UPDATED Multiple Choice Final Review

What was the name of President Roosevelt's signature program?

The New Deal

Which new civil rights organization chose Martin Luther King Jr. as its leader in January of 1957?

The Southern Christian leadership Conference

What was the three-part goal of Roosevelt's New Deal?

Relief, Recovery and Reform

Who opposed President Andrew John's reconstruction plan?

Republican legislators

Which of the following factors contributed significantly to the astonishing growth in America's urban population between 1870 and 1900

Rural-European migration to the United States

The Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education overturned which of the following precedents?

Separate but equal established in Plessy vs Ferguson

Which group sponsored a team of lawyers to defend the nine young black men in the Scottsboro, Alabama, who were arrested on trumped-up charges in 1931?

The Communist Party

What was the result of the Compromise of 1877?

The Compromise spelled out the promise of reconstruction

What did "Operation Wetback" reveal about most white Americans?

That most white Americans generally opposed the permanent immigration of Mexicans

Why did President Truman approve the development of a hydrogen bomb in 1949?

The United States had confirmed that the Soviets had detonated an atomic bomb

Which factor aroused Soviet suspicions of the Western Allies during World War II?

The Western Allies long delay in opening a second front in Western Europe

Which one of the united states allowed women to vote in 1890?

Wyoming

Who wrote the 1937 novel their eyes were watching god, an example of Harlem Renaissance literature?

Zora Neale Hurston

The KKK developed into a paramilitary organization, but it began as

a social club for confederate veterans who wanted to restore white supremacy.

Compared to the Homestead lockout, labor's success at Cripple Creek demonstrated

the importance of state support in the outcome of labor disputes.

What factor diluted the influence of women in politics in the 1920s?

the lack of unity around the issues

In her History of the Standard Oil Company published in Mclure's Magazine, Ida M. Tarbell characterized John D. Rockefeller as

the man who used illegal methods to take over the oil industry.

Why did Florence Owens and her children travel through California in the 1930s?

to plant, cultivate and harvest crops in the states agricultural fields

Why did many slaves travel immediately after gaining freedom

to reunite with their families

Supreme court decisions in the years following the Civil War largely

undermined reconstruction

The image of the new woman in American society in the 1920s

was felt by all women, even those who believed in traditional gender roles

President Roosevelt's plan to remove judicial obstacles to New deal reforms in his second term of office

was popularly known as court packing

President James A. Garfield unwittingly helped the cause of civil service reform when he

was shot by Charles Guiteau

The racism directed at ethnic immigrant groups in America in the late nineteenth century

was the product of the perception that ethnic and religious differences were racial characteristics.

The presidents who served in the last part of the nineteenth served in the last part of the nineteenth century - Rutherford B. Hayes through William McKinley-

were over shadowed by party politics at state and local levels

What was outlawed under the army's system of compulsory free labor in the South during and after the Civil War?

whipping

The G.I. Bill help to boost the US economy after World War II

with the provisions of job training, education, and low interest home loans

In her 1963 book The feminine Mystique, Betty Friedan argued that

women were restricted their energies to caring for their husbands and children

The 1909 strike at New York City's Triangle Shirtwaist Company demonstrated that

women workers could create solidarity across social and ethnic lines

The efforts of Alice Paul were instrumental in

women's suffrage

How did the Hoover administration respond to the World War 1 veterans who asked for the immediate payment of their pension or bonus?

By ordering the US army to forcefully remove them

How did women who remained at home contribute to the American war effort?

By planting victory Gardens of home grown vegetables

After President Nixon resigned from office in August 1974, he A. retired to Virginia. B. was tried and sentenced for his offenses. C. was pardoned by President Gerald Ford. D. ran for governor of California.

C

Before winning the presidency, Jimmy Carter's political experience included A. serving as a senator from Georgia. B. acting as mayor of Atlanta. C. serving as governor of Georgia. D. working as a Democratic party activist in Georgia.

C

How did Congress respond to southern Republicans' pleas for federal protection from the racism and violence of the KKK?

It passed the KKK act and the civil rights act of 1875

What was the purpose of vertical integration, which was pioneered by Andrew Carnegie in the late nineteenth century?

It placed all aspects of the business under the control of a chief operating officer

Which of the following describes the overall impact of the New Deal?

It prevented the US from turning toward authoritarian solutions to the nation's economic crisis.

What was the outcome of the 1934 Indian Reorganization Act on Native Americans?

It restored Indians' right to own land communally and have greater control over their affairs

Which of the following describes President Taft's "dollar diplomacy" in the Caribbean?

It set commercial rather than strategic goals in the region by hiring nationals and paying them US dollars

Which of the following statements describes the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938?

It sets standards for wages and hours

who made up the majority of the Republican party in the south in the late 1800s?

African Americans

The Double V campaign called for both victory in the war and victory for

African Americans fighting racial prejudice at home

Who wrote the best selling books Sexual Behavior in the Human Male and Human Female?

Alfred Kinsey

Some critics suggested that the reason for renewed interest in religion during the 1950s was

American's need for conformity and social outlets

What did the outcome of the Sacco and Vanzetti trail suggest about the United States in the 1920s?

Americans generally loathed thieves and murderes

What was the Knights of Labor?

An American Labor organization invented to protect rights of workers.

Which statement describes the immigrant experience in the late nineteenth century American cities?

Asian immigrants were prohibited from secondary skilled education

How did the United States react to the Soviet Union's successful launch of Sputnik in 1957?

By a feeling of inferiority about US scientific and technological development

How did President Roosevelt justify the proposed Lend-Lease Act in January 1941?

By citing the need to defend freedom of speech, freedom to worship, freedom to want, freedom to fear and other ideals

The Pendleton Act of 1883 established the Civil Serivce Commission and

Prevented newly elected from appointed supporters to positions they were unqualified for.

Why did Helen Gahagan Douglas oppose Truman's plan for dealing with the crisis in Greece?

She wanted the United States to work through the United Nations

What was the response to Margaret Sanger's first efforts to launch a movement for birth control of 1915?

She was faced with the prospect of arrest for distributing obscene information

Which of the following describes the experiences of Mexican Americans during the 1930s?

Thousands of Mexican Americans were deported many with their American born children.

To what did the term solid South refer in the decades after Reconstruction

he states of the Old confederacy which voted democrat for the next 70 years

Elevating productivity and efficiency but alienating the working class, Frederick Winslow Taylor pioneered the practice of

systematized shop management

What was the fundamental cause of the Great Depression in the United States?

A decline in spending

What characterized the period Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover described as a New Era in 1920?

A freewheeling economy and heightened sense of individualism

Why did president Roosevelt authorize the roundup and internment of all Americans of Japanese descent in 1942?

A large number of people believed that Japanese Americans were potential sources of espionage and subversion

What was one consequence of the Korean War?

A massive increase in US defense spending

How did business expansion and consolidation affect the social structure in the late nineteenth century united states?

A new class of white male salaried managers emerged

What developed as a result of the opening of department stores in the late nineteenth century United States?

A new consumer culture

What was one cause of the unparalleled material abundance of the United States in the 1950s?

A population increase of about 30 million

What was the outcome of the strike by 147,000 anthracite coal miners in Pennsylvania in 1902?

A reduction in hours worked and increase in wages

What was the "Chicago school" of the late nineteenth century?

A skilled group of architects who made commercial architecture a new art form

What was the uprising of twenty thousand in 1909?

A strike by women garment workers in NYC who were protecting low wages, dangerous working conditions and management's refusal to recognize their Union.

What was the outcome of the shift toward repetitive assembly line work and specialized management divisions in the 1920s?

A tremendous increase in business productivity and overall efficiency .

What did Federal Communications Commission chairman Newton Minow call television after he surveyed what it offered to Americans in 1961?

A vast wasteland

What occurrence made April 30, 1945, a turning point in the war?

Adolf Hitler killed himself in his underground bunker

Who funded the paid growth of radio in the United States between 1922 and 29?

Advertisers, who wanted to reach prospective customers in their own homes.

Which relatively new industry in the 1920s linked the possession of material goods to the fulfillment of spiritual and emotional needs?

Advertising

Who was disappointed in the voting rights provisions in the 14th amendment

Advocates of female suffrage

Which of the following describes the Gilded Age?

An era marked by personal greed and corrupt partnership between business and politics

What did President Roosevelt believe was the best way to deal with trusts in the first decade of the twentieth century?

Allow them to continue but with federal government regulation

What did the authors of Middletown conclude from their study of life in a small midwestern town in the 1920s?

America had become "a culture in which everything hinges on money"

What position did President Cleveland take in the 1895 border dispute between Venezuela and British Guiana that tested the Monroe Doctrine?

America had the right to step in

What development led to the emergence of the modern skyscraper?

An advent of structural steel

What was the military-industrial complex Eisenhower warned Americans about before he left office?

An association between the military and defense contractors to spend more money on increasingly powerful weapons systems

What was Levittown, New York?

An example of the assembly-line approach to producing affordable housing

What was the outcome of the notion that black men were a threat to white women in the south in the late nineteenth century?

An increasing number of lynchings across the south.

Which of the following describes the world economy at the turn of the nineteenth century

An industrial core, an agricultural domain, and a third world tied to the industrial core by economic colonialism.

According to President Wilson, American neutrality entailed A) the right to offer nonmilitary aid to the Allies. B) free trade with all nations at war and a guarantee of safety on the open seas. C) an embargo on all private passenger ships traveling between the British Isles, Europe, and the United States. D) a mediator role in the peace process.

B

What was the purpose of the Eisenhower Doctrine?

And any Middle Eastern nation requesting assistance against armed aggression from any country controlled by international communism

What explained the reluctance of the United States to accept Jewish refugees from Nazi oppression?

Anti-Semitism

After years of violence, hopes for peace in Kosovo were raised in October 2000 when A. Slobodan Milosevic was assassinated. B. Slobodan Milosevic was voted out of office. C. Albanian Muslims gave up their power. D. ethnic Albanians demanded independence.

B

Why did Congress approve a literacy test for immigrants in 1896?

As a means of limiting the influx of uneducated people into the country.

How did Americans respond to Alfred E. Smith's candidacy for president in 1928?

As a symbol of all they feared - Catholicism, immigration, cities, and liberal authorities

How did most new women immigrants come to the United States in the late nineteenth century

As wives, mothers and daughters

Who led the Great Sioux Uprising in 1862? A) Sitting Bull B) Little Crow C) Red Cloud D) Crazy Horse

B

Why were the Germans outraged by the terms of the Treaty of Versailles? A) They did not believe they had lost the war. B) They had agreed to an armistice based on Wilson's Fourteen Points. C) They had expected that France would take sole blame for causing the war. D) Their Asian colonies were assigned to Japan.

B

Which issues formed the basis of farmers' dissatisfaction in the late nineteenth century?

Banking, railroading and speculation

What accounted for Harry Truman's victory in the presidential election of 1948?

Broad support for his foreign policy and the popularity of New Deal reform led to Truman's victory

How did Alexander Graham Bells' telephone revolutionize both communications and business in America?

Bell used a complicated organizational structure in his new company that allowed both local and cross country communication

Where did the South's iron and steel industry develop?

Birmingham, Alabama

Why were Irish Catholic voters offended by James G. Blaine's campaign?

Blaine neglected to respond to a slur on catholic voters

How did the US government respond to the fall of the China's Nationalist government?

Blocked their admission into the United Nations

What did popular culture and consumer goods have in common in the 1920s?

Both were mass produced and mass consumed

Who was the author of the 1946 rationale for a hard-line US foreign policy of containment?

Career diplomat George F. Kennan

What was an important consequence of the civil service reform of the 1880s?

Business became even more influential in politics than before

Which statement describes the U.S. government's Indian policy during the middle of the nineteenth century? A) The government was more willing than ever to grant Indians the rights enjoyed by whites. B) The government cleared Indian land for white settlement but lived up to most of the promises it made to the Indians. C) The government pushed Indians off their lands and into reservations. D) The government attempted to prevent white settlers from taking more Indian land

C

Who argued in the 1881 book A Century of Dishonor that the Indians had been treated unfairly? A) Merrill Gates B) Thomas Goodwood C) Helen Hunt Jackson D) Henry Dawes

C

Who constituted about 80 percent of American troops in Vietnam? A) Middle-class Americans B) Upper-class Americans C) Poor and working-class Americans D) African Americans

C

Who formed the base of the Tea Party political movement? A. Young African Americans B. Young white women C. Older white voters D. Moderate Democrats

C

Who founded the Moral Majority in 1979? A. Former civil rights activists, who were dedicated to nonviolence B. Advocates of expanding the nation's social welfare system C. Jerry Falwell, to fight left-wing social welfare bills D. Ralph Nader, to fight for corporate responsibility

C

Suffragists suffered a bitter defeat in 1896 when a referendum on woman suffrage failed in which state?

California

Where did migrant workers seeking to escape the chronic drought of the Dust Bowl typically look for work in the 1930s?

California

How did Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette unite his supporter during the first years of the twentieth century?

He emphasized reform over party loyalty.

What belief lay at the foundation of Roosevelt's New Deal?

Capitalism held the solution to the nations economic crisis

Who wrote In his Steps, the popular 1898 book that called on men and women to Christianize capitalism?

Charles M. Sheldon

In addition to economic motivations, which factor contributed to US expansion overseas in the 1890s?

Christian missionaries desired to spread gospel

Congress rejected a number of President Truman's Fair Deal proposals, including

Civil Rights

The Wagner Act helped which of the following unions to mobilize organizing drives in major industries?

Committee for Industrial Organizations

How did the 14th Amendment deal with voting rights?

Congress could punish states that excluded voters on the basis of race

What was the immediate consequence of the Japanese attack on Pearl harbor on December 7, 1941?

Congress endorsed Roosevelt's call for a declaration of war

Prominent business leader of the late nineteenth century J.P. Morgan believed that

Consolidation and central control wer preferable to competiotn

Which element of the American economy during the 1920s lay at the heart of its fundamental lack of stability?

Consumption

Why did Roosevelt fail to suppor the League of Nations attempts to keep the peace by condemning Japanese and German aggression?

He feared jeopardizing isolationists' support for New Deal measures

Which of the following was true for Standard Oil in the 1890s

Controlled more than 90% of the oil business

For which group of Americans did authors Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, William Faulker, and Sinclair Lewis speak?

Critics of American anti-intellectualism and materialism

What did the United States hope to secure through the Spanish American War?

Cuban Independence from Spain

How did President Roosevelt attempt to change the economy in 1937?

Cut funds for relief projects and decreased deficit spending

What did Jacob Riis achieve with his best-selling How the other half lives (1890)?

He forced middle class Americans to acknowledge the degraded reality of the poor

Which of the following was true of court-ordered busing during Nixon's presidency? A. After significant effort, he persuaded Congress to end it. B. He fiercely enforced it, particularly in northern and western schools, as part of his southern strategy. C. Despite riots elsewhere in the country, the people of Boston peacefully accepted it in 1974. D. After he appointed four new justices to the Supreme Court, the court imposed strict limitations to achieve racial balance.

D

Which organization authorized the use of force against Iraq if it did not withdraw from Kuwait by January 15, 1991? A. The Organization of American States B. NATO C. The League of Nations D. The United Nations

D

Which statement describes African Americans' participation in the war? A) Most refused to fight on behalf of a discriminatory country. B) They received the same treatment as white soldiers. C) Most saw actual combat action, not just labor service. D) They accounted for 370,000 of American forces.

D

Which was the largest ethnic group in the western mining district of the United States in the late nineteenth century? A) The Chinese B) The Swiss C) Hungarians D) The Irish

D

Which was the largest minority group in the nation by 2004? A. African Americans B. Asians C. Native Americans D. Latinos

D

Who was Geronimo? A) A Sioux warrior and chieftain who regularly defeated the U.S. army on the Great Plains B) The Nez Percé leader who said "I will fight no more forever." C) A Cheyenne warrior and chieftain who led pitched battles against both Mexican and U.S. armies D) An Apache warrior and chieftain who led raiding parties and burned ranches on both sides of the Mexican border

D

Who was Walter Mondale's running mate in the presidential election of 1984? A. Hubert H. Humphrey B. Reverend Jesse Jackson C. Shirley Chisholm D. Geraldine A. Ferraro

D

Why did President Wilson allow billions of dollars in loans that kept American goods flowing to Britain and France in 1916? A) He had publicly abandoned the idea of neutrality. B) He hoped to bait the Germans into declaring war on the United States. C) He did not believe that the loans were inconsistent with the true spirit of neutrality. D) He did not want to jeopardize America's wartime prosperity

D

Why did the Plains Indians sign the Treaty of Fort Laramie, which ceded some of their land to allow the passage of wagon trains? A) They depended on trade with white settlers. B) They wanted to protect their favored status with the U.S. government. C) They believed it would help them to displace weaker tribes. D) They hoped to preserve their culture in the face of white onslaught

D

The allied assault against the German army on the beaches of Normandy on June 6, 1944, is commonly known as

D day

Why did the American temperance movement attract women in the late nineteenth century?

Drunkenness adversely affected women in many ways.

By the summer of 1942, the Japanese had conquered which of the following?

Dutch East Indies

After 1880 most new immigrants to America originated from

Eastern and southern Europe

Which woman became the New Deal's unofficial ambassador in 1933?

Eleanor Roosevelt

On what grounds did Upton Sinclair challenge Roosevelt and the New Deal?

He believed the New Deal was hand maded by business elite.

Along with the horse car, which mode of transportation first allowed late nineteenth century cities to expand into the suburbs?

Electric street cars

Why did many slaves flee the biracial Methodist church soon after emancipation?

Ex-slaves wanted religious autonomy

What assumption lay at the foundation of the American progressive agenda in the early twentieth century>

Experts have the skills and knowledge to utilize scientific methods to improve society

What made the election of 1932 particularly historic?

FDR won 57% of the popular votes and democrats swept both houses of congress

Which of the following describes the economic survival of the nineteenth century American working class family?

Family's survival depended on the employment of every family member

Which group or groups took part in the Feb. 1892 St. Louis gathering, which evolved into the People's party?

Farmers, Labor unionists and women's leaders

Why did Roosevelt fail to push for more ambitious reforms for black Americans?

He couldn't afford to lose support of southern Democrats for his new agenda.

Which of the following big businesses came to dominate American life in the second half of the nineteenth century?

Railroads

In the 1950s, the CIA intervened in the internal affairs of which of the following countries?

Iran, Guatemala and Cuba

How did passage of the 15th Amendment shape future Republican policy?

It allowed Republicans to ignore blacks in the south

In which of the following ways did television affect US politics in the 1950s?

It allowed candidates to appeal directly to voters in their homes which elevated the importance of politicians personal attractiveness

Why was the Civil Rights Act of 1866 extraordinary?

It made discrimination in state laws illegal

What was the purpose of the President Hoover's Reconstruction Finance Corporation created in 1932?

Lending money

What was the result of Republican campaigns for public education in the South during the Reconstruction period?

Literacy rates rose sharply across the south

Which statement describes the oil industry before John D. Rockefeller's rise to power?

Low entry cost allowed competition

Who headed the War Production Board, which set production priorities and pushed for maximum output during World War II?

Low paid business leaders

What was the main purpose of crude oil in the United States before the advent of the automible

Lubrication and lighting in the form of kerosene

Why did many Cuban people support the uprising led by Fidel Castro against Fulgencio Batista in 1959?

Many Cuban people had a strong desire for political and economic autonomy

What did anti-Communist zealot Senator Joseph McCarthy do that led to this condemnation by the US sentate?

McCarthy conducted televised hearings in which he charged that the US army was full of communists

What was the unifying basis of the New Deal coalition?

Members expressed faith that government would change for the better

What message did Andrew Carnegie promote in his gospel of wealth?

Millionaires should be trustees and agents for the poor

How did moderate Republicans and Republican Radicals differ in 1865?

Moderate didn't actively support black voting rights and the distribution of confiscated lands to the freedmen, while Radicals did

What was the peacetime military alliance created by the United States, Canada, and Western European countries to deter attacks from the Soviet Union?

NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Who offered Adolf Hitler terms of appeasement in hopes of getting the German dictator to leave Czechoslovakia alone?

Neville Chamberlain

Who did Eisenhower select as his running mate in the presidential election of 1952?

Nixon

What occurred with the flight of the Chinese Nationalists from China in 1949?

People's Republic was established

For what reason was it difficult for the United States to win control of the Philippines after 1898?

Philippeano revolutionaries fought against the US for 7 years

What ideas was promoted by the theory of social Darwinishm in the late nineteenth century?

Progress is the result of competition where the Strong survive and thew weak die out

What were the chief priorities of American diplomacy at the end of the nineteenth century>

Protection of Monroe Doctrine and open door policy from German and Japanese expansion into Pacific Asia

The 1898 Treaty of Paris that ended the war with Spain ceded which islands to the United States

Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines

What was the outcome of the congressional elections of 1946?

Republicans captured Congress

What occurrence proved that opposition to the New Deal had increased by the end of 1938?

Republicans gained seven seats in the senate and 80 in the House in the Congressional elections

What was sociologist David Riesman's criticism of American society in his 1950 book The lonely Crowd?

Riesman lamented the growing conformity in American society

How did the experience of World War II influence African American veterans returning from overseas?

Serving in World War II increased their resolve to fight racial injustices in the United States.

What did American women of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries conclude about the settlement house movement?

Settlements gave women opportunities to use their talents to help society

Why did African Americans prefer sharecropping to wage labor?

Sharecropping freed blacks from the day to day supervision of whites

What caused the smog that plagued Los Angeles in the 1950s?

Sprawling urban and Suburban settlements without efficient public transportation

Which group of Republicans fiercely supported the patronage system?

Stalwarts

Which relatively new building material both improved railroaiding in the late nineteenth century and depended on it?

Steel produced through the Bessemer process

In his capacity as a reform governor of California from 1911 to 1917, Hiram Johnson

Supported conservation, the initiative, referendum and recall

How did the Agricultural Adjustment and Farm Credit acts of 1935 aim to help American farmers?

The acts paid farmers not to grow crops and provided long-term credit on mortgaged farm property.

What made it impossible for the National Recovery Administration (NRA) to regulate business effectively?

The codes written by industry leaders tended to serve the interests of corporations only

What made America's foreign policy paradoxical in 1900?

The country wanted to keep western hemisphere closed to the outside influences yet also desired access to Asia

What was the outcome of President Roosevelt's fiscal decisions in 1937?

The county suffered a recession

Which event led to the end of the Pullman strike of 1893?

The courts issued an injunction that led to the imprisonment of Eugene Debs

How did American labor unions respond to the production demands of World War II?

They granted the governments request that they pledge not to strike.

What was evident in the call for a New south in the decades after Reconstruction

The desire among some southerns to shift and industrial economy

What was one unintended consequence of the federal government's program to relocate Native Americans?

The emergence of a militant pan-Indian movement two decades later.

What was the conclusion of the Nye committee's 1933 report on World War I?

The greed of American monitions markers, bankers and financeers was responsible for the nation's entry into WW1.

Which of the following developments was a key factor in the rise of the Gilded Age?

The growth of industrialism in the U.S.

Which of the following problems was a drawback of living in the town of Pullman, Illinois?

The high rent

What decision made by Henry Clay Frick led to the deaths and injuries that took place at the Homestead mill in 1892?

The hiring of Pinkertons to enter the plant via river.

What triggered US military action in Korea in 1950?

The invasion of South Korea by troops from Communist North Korea

What was the central issue addressed by the highly publicized Scopes trial of 1925?

The legality of the teaching of Darwin's theory of evolution in Tennessee

What was the significance of pardons granted to rebel soldiers under the terms of Lincoln's Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction?

The pardons restored property (except slaves) to reble soldiers

What was President Eisenhower's most important and far-reaching domestic initiative?

The passage of the Interstate highway and defense system act of 1956

What did President Wilson hope to accomplish by supporting the Clayton act of 1914?

The promotion of legislation that would re-institute competition among businesses without regulation

Why were the South and West sometimes refereed to as the Gun Belt?

The regions had captured the lion's share of Cold War spending for research and for the production of bombers and missiles.

What was the result of President Johnson's plan to united white opponents against the 14th amendment for the election of 1866?

The republicans won a resounding victory and Johnson's plan failed.

What was the Great Railroad Strike of 1877?

The result of a spontaneous and unorganized coalition of labor unions

What did Coney island symbolize in the late 1800s?

The rise of mass entertainment in America

What idea formed the core of reform Darwinist theory in progressive-era America?

The state should play a more active role in solving social problems

What was the outcome of the four and a half month long strike at the Homestead mill?

The strikers returned to work minus their Union leaders

What event dealt the final blow to the NRA in May 1935?

The supreme court ruled that the agency was unconstitutional

What did J.P. Morgan receive in return for his actions in the Panic of 1907?

The tacit approval of President Rooselvelt for US steels acquisition of Tennesee coal and iron

To what was President Roosevelt referring when he said, "the only thing we have to fear is fear itself"?

The terror caused by the depression

What did Dwight D. Eisenhower emphasize in his campaign for the presidency in 1952?

The threat of communism and the need to win decisively in Korea

What happened to the World's Colombian Exposition site after it closed its doors in October 1894?

The unemployed and homeless took over the building

Which issue sparked conflict in the democratic and Republican parties as the election of 1896 approached and the depression worsened?

The unlimited coinage of silver

What accounted for the reemergence of the Ku Klux Klan in the United states in 1915?

The widespread belief that blacks, immigrants, radicals, feminist, Catholics and Jews threatened traditional American values

How did women fare in the post-World War II economy>

Their earnings saw significant declines

Who became the most famous man in America after the spanish american war

Theodore Roosevelt

Which of the following characterized the US economy when Hoover moved into the White House in 1929?

There was a huge disparity in wealth between rich and poor

By 1936, how did many American radicals-including Communists and socialists- respond to the New Deal?

They began to support the New Deal's relief programs and its encouragement of labor unions

Why did the Interstate Commerce Act and the Sherman Antitrust Act have in common>

They both testified

How did the People's party fare in the presidential election of 1892?

They captured more than one million votes

What impact did technological advances have on American industry in the 1950s?

They chipped away at the number of jobs in the steel, copper and aluminum industries

How did Southern Democarats appeal to white small farmers in the early 1870s?

They convinced poor whites that they paid taxes for blacks

Why did the Allies divide Germany in 1946?

They couldn't decide on the countries future

What factors made it possible for dictators to gain and maintain power in Nicaragua and Cuba after the implementation of the good neighbor policy?

They had private support from US businessmen and tacit support from the Roosevelt Campaign

What was the main lesson learned by workers from the Great Railroad Strike of 1877?

They lacked power individually but might gain it through a union

Which of the following describes the majority of immigrants' lifestyles in the Untied States after 1900?

They lived in cites because jobs were available there and they didn't have the money to buy land.

What happened to the whites who killed 81 black sduring the Colfax massacre?

They went free because nobody would prosecute them

What was one outcome of the depression of 1893 in the United States?

Unemployment of nearly half of labor force

In order to win the presidential election in 1932, Roosevelt had to

Unite democrats from the northeast, south and west

What did the presidential election of 1924, in which Calvin Coolidge defeated John W. Davis and Robert La Follette, reveal about American voters?

Voters didn't like the progressive movement and the lack of support to labor unions

Which of the following factors explains the high voter turnout in national elections during the last three decades of the nineteenth century?

Voting was an important way to get a government job

Which of the following was among the factors responsible for the post-World War II economic boom in the United States?

War torn countries spending on American products

What was the fundamental difference between the philosophies of Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois during the progressive period?

Washington focused on education and economic progress while Du Bois emphasized civil rights and black leadership

Which of the following describes the amenities of American city life in the 1890s?

Weren't easily available to poor residents in the cities.

What did African Americans who migrated to take jobs in defense industries during World War II experience in their new locations?

Widespread racial violence

Who wrote the social Darwinist book What Social Classes Owe to each other?

William Graham Summner

Which candidate made an eloquent plea for free silver-"Do not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold"-in 1896?

William J Bryan

Within months of the end of the Civil war, about 1/3 of black women in the south

abandoned field work

Most native born white women worked at the end of the nineteenth century held

clerical jobs in offices

beginning in the 1890s, progressive southerners sought to reform the electoral system in the south by

disenfranchising black voters

Democrats dubbed the Republican-dominated Fifty-first Congress the "Billion Dollar Congress" because it spent the nation's surplus on

law makers own constituents

The Progressive Era's Jim Crow laws in the South were designed to

legalize and expand racial segregation in public facilities.

How did union membership as a percentage of the labor force in the United States change during the 1950s?

peaked at just over 27% in 1957

What did Eugene V. Debs advocate as an alternative to the progressive programs of the Republicans and Democrats?

He urged men and women to liberate themselves from the barbarism of private ownership and wage slavery

Why did President Wilson champion the Keating-Owen Child labor law, an 8 hour workday for railroad workers and other social reforms in 1916?

He wanted to win support and votes in the West and Midwest

How was it possible that Jay Gould was described as both the world's richest man ad the most hated man in America when he died?

He was a symbol of all the most troubling aspects of big business in America

What was the result of the impeachment trail of President Johnson?

He was impeached by the house but not convicted by the Senate.

What made presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan's 1896 campaign particularly notable?

he set a new style for presidential campaigning by traveling and speaking widely.

The Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1960 can be characterized as

symbolic

How many American women saw combat duty during World War II?

0

How did the Republican party attempt to foster unity for the elections of 1880?

It nominated a Stalwart, Chester A. Arthur, for vice president

Which of these men was the most infamous crusader against communism after World War II?

Joseph R. McCarthy

What provoked America's entrance into the Spanish American War in 1898?

Pressure by the press and the sinking of the Maine

Why did Margaret Sanger promote birth control in the 1910s?

She believed that it would usefully alter social and political power relationship

Why did the Montgomery, Alabama, police arrest Rosa Parks on December 1, 1955?

She refused to give up her seat on the bus to a white man

How did President Truman's efforts to advance the cause of blacks' civil rights compare with those of previous presidnets

They were bold and forward looking

What was the impact of the 1896 election on the Populist party?

They were the biggest loser because Michenley won their ideas were "wrong"

Which of the following describes the majority of American women who entered the labor force during World War II?

They weren't married

By 1900, the population in New York City, Chicago and Philadelphia had each grown to exceed

1 million

In Lincolns plan for reconstruction, what did a Confederate state need to do to qualify for readmission into the Union?

10% of the voting population needed to take an oath of allegiance before forming a new government.

About how many soldiers and sailors served in the US armed forces by the end of World War II?

16 million

How influential were African American politicians during the period southern white called "Negro domination"

6%

Which group was forced to train in segregated camps, live in segregated barracks, and serve in segregated units during World War II?

African Americans

By 1968, the Vietnam War had A) made refugees of nearly 30 percent of the South Vietnamese people. B) infused billions of American dollars into South Vietnamese industries. C) reduced the South Vietnamese government's dependence on foreign aid. D) resulted in the death of nearly 60 percent of the population of South Vietnam.

A

By the late nineteenth century, farmers were no longer the self-sufficient yeomen anchoring the republic as originally described by which of the following men? A) Thomas Jefferson B) George Washington C) Andrew Jackson D) James Madison

A

During the 1980s, as Americans' average personal income increased, how did the level of economic inequality in the United States change? A. It also increased. B. It decreased. C. It remained unchanged. D. It disappeared altogether.

A

Henry Miller and Charles Lux fit into which of the following categories? A) Pioneers in the field of agribusiness B) Small ranchers threatened by the consolidation of the ranching business C) Enlightened benefactors of migrant laborers. D) Adherents to the old Republican ideal of the self-sufficient yeoman farmer

A

How did President Wilson respond to the Germans' sinking of the Lusitania? A) He threatened a break in diplomatic relations with Germany. B) He reiterated William Jennings Bryan's call for peace. C) He declared war on Germany. D) He warned Americans about sailing on foreign ships that might carry arms.

A

How did President Wilson respond to the initial outbreak of war in Europe in 1914? A) He issued a proclamation of America's absolute neutrality. B) He sided with the Allies. C) He banned trade with any nation involved in the war. D) He immediately deployed U.S. troops to Europe.

A

How were Wilson's Fourteen Points honored in the Versailles treaty? A) The treaty included the establishment of the League of Nations. B) The treaty guaranteed freedom of the seas for all nations. C) Germany's colonies in Asia were granted self-determination. D) Germany was required pay war reparations to its former rivals.

A

In 1977, the United States and Panama completed treaties that arranged A. Panama's takeover of the Panama Canal in 2000. B. for the United States to purchase the Panama Canal in 2000. C. for the United States to continue leasing the Panama Canal indefinitely. D. for unlimited use of the Panama Canal by the United States.

A

In what manner did William Tecumseh Sherman successfully defeat the Comanchería? A) Using the scorched-earth policy he'd perfected during his March to the Sea B) Committing the largest mass execution in American history C) Creating the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs D) Herding the Comanche onto the reservation at Fort Sill

A

Iraqi president Saddam Hussein announced the withdrawal of his troops from Kuwait in the first Gulf War as a result of A. crippling air bombardment and the beginning of an all-out ground assault on Iraqi troops. B. two years of fighting and a costly stalemate that forced Hussein to abandon the invasion. C. strong antiwar sentiment among Iraqi citizens who did not support the Kuwait invasion. D. the U.S. threat to use nuclear force against Iraq if Hussein did not withdraw his troops.

A

Once Congress declared war against Germany in April 1917, President Wilson stated the Americans' goal in the war was to A) vindicate the principles of peace and justice. B) destroy Germany and the other Axis powers. C) restructure Europe to exclude Germany. D) prevent Germany from conquering the United States.

A

The Democratic presidential primaries in 2008 came down to a tight race between Barack Obama and A. Hillary Rodham Clinton. B. John Edwards. C. Joe Biden. D. John McCain

A

The House of Representatives voted to impeach President Clinton in 1998 on the grounds of A. perjury and obstruction of justice. B. his sexual relationship with a White House intern. C. his links to a phony real estate deal in Mississippi. D. alleged sexual harassment of an Arkansas state worker.

A

The purpose of the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution was to A) authorize the president to take all necessary measures to repel any armed attacks against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression. B) empower the House of Representatives to pass all necessary measures to repel any armed attacks against the forces of the United States. C) permit the Senate to pass all necessary measures to repel any armed attacks against the forces of the United States. D) acknowledge the president's authority to issue a declaration of war without the consent of Congress in an emergency situation.

A

The war provided a huge boost for the temperance movement and led to what outcome by late 1917? A) Congressional passage of the Eighteenth Amendment B) Prohibition victories in more than half the states C) Prohibitionists' determination to lead a new national Temperance Commission D) The establishment of a national drinking age of twenty-one to prevent the sale of liquor to minors

A

To address the nation's dependence on foