univariate stats terms, distributions, NHST, bivariate basic terms, ANOVA variables, bivariate details terms, effect size and power terms
The ______ measures the spread of scores around the mean, the ______ measures the extent of asymmetry of the distribution.
standard deviation; skewness
Accuracy with which sample means represent the population mean is estimated by the _________, which is calculated from the _________and the sample size.
standard error of the mean; standard deviation
The _______ estimates the variability of repeated estimates of population mean around the population mean, the ________ estimates the variability of scores around the population mean.
standard error of the mean; standard deviation
Scores on the accounting 101 exam had a mean of 65% and a std of 15%. The distribution of scores is probably what shape? symmetrical positively skewed negatively skewed
symmetrical
Scores on the advanced spelling test had a mean of 90% and a std of 3%. The distribution of scores is probably what shape? symmetrical negatively skewed positively skewed
symmetrical
_______ Chi-square data patterns have the larger frequencies on one diagonal and the smaller frequencies on the other diagonal, ________ Chi-square data patterns often have a difference between the rows of only one column.
symmetrical; asymmetrical
________ Chi-square data patterns are usually stronger effects than ________ Chi-square data patterns.
symmetrical; asymmetrical
Type _____ errors may be the result of poor sampling, poor measurement, sampling variability, and/or having a too-small sample, Type _____ and Type ______ errors do not involve having a too-small sample.
2; 1; 3
When you mistakenly conclude the variables aren't related in the target population the type of statistical error is called a Type ________ error or a _______, when you correctly conclude the variables are related in the target population but get the direction or pattern of that relationship wrong the type of statistical error is called a Type ______ error or a _______, a Type ________error or a _______ is a statistical decision error made when you mistakenly decide the variables are related in the target population.
type 2; miss; type 3; misspecification; type 1; false alarm
_______ A occurs we when don't find the data pattern we "should have" __________ occur when we don't find the data pattern we "hoped for".
type 3 error; results contrary to the research hypothesis
_________ are measures/behaviors for which the set of participants have at least two different values, while _________ are measures/behaviors for which all participants have the same value
variables; constants
When comparing the DV means of different IV conditions ________ is used when different participants are in the two IV conditions _______ is used when the same participants are in both IV conditions.
BG ANOVA; WG ANOVA
______ Chi-square data patterns are usually weaker effects than ______ Chi-square data patterns.
asymmetrical; symmetrical
When making between groups comparisons, _______ is used with the DV is qualitative and _______ is used when the DV is quantitative.
chi-square; BG ANOVA
When making tests of bivariate association, ______ is used to ask questions about patterns of bivariate relationship and ______ is used to ask questions about bivariate linear relationships.
chi-square; correlation
When making tests of bivariate association, _______ is used when the variables are qualitative and ________ is used when the variables are quantitative.
chi-square; correlation
A _______ should be examined to describe the pattern revealed by a significant Chi-square, a _______ should be examined before a correlation is calculated.
contingency table; scatterplot
If the H0: is false in the population a p less than .05, this will lead you to make a________ , and a p greater than .05 will lead you to make a Type ______error (which is also called a _________).
correct rejection; type 2; miss
If the H0: is true in the population a p >.05, this will lead you to make a ______ , if p is less than .05, you will make a Type ______ error or a _______ .
correct retention; 1; false alarm
When you have repeated measures data, _______ tests hypotheses about prediction and ______ tests hypotheses about differences.
correlation; WG ANOVA
A ______ effect is identified using the r-value, a ______ effect is identified using the p-value.
large; significant
Using a larger sample size does not increase the chances of finding a ________ effect, but does increase the chances of finding a ________effect .
large; significant
Performing a correlation presumes there is a ______ bivariate relationship between the two variables, a correlation should not be used if the variables have a _______ bivariate relationship.
linear; nonlinear
The _____ and the _____ can only be used with quantitative variables, while the ______ can be used with both quantitative and qualitative variables.
median; mean; mode
The ______ is the most common value, the ________ is the average value and the _______ is the middlemost value.
mode; mean; median
The ______is the most common score of the distribution, the _______ is the balancing point of the distribution, and the _______ has 50% of the scores above and below it.
