United States History to 1877 - Chapter 1

General Washington's retreat across New Jersey.

"These are the times that try men's souls." was written by Thomas Paine in response to

James Madision

1751-1836 - Considered to be the "Father of the Constitution" was one of twelve men who did the majority of the conventions preparatory work. He created the "Checks and Balances' principle.

The Stamp Act Congress

1765-1766, Nine colonies sent delegates to a general congress. The Stamp Act Congress was formed and met in New York to draw up a protest statement.

Boston Massacre

A Boston mob goaded British soldiers into firing into the crowd.

William Penn

A Quaker who was both a pacifist and egalitarian. Charles II bestowed land between Maryland and New York to him. He used it for a haven for Quakers both socially and politically. His fair treatment of the native people also attracted them, so they also moved to Pennsylvania to escape brutality.

In 1763, Concept of Representative government by colonies

A person elected to a colonial assembly represents only the people from the area in which the voters had a chance to vote for him directly.

Tobacco cultivation in Virginia

A scattered pattern of settlement emerged in the colony.

Mercantilism

A series of assumptions about the operations of the world's economic system. Beginning in the early 1650's. The British government created policies that were designed to benefit them. They knew that to build the strongest economic stronghold they would need to export more than they imported. They passed regulation laws that benefited them exclusively by creating a trade system that made Americans provide raw goods to the mother country to be consumed at home or sent abroad. They were to serve also as a market for the mother country's manufactured goods.

Jamestown colony's early problems

A severe drought made it difficult for the settlers to cultivate crops

Hunter-gathereriri

A way of life that involved hunting games and gathering food from naturally occurring sources, as opposed to engaging in agriculture and animal husbandry. Archaic Indians and their descendants survived in North America for centuries as hunter-gatherers.

John Locke argued human beings

Acquire all knowledge through observations of the external world.

Sugar

After conquering the last Canary island in 1496, the Spanish devoted the land to the cultivation of what?

National identity among their subjects.

After the Hundred Years' War, the monarchs of England and France worked to consolidate their political power. They were aided in this effort by

The Franco-American Alliance

After the victory of Saratoga, which encouraged partnership with France in the war efforts and because Benjamin Franklin's tireless efforts. France and America signed two treaties in 1778. In the Treaty of alliance, which forged France and the United States into a mutual pact of support which included defense against Britain and both sides promising not to negotiate a peace treaty with Britain without the other's consent. France also renounced its ownership of the Bermudas and any claim to Canada.

Mayflower Compact

Agreement among the people on bard the Mayflower that they, the Plymouth settlers, constituted a politically organized society with legal authority.

Navigation Acts provision

All foreign goods bound for the colonies will be shipped by way of England.

Sentiments expressed in Common Sense

An American that throws off the exploitive British yoke and declares itself an independent republic will be strong, and its citizens will be free.

John Peter Zanger

An editor who was imprisoned by the New York government for speaking critically against their actions. He was set free by his lawyer, who argued that the truth cannot be considered defamatory. This case help to establish a free press principle.

Paleo-Indians

Archaeologist's term for the first migrants into North America and their descendants who spread across the Americas between 15000 BP and 13500 BP.

Tuscarora Way of 1711

As a consequence of this, the colonists had lost the small amount of control they had exerted over their lives when they first came to the New World.

Regulator movements of late 1760's and early 1770's

Back country farmers believed that they did not have an adequate voice in colonial politics/

Separatists left Holland to settle in Plymouth

Because hey wanted to Isolate themselves from the corrupting influences of the world.

The Battle of Yorktown

Because of Cornwallis' poor military tactics involving temporarily withdrawing to the peninsula between York and James rivers while awaiting supplies and securing Yorktown, Washington was able to move in and defeat the royal army with all his militia numbering more than 7,000 French and American troops. In 1781, Cornwallis surrendered in Yorktown after being defeated by the french and American troops.Parliament then voted to quit offensive operations in America and begin peace negotiations.

Standard of living rose in the 18th century

Because the price of British imports fell relative to the income that Americans earned from their exports.

Salem Witchcraft Crisis started

Because women were experiencing feelings of powerlessness and insecurity, so many found an explanation for the disorder and changes around them.

Right to Vote

Before Massachusetts Bay Colony became a royal colony all property-owning adult males who were members of the Puritan church had this priveledge

The First Great Awakening

Began in 1735-1745, Orthodox Calvinists sought to combat its rationale which denied innate human depravity. The people were very open to this spiritual movement because of the political shakiness after King George's war. Reverend Jonathon Edwards and Reverend George Whitfield were instrumental in flaming the fire of the First Great Awakening in the mainland British colonies. However; the movement wasn't without opposition as the mainstream churches began to realize that this new approach countered doctrine and matters of faith. Movement led to a number of new Protestant churches being formed.

Paleo Indians needed to find new sources of food.

Began to hunt smaller animals and foraging. They gathered wild plant foods, such as roots, seeds, Nuts, berries, and fruits.

John Cabot

Brought back to Europe the first formal knowledge of North America's northern coastline.

The Battle of Saratoga

Burgoyne surrendered to patriots on October 17, 1777, here after his military strategy of dawdling gave ample time for the Americans to prepare for his arrival. He surrendered all of his army of over six thousand men. By this defeat, the patriots were able to encourage fellow patriots, discouraging loyalists and Britain's, and most importantly - this drew France formally into the war.

Elected colonial assemblies gained power in the 18th century

By assuming privileges associated with the House of Commons

Anne Hutchinston

Challenged Puritan orthodoxy by expressing her belief that the elect could communicate directly with God.

Enlightenment ideas

Challenged the notion of a divinely sanctioned political order.

Stamp Act Protest

Colonial merchants created non importation associations to put pressure on British exporters.

Mercantilist Theory held that

Colonies can help the mother country become self-sufficient by providing it with valuable raw materials.

established free press principle.

Consequence of John Peter Zenger case

The Navigation Acts

Designed to apply mercantilist thinking to the American colonies. These major acts were passed between 1651- 1673. They contained three major principles: 1. Only the English or colonial merchants and ships were allowed to trade within the colonies. 2) Only certain valuable American products could be sold in other English colonies or the mother country 3) All of the foreign goods that were to be sold in the colonies had to be shipped through England to force them to pay English import duties. Later, the colonies were not even allowed to export items that were in competition with the English products.

Powhaten Uprising

Destroyed the colony and also destroyed the Virginia company because of little profit due to corruption and high costs of supporting settlers.

American Indians or Native Americans

Did not see themselves as one people and did not think to unite against the invaders.

Cultural differences among Indian groups in the New World?

Different Indian groups adapted their societies and lifestyles to the environment in which they settled.

Clovis Point

Distinctly shaped spearheads used by Paleo-Indians and named for the place in New Mexico where they were first excavated.

William Pitt's policies toward colonies

During the Seven Years War, they placed recruitment of troops from the colonies to local hands.

Jamestown

England's first permanent colony in the Western Hemisphere founded in 1607

Gilbert and Raleigh attempted to establish Outposts in the New World in an attempt to...

Establish trade with the Indians.

Plymouth

Established in 1620 by people wanting to isolate themselves from the evil influence of the world and permitted by the Virginia Company - most were Pilgrims, some Seperatists, who the thought the Church of England was to evil to transform. Sailed on the Mayflower and landed on Plymouth, which was originally inhabited by Indians who had been wiped out by disease.

The Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Established residents of the western territories would have the same rights as citizens of the original states.

John Dickinson - "Letters from a farmer in Pennsylvania"

Expressed that parliament may not use its power to regulate colonial trade for the purpose of raising revenue.

New Jersey Plan

Features a one-house congress would be retained, but it would be given new powers to tax and to regulate trade.

Virginia Plan

Features proportional representation would be provided in a two-house legislature.

Avoid decisive military losses

George Washington's primary goal as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army.

Charles II colonies

Given as rewards to men who had supported Charles II during the English Civil War.

The Stamp Act

Grenville's most important proposal that was meant to duplicate a British law that had been in effect for almost a century. This proposed stamp act would have forced the colonists to buy stamps on legal documents such as: Wills, deeds, mortgages, newspapers, wedding licenses, death certificates. It was strongly protested and was repealed in 1766.

The Massachusetts Bay Company

Group of Puritan Congregationalist that wanted to reform the Church of England from the inside.

eighteenth century immigrants

Had fewer opportunities for advancement in contrast to seventeenth-century immigrants

William Penn's policies

His Indian policies made the area attractive to Indians encountering difficulties with whites elsewhere.

Ideological Dilemma of colonists 1765-1774

How can we justify our opposition to certain acts of Parliament without questioning Parliament's authority over us.

Archaic Indians

Hunting and gathering people who descended from Paleo-Indians and dominated the Americas from 10,000 BP to between 4000 to 3000 BP. They were known to hunt with spears like their ancestors, unused traps, nets and hooks to trap small game as well as stone tools to prepare wild plants.

