following statements about red-bellied black snake evolutionary fitness is true?

In areas with cane toads, snakes with higher toxin resistance produced more offspring than snakes with lower resistance.

Which of the following statements provides the best justification for this relationship?

Marmosets share a more recent common ancestor with dogs than with tenrecs.

Which of the following statements best explains how adaptive radiation could have led to the diversity of honeycreeper species found on the Hawaiian islands?

Members of a single bird species came to the islands from the mainland. Over time, this species diverged into many species as groups of birds adapted to different habitat niches on the islands.

Which of the following statements best explains how adaptive radiation could have led to the diversity of Anolis species found on the Caribbean islands?

Members of a single lizard species floated to the islands from the mainland. Over time, this species diverged into many species as groups of lizards adapted to different habitat niches on the islands.

Which of the following statements best explains how adaptive radiation could have led to the diversity of Bulimulus snail species found on the Galápagos islands?

Members of a single snail species floated to the islands on debris from the mainland. Over time, this species diverged into many species as groups of snails adapted to different habitat niches on the islands.

Which of the following is the most likely reason that the population deviated from Hardy-Weinberg expectations during the study period?

Natural selection is occurring in the population.

Based on the information above, which of the following is the best prediction for what will happen over time to the populations of ground-dwelling brown anoles in areas where curly-tailed lizards were introduced?

Over many generations, the brown anole populations will likely develop shorter legs as they adapt to living higher in trees.

If a population made up of light and dark mice was moved from an area with light sand and dark rock to an area with only light sand, which of the following describes the most likely result?

Over many generations, the percentage of the population with the Mc1r gene mutation will decrease.

Which of the following statements provides the best justification for this relationship?

Oystercatchers share a more recent common ancestor with flamingos than with penguins.

Based on the experimental results, which of the following is the best evolutionary explanation for the presence of a stalk on B. ringens plants?

Plants with stalks attract more pollinators, enabling them to produce more offspring in each generation than plants without stalks.

Which of the following statements is best supported by the table?

Population 2 was likely smaller than Population 1 during the study period.

Which of the following best predicts how the shift in coral host will affect Population B over time?

Population B will become reproductively isolated from the other coral goby populations, resulting in sympatric speciation.

If the two populations are each in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, which of the following graphs shows the correct genotype frequencies for the populations?

RR-0.3 Rr-0.5 rr-0.1 population 2

Which of the following observations would provide the most direct evidence in support of the scientist's claim?

Rodents from the two populations interbreed and produce viable offspring.

Which of the following statements is best supported by the data in the table?

Species D is more closely related to Species A than to Species E.

Which of the statements provide evidence that all of Earth's organisms are descended from a common ancestor?

Statements A and C

Which of the statements describes at least one new allele entering a population?

Statements I and II

Which of the statements describes at least one new allele entering a population?

Statements I, II, and III

Which of the statements provide evidence that all of Earth's organisms are descended from a common ancestor?

Statements II and III

If the two populations are each in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, which of the following graphs shows the correct genotype frequencies for the populations?

TT-0.3 Tt-0.5 tt-0.2 population 1

Which of the following statements is most likely true about the lizard population in 2010?

The 2010 population has fewer unique alleles than the 1975 population.

Which of the following claims is best supported by the data in the table?

The SARS coronavirus is more likely to evolve antiviral drug resistance over a given time period than the human hepatitis B virus.

Based on the information above, which of the following best predicts the effect of climate change on the northern populations of pitcher-plant mosquitos?

The average daylength that induces diapause in northern mosquitos will decrease because the longer periods of warmth will allow the mosquitos to be active later into the year.

Which of the following best predicts what will happen to a population of bacteria in a farm setting that is, over time, consistently exposed to beta-lactam antibiotics?

The bacteria population will evolve resistance to the antibiotics, likely through selection of individuals with a mutation in the PBP2 gene.

Which of the following best predicts how the lack of seasonal flooding will affect the fish populations in the lakes over time?

The fish population in each lake will become reproductively isolated, resulting in allopatric speciation.

Which of the following statements is best supported by the data in the table?

The genes for having large fruit became more common in the S. lycopersicum population over time due to selection of the large fruit trait by humans.

Which of the following statements is best supported by the data in the table?

The genes for having long achenes became more common in the domesticated sunflower population over time due to selection of the long achene trait by humans.

Which of the following statements is most likely true about the new bird population immediately after the storm?

The new population's allele frequencies are different from those in the original population.

Which of the following best predicts what will happen over time to a pink bollworm population in a field that is planted entirely with Bt-producing cotton plants?

The pink bollworm population will evolve resistance to Bt, likely through selection of bollworms with a mutation in the cadherin gene.

Which of the following statements is most likely true about the plant population immediately after the wildfire?

The population is more likely to be significantly impacted by ongoing genetic drift.

Which of the following best predicts how the lava flow will affect the spider populations over time?

The spider population on each side of the lava flow will become reproductively isolated, resulting in allopatric speciation.

Which of the following best predicts what will happen to a weed population in a field that is, over time, consistently sprayed with an ALS-inhibiting herbicide?

The weed population will evolve resistance to the herbicide, likely through selection of plants with a mutation in the ALS gene.

Which of the following describes two species that exhibit a prezygotic mechanism of reproductive isolation?

The western spotted skunk (Spilogale gracilis) and the eastern spotted skunk (S. putorius) have overlapping geographic ranges, but S. gracilis mates in late summer and S. putorius mates in late winter.

Which of the following describes a postzygotic mechanism of reproductive isolation?

Two species of Ensatina salamanders that occur together in the California foothills can mate and form hybrids, but most of the hybrids die before reaching maturity.

Based on the cladogram, which of the following derived characters is shared by kangaroos and foxes but is not present in platypuses?

Viviparity

Which of the following best explains the data in the table?

Wheat yield remained relatively stable until 1942, and then increased dramatically as farmers bred higher-yielding wheat varieties.

Does the passage describe any new alleles entering the meadow population of yarrow plants?

Yes, both the mutation and the movement of the pollen grain introduce new alleles.

Which of the following describes the common ancestor of all eukaryotes, but not the common ancestor of all organisms?

a single-celled organism with membrane-bound organelles, linear chromosomes, and spliceosomal introns

Which of the following cladograms is best supported by the information above?

c-b

The data about which trait provides the strongest evidence that all of the animal species in the table share a common ancestor?

four limbs

By which of the following processes did the mutation spread between mosquito populations?

gene flow

Which of the following cladograms is best supported by the information in the table?

human-baboon

Of the structures depicted in the diagrams, which were likely present in the common ancestor of all eukaryotes, but not in the common ancestor of all organisms?

linear chromosomes, spliceosomal introns, and membrane-bound organelles

Each answer choice below describes a specific fossil. Which fossil provides the strongest evidence for the discovery of a transitional species between theropods and modern birds?

the fossil of an organism with feathers and a long, bony tail, found in a 145-million-year-old rock layer

ach answer choice below describes a specific fossil. Which fossil provides the strongest evidence for the discovery of a transitional species between early lobe-finned fish and tetrapods?

the fossil of an organism with scaloid scales and a bending neck, found in a 375-million-year-old rock layer

The data about which trait provides the strongest evidence that all of the animal species in the table share a common ancestor?

vertebrae

Based on the information given, which of the following graphs shows the type of selection that is likely to occur in the eel population over time?

very wavy dotted line- one hump