mode; mean; median
Scores from the last exam had an average of 88.3% and a median of 94% This data most likely has a . . negative skew positive skew symmetrical distribution
negative skew
When I measured the number of violent crimes committed by patients in the east wing, I found an average of 4.2 and a median of 6. This data most likely has a . . . symmetrical distribution negative skew positive skew
negative skew
When I plotted the daily high temperatures during June, I notice a mean of 72.6 degrees and a median of 79. This data most likely has a . . . symmetrical distribution positive skew negative skew
negative skew
A scatterplot can be used to decide if two quantitative variables have a ______ bivariate relationship that can't be represented by a correlation or if the two quantitative variables have a ________ bivariate relationship.
nonlinear; linear
Scores from the depression inventory had a mean of 124 and a median of 106. This data most likely has a . . negative skew positive skew symmetrical distribution
positive skew
When I measured the number of violent crimes committed by patients in the east wing, I found an average of 7.3 and a median of 6. This data most likely has a . . . positive skew negative skew symmetrical distribution
positive skew
Scores on the 350 stats retake exam had a mean of 5% and a std of 3%. The distribution of scores is probably what shape? symmetrical negatively skewed positively skewed
positively skewed
Scores on the Ancient American History exam had a mean of 30% and a std of 20%. The distribution of scores is probably what shape? symmetrical positively skewed negatively skewed
positively skewed
Scores on the summer school entrance exams had a mean of 35% and a std of 20%. The distribution of scores is probably what shape? negatively skewed positively skewed symmetrical
positively skewed
A/an _______ power analysis is performed after a study is conducted, a/an ______ power analysis is performed before the study is conducted.
post hoc a priori
A/an ______ power analysis is performed when you retain the H0: to help estimate the probability of a Type II error, a/an ______ power analysis is performed to determine the sample size that should be used for the study.
post hoc; a priori
Having sufficient _______ decreases the probability of making a Type _______error.
power; type 2
_______ variables are those for which different values indicate different kinds and __________ variables are those for which different values indicate different amounts.
qualitative; quantitative
When comparing groups using a quantitative DV, ________ is used when the same participants are in both IV conditions, ________ is used when different participants are in the two IV conditions
WG ANOVA; BG ANOVA
When you have repeated measures data, _______ tests hypotheses about change ________tests hypotheses about linear relationships.
WG ANOVA; correlation
______ is used to compare different means, while _______ is used to measure a linear relationship.
ANOVA; R
A developmental psychologist wanted to look at pro-social and non-social behaviors among different age groups. A large number of 8 and 12 year-olds were observed on the playground for two months. At the end of the experiment, it was determined that the 12-year-olds had better social behaviors than the 8-year-olds. (a)What type of ANOVA would be used to analyze these data? within-groups design between groups design (b)Which two variables will be in the SPSS data set?age groups social skills social skills of 12 year olds social skills of 8 year olds
between groups age groups social skills
The company president wanted to see if music would increase the production line output. By flipping a coin, he decided that the East wing of the building would be allowed to bring radios to work, but the West wing of the building would not. He then compared production outputs between the groups. (a)What type of ANOVA would be used to analyze these data? within-groups design between groups design (b)Which two variables will be in the SPSS data set?employee groups production output prodution outputs for the west wing production outputs for the east wing
between groups employee groups production output
75 3rd graders were randomly assigned to take either the computer version or paper version of the reading comprehension test. At the end of the 14 week instructional sequence it was found that reading comprehension scores were better for the computer version group than for the paper version group. (a)What type of ANOVA would be used to analyze these data? between groups design within-groups design (b)Which two variables will be in the SPSS data set? Paper test comprehension scores Version of test Comprehension scores Computer test comprehension scores
between groups; Version of test Comprehension scores
_____ groups ANOVA is used for a cross-sectional design, while _______ groups ANOVA is used for a longitudinal or repeated-measures design.
between; within
Correlation, Chi-square and ANOVA are _______ statistics. The mean, standard deviation and skewness are _______ statistics.