Separation of Powers

In 1787, delegates believed the key to the constitution was the separation of powers or the distribution of political authority between the three branches of government - legislative, judicial and executive and division of the powers between the nation and the states. thses separate branches balance each other and their powers were designed to entangle each other to prevent independent action or any form of tyranny.

Post Revolutionary State Constitution

In May 1776, the Second Continental Congress directed states to devise new republican governments at the state level. These framers of the constitution at the state level were focused on creating a constitution that would limit the governments to prevent tyranny and in order to sustain the republics. In order to prevent government authority from taking their in inalienable rights, They were also contained in a Bill of Rights or similar clauses.

Colonies should assume greater share in supporting empire

In light of the major problems confronting the British government in 1763, George Grenville decided that

The Regulator Movements

In the 1760's - 1770's pitted back country farmers against wealthy eastern planters. The Frontier dwellers fought against their inability to have enough voice in the colonial political arena

Squanto

Indian interpreter who helped the English interpret to the Native people at Plymouth.

Portuguese

Introduced Black slavery to Europe

The Lateen sail, the astrolabe, the quadrant

Invented between 1337-1453 during the hundred years' war, born out of the desire to create a more efficient way to sail. The Lateen sail or triangular, was used in place of the standard square rigging sail thus enabling more maneuverability for the ships. The ships were then able to sail out of the mediterranean and sail North up and around the European coast. The astrolobe and the quadrant are navigational tools that can estimate latitude via the sun, moon and other constellations in correlation to the horizon. These new inventions would prove to be beneficial for future explorers in their discovery of America.

Benefits of the Headright System in Virginia

It allowed them to amass more land and obtain laborers to work that land.

Consequence of the Battle of Saratoga

It brought France into the war as an American ally and Parliament stopped the war and began peace negotiations

Great Awakening consequence

It eventually led to increased tolerance of religious diversity.

Black Death

It is estimated that one-third of the people of Europe died in the fourteenth century.

Native Americans accepted Catholicism partly because

It was the religion of their conquerors.

House of Burgesses importance to British Colonies

Its presence established the precedent of self-government at the local level in England's North American colonies.

The Glorious Revolution

James II infuriated the masses by his conversion to Catholicism and levying taxes without the Parliament's approval.In April of 1689, James' daughter Mary and her husband, the Dutch prince William of Orange replaced James II without a bloody war. This was thereby called the Glorious Revolution which affirmed the supremacy of both Parliament and Protestantism.

American Republic

James Madison considered its large size to be an advantage because there would be so many competing interest groups that no one group would be able to control the government.

Ireland and Scotland

Largest group of white non-English immigrants to the American colonies in the Eighteenth century came from

Tobacco

Largest single export from the American colonies around 1750

Checks and Balances

Madison believed that the government needed to be created in a way that would deter any form of tyranny, so he encouraged the use of the checks and balance system sometime in 1787. The principle idea of the checks and balance system is to set up the government in such a way to have separation of powers between the three branches of government legislative branches - Executive, Legislation, and Judicial in order to make each branch responsible for each other's actions. This "sharing of power" would ensure accountability to prevent any atrocities or deceptions.

Non New Englander

Major factor in the decision to select George Washington as Commander-in Chief.

The Coercive (Intolerable) Acts

March of 1774, parliament adopted four laws in a vain attempt to gain a stronger hold on the colonies, paradoxically making the colonies stronger. These acts were the Boston Port Act (closing the port) The Massachusetts Government Act(Substituting an appointed council for the elected one to gain power), The Justice Act (removing a trial from the colonies to Great Britain), and the Quartering Act (troops could commandeer private homes if deemed necessary).

John Rolfe

Married Chief's daughter - Pocohontas after they kidnapped her.

An Anglican Clergyman

Most likely to be a loyalist

A city Artisan

Most likely to have been a patriot

Articles of Confederation government feature

National Government did not have the power to raise revenue effectively.

Movable Type and Printing Press

New technologies advances that were invented in Germany in the 1450's. This new equipment allowed books to be published.

Frontier Dwellers

Often complained about colonial government because colonial assemblies seldom reapportioned themselves, many people in newer frontier communities were not adequately represented.

The Declaration of Independence

On June 28, 1776, in Philadelphia, the first draft was drawn up by Thomas Jefferson, a Virginia lawyer. Its purpose was to declare all men equal and they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are: life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. After some changes, it was officially voted on and adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776. For the most part, our country still relies heavily on this today.

The Constitutional Convention

On May 25, 1787, 55 state representatives, men of property and substance met in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to begin deliberations with the intent to reform the constitution. (12 men worked on it). The purpose of the convention was to revise the Articles of Confederation. However; James Madison and Alexander Hamilton's intentions were to create a new government.

"Travels"

One particular book by Marco Polo's was written in 1477. This book was about a Venitian inspired European's to begin thinking of a transoceanic route to trade with China to avoid the Silk Road or the route through East Africa. This would allow them to also to avoid Muslims and Mediterranean middleman who regulated their ability to obtain the Asian goods they desired.

Indentured Servant

One who contracts to work for a planter for up to seven years and in rreturn receives passage to the New World.

By passing the Navigation Acts,

Parliament wanted to ensure that England would be the primary beneficiary of the profits from colonial trade.

supporting the King, but not Parliament

Patriots stance on supporting was difficult for the British to understand because in their mind, the king was part of Parliament and the two could not be separated.

House of Burgesses

Political structure that differed from New Spain, New France, and new Netherlands, which were autocratically ruled. The Virginia Company began a second reform which gave permission to male landowners of the major Virginia settlements to elect representatives. Most of the members consisted of immigrants. James the 1 attempted to abolish the assembly in 1624, but protests from Virginians caused it to function again by 1629

Joint-Stock Companies

Poor ways to finance colonies because new colonies do not immediately return a profit to investors.

Sugar and Currency Acts

Protested by American Colonists because these acts placed a financial burden on many colonists who were already suffering from the effects of a depressed colonial economy.

The Sons of Liberty

Protesters from 13 colonies led by Sam Adams. Paul Revere, and John Hancock. In 1767, they organized boycotts and protested the unfair taxation laws. They were considered heroes to the colonists, but Great Britain saw them as a threat.

Eliza Lucas Case

Provided evidence that through special skills brought from Africa, slaves contributed significantly to the economic development of South Carolina.

Doctrine of the Covenant

Puritans believed God makes a contract with a group of people giving them the chance to perform a mission, and they must then enter into agreement with one another to carry out their mission.

Gentleman Johnny Burgoyne's 1777 campaign

Purpose was to cut new England off from the other states.

gold and silver influx

Rapid inflation led to an unfavorable balance of trade and the collapse of many businesses.

New England Colonies vs Chesapeake Colonies

Relligion was a much more important force in shaping Ne England society than it was in shaping Chesapeake society.

Stamp Act Repeal

Replacement of Grenville as prime minister by Lord Rockingham.

Cecilius Calvert

Second Lord Baltimore, was the first colonizer to present freedom of religion to serve as haven for Catholics - and also helped protestants - codified in Maryland's ace for religious toleration in 1649.

Virginia Company

Sent 104 men and boys to Tsenacomoco, near the Chesapeake bay - named it Jamestown, after King James 1 - only 38/104 survived due to the worst drought in over 1700 years. Indians helped feed them until they ran out of items to trade.

Seperatists vs Congregationalists

Separatists believed the Church of England was to corrupt to be saved.

Seperatists vs Congregationalists

Seperatists believed the Church of England was to corrupt to save.

Judith Sargent Murray

She taught that girls should be self supporting

Most difficult question raised at Constitutional Convention about the establishment of a national legislature

Should the states have proportional representation or equal representation in the Senate.

Smallpox

Smallpox is a deadly disease noted by pustules that can cover all parts of the body. This disease is carried primarily through direct human contact. The first Smallpox epidemic began in Tenochtitlan in December of 1518, and was later spread to the mainland by the Spaniards. This epidemic was recorded by a Spanish priest who interviewed an Aztec man who was one of the few survivors. This disease coupled with measles, typhus, influenza, mararia, and other illnesses greatly reduced the population of the native peoples. This depopulation later led to the English colonists being able to create new settlements in these areas without very much opposition.

Contradiction "All men are created equal" and the existence of slavery.

Some slaves in the North petitioned their state governments for freedom.

Stamp Act

Subjected violators to a trial without a jury.

James II, his daughter Mary and husband William agreed

That England should exercise tighter control over its colonies in North America.

The Salem Village Witchcraft Crisis

The 1692 Witchcraft Crisis was a time when witchcraft accusations spread like madness through the rural communities of Essex County, Massachusetts. A total fo 14 women and 5 men were hanged, and one man was even pressed to death with heavy stones. Many others were also jailed, more than 140 people because of these accusations. It began because some young women charged older female neighbors of having tortured them in a ghostly fashion. The accusers were very powerless people that perhaps accused because of no other way to explain the devastation they were incurring through Indian attacks, these horrible accusations only increased the stress the people were going through.

Breed's Hill

The British incurred their greatest losses of the entire Revolutionary War in this Battle.

Saratoga

The British were surrounded and the entire British force of over six thousand men surrendered in this Battle

Differences between the other Indians and the ones in the Great Basin?

The Indians in the Great Basin lived in a geographical location that was mainly defined by the amount of rain. Many of them lived on the shores of rivers and marshes. They ate fish far more often than the other groups of Indians because they fit in best with their environment, but like their ancestors their most important source of food was wild plants. They also incorporated pine nuts as their dietary staple.

1720's difference between northern and southern colonies' societies

The South had become a slave society, whereas the North was a society without slaves.

Risked their lives in committing treason

The delegates to the Second Continental Congress voted to accept the Declaration of Independence

Death of Large mammals or mammaths

The environment changes. As the weather gets warmer, many of the larger animals were unable to adapt.

Sugar, the horse, and tobacco

The exchange of these three commodities had a huge impact on Europe and America. Sugar and horses were first brought to America by Columbus on his voyage in 1493. Although sugar was once used mainly for medicine, it was now also being used for extravagant foods. The horses which were also brought to America by Columbus were used for work, travel and hunting (especially buffalo). Wars were also carried out on horseback. Owning horses also became a sign for wealth. Tobacco however; was discovered in America and it ws orignally believed to be good for health and to have medicinal properties. It then became fashionable and was planted in Turkey in the sixteenth century. King James declared it to be bad for the eyes, nose and lungs. Nonetheless, it continued its popularity. It wasn't until the twentieth century that tobacco was linked to cancer.

Battles of Lexington and Concord

The first battles of the Revolutionary war which began on April 19, 1775, after Lord Dartmouth, secretary of state of America sent a letter to his opposition General Thomas Gage in Boston, in reference to the impending conflict that was destined to happen. Gage sent men to seize colonial military supplies in Concord. Sent by Bostonians -Revere, Dawes, and Prescott, first roused the countryside in preparation, but Britain had sent several hundred men to Lexington against only seventy militia men. After dominating Lexington, the British them moved to Concord where the tide was turned because now thousands of militia men awaited them. The militia men fired from homes, bushes and trees causing the British to retreat.

Amerigo Vespucci

The first person to publish the idea that Columbus had discovered a new continent wasAmerigo Vespucci

James Oglethorpe

The founder of Georgia, the newest settlement on the mainland chartered in 1732. Georgia was considered a safe place for English debtors. He imagined Georgia to become a garrison province that was populated by sturdy farmers who would fight for the southern flank of English settlements against Spanish Florida.

Hierarchical

The government established by the "Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina may be characterized as

Beringia

The land bridge between Serbia and Alaska that was exposed by glaciation, allowing people to migrate into the Western Hemisphere.

West African culture survived in South Carolina more than anywhere else because

The large number of Africans in South Carolina ensured the survival of many aspects of West African culture.

Revolutionary War's most significant aspect in the first year

The long lull in fighting between British and American forces at Boston.

Introduction of European diseases into the island

The main reason for the dramatic decline of the Indian population of Hispaniola from 1492 to 1542 was the

Salting and Smoking the meat

The mistress of an eighteenth century rural household was responsible for

Ideas of James Madison in "Vices of the Political System of the United States."

The national government must be structured so as to prevent a single interest group from why or why not?

Europeans, West African, and Native American Civilizations

The organization of work assignments on the basis of a sexual division of labor.

Molasses, rum and slaves

The part of the New England trading system that was triangular in nature involved what?

False assumption by the British concerning the Revolutionary War

The patriots could not withstand the assaults of trained British Soldiers.

British troops sent to Boston largely because

The riot that followed the seizure of the Liberty by customs officials.

In mid 1660's, Chesapeake planters began to purchase more African slaves

They could no longer obtain an adequate supply of white indentured slaves.

Seperatists left Holland

They disagreed with the religious teachings of the Church of England. In fact, the Pilgrims were members of a group of people called Separatists. These people had different beliefs than the rest of the English people. In 1606, they formed their own church in a small village called Scrooby. At this time, the Church of England was the same as the Government of England. In other words, King James I was the head of both the country and the church. Not belonging to the church meant not obeying the king. This was treason. Try to imagine that our new president told us we have to go to his church. If we refused we would go to jail, if we started our own church we could be put to death. This was the religious intolerance that the Separatists were living with. So the Pilgrims left England, in search of a safe place to practice their religion. They chose to go to Holland but that was not easy either they were arrested for trying to leave, finally they got out in secret and found a home in Leiden. For 12 years, they worshipped under their pastor, John Robinson. But the Pilgrims were also poor. They didn't want to join the Jamestown colony, founded in 1607, because they feared that the English people there would treat them badly because of their religious beliefs. So the Pilgrims settled on the northern part of the Virginia Territory, at the mouth of the Hudson River (near what is now New York).

Paleo-Indians issues

They hunted large mammals so often that they depleted their sole source of food too quickly.

Great Plain Bison Hunters

They were the hunters who came after the Archaic Indians and they hunted by forcing Bison

Delegates to the Constitutional Convention?

They were, for the most part, members of the economic elite.

Colonial assemblies most effectively influenced British-appointed officials by

Threatening to withhold their salaries.

"New Lights" and "Old Lights"

Traditional clerics and their congregations- the people who protected the existing orders while the "New Lights" were those people who embraced the new spirituality. After the awakening, New England became divided into these fiercely hostile camps and the influx of new denominations; which eventually led to an American tolerance to religious diversity.

The president of the United States

Under the Constitution of the United States, who has primary responsibility for the conduct of foreign affairs?

Religion and Geographic origin

Virginia lawmakers in a 1670 law made a distinction between English people on one hand and Africans and Indians on the other hand on this basis

Puritans

Wanted the church to be free from political interference

Engaging in public Spinning Bees

Well-to-do women helped enlist people's support for the resistance movement this way.

Asia

What continent did the first settler come from?

The Northeast Trades and the Westerlies

When the Europeans began to explore the oceans. They first needed to learn how to navigate through the strong winds. The Northeast Trades blew southward, so they were able to reach the Canary Islands within a week during the 1330's. The problem was the return voyage, they had tried different methods including using galleys with oarsman, but the currents and winds proved to be to strong to make their valiant efforts effective. They decided instead to sail around the wind even though it was a much longer route. This proved to be effective when they learned to sail North further into the waters until the Westerlies winds would carry them home. This took weeks, but it was effective and they no longer had to fear it they would be able to return home or not.

Cape Ann

Where Puritans fled to escape Charles I supression

Ideal Republican Woman

Women should concern themselves with the welfare of the community, putting the well being of others ahead of their own.

Agricultural Tribes

Women were most likely to hold political positions in

John Winthrop

a Visionary who was elected governor to the Massachusetts Bay company in October of 1629 - organized the first group of puritan migraters to America and helped 20,000 compatriots to migrate. He wrote Christian Charity, which expressed the expectations of the new colony.

Delegates to the Constitutional Convention

accepted the method that they did for selecting the president.They wanted to ensure that the president would be independent of Congress.

Colonies rejected Plan of Union

adopted by the delegates to the Albany Congress because they were afraid they would lose their autonomy.

Charles I

attempted to supress Puritan worship.

Slave women more valuable than slave men

because the children of slave women were also slaves, their offspring added to the planter's labor force and capital.

James Oglethorpe founded Georgia

because the colony was to serve as the southernmost defensive buffer for the English colonies against Spanish Florida.

House of Representatives

by Population - 435 representatives at the present time.

Proclamation of 1763

issued by Great Britain to prevent clashes between colonists and Indians.

First State constitutions typically

lowered property qualifications for voting.

The permanent outposts established by Europeans in North America in the early seventeenth century were initially inhabited by people whose aim was to

make money by sending as many beaver pelts as possible home to Europe.

George Grenville

selected by George III in 1763 to be his prime minister. He wanted the American colonies to be even more closely administered to. When faced with a financial crisis,. he decided that the Americans should be paying a larger cost of running the empire. He was responsible for attempting several different regulation acts to obtain money through taxation. He implemented navigation acts, the stamp act and the sugar act. His reign ended in 1765, when George III appointed Lord Rockingham as prime minister.

Conflict with Indians over the spread of tobacco cultivation

the abundant land required for tobacco cultivation caused the settlers increasingly to encroach on Indian lands.

The Mississippi River

the western border of the American nation established by the Treaty of Paris

senate

two representatives from every state.