bivariate; univariate
________ statistics summarize the relationship between two variables, ________statistics involve summaries of a single variable.
bivariate; univariate
The mean describes the _________ of the distribution, the standard deviation its ________ and the skewness its _________.
center; variability; shape
When making between groups comparisons, ________ is used to ask if the participants in the different IV conditions have different response likelihoods, _________ is to ask if the participants in the different IV conditions have different response averages.
chi- square; between groups ANOVA
College entrance exam scores had a mean of 75% and a std of 25%. The distribution of scores is probably what shape? symmetrical positively skewed negatively skewed
negatively skewed
Developmental scores for entrance into preschool had a mean of 95% and a std of 10%. The distribution of scores is probably what shape? negatively skewed symmetrical positively skewed
negatively skewed
High school reading comprehension scores had a mean of 90% and a std of 10%. The distribution of scores is probably what shape? symmetrical negatively skewed positively skewed
negatively skewed
Scores on the original stats exam had a mean of 85% and a std of 15%. The distribution of scores is probably what shape? symmetrical positively skewed negatively skewed
negatively skewed
________ is/are identified by comparing the significant pattern found in the sample data with the pattern that was expected based upon theory, a _________ is/are identified (in theory) by comparing the significant pattern found in the sample data with the pattern in the population.
results contrary to the research hypothesis; Type 3 error
______ occur(s) when the significant pattern of results is different from the pattern we expected, a _______ occurs when the significant pattern found in the sample data is different from the pattern in the population.
results contrary to the research hypothesis; type 3 error
A ______ should be examined before a correlation is calculated, a ______ should be examined to describe the pattern revealed by a significant Chi-square.
scatterplot; contingency table
The ______ of r is not related to whether or not the correlation is significant, while the _____ is.
sign; size
The ______ of r tells the direction of the linear relationship while the ______ of r tells the strength of the linear relationship.
sign; size
The _____ of r is the "effect size" and the ______ of r is the "effect direction".
size; sign
All of the participants in our memory study examined a list of 30 state names and then took a test. Following that, they studied the same 30 state names, but now the state motto was given with each, and then they took another test. Scores went up from the first to the second test. (a)What type of ANOVA would be used to analyze these data? between groups design within-groups design (b)Which two variables will be in the SPSS data set?Scores of test only with state names Participants in each test group Test scores Scores of test with the state motto
within group Scores of test only with state names Scores of test with the state motto
A developmental psychologist wanted to look at social skills among different age groups. A large number of 8 and 12 year-olds were observed on the playground for four months. It was determined that both the 8-year-olds and the 12-year-olds had better social skills at the end of the observation period than at the beginning. (a)What type of ANOVA would be used to analyze these data? between groups design within-groups design (b)Which two variables will be in the SPSS data set?Social skills of children before observation Social skills Social skills of children after observation Age groups
within group Social skills of children before observation Social skills of children after observation
75 3rd graders were asked to rate how well they liked their math teachers and how well they liked their art teachers. The researchers discovered that 3rd graders like their art teachers more than they like their math teachers. (a)What type of ANOVA would be used to analyze these data? within-groups design between groups design (b)Which two variables will be in the SPSS data set?Students Ratings for the art teachers Ratings for the math teachers Teacher ratings
within group design Ratings for the art teachers Ratings for the math teachers
Two nutty researchers wanted to study turtle's food preference. 58 turtles were randomly assigned to either the cricket or worm group. Each of the turtles then received either 2 crickets or 2 worms the same number of times a day, for three weeks. After each food delivery, the number of feeding attempts was counted. The researchers found that those in the cricket group made an average of 4 feeding attempts at the beginning of the three-week period but they made an average of 132 feeding attempts at the end of that period. (a)What type of ANOVA would be used to analyze these data? within-groups design between groups design (b)Which two variables will be in the SPSS data set?number of feeding attempts for crickets at the end number of feeding attempts food groups number of feeding attempts for crickets at the beginning
within group designs number of feeding attempts for crickets at the end number of feeding attempts for crickets at the beginning
______ groups comparisons include the same participants in all IV conditions, while ______ groups comparisons involve different participants in each IV condition.
within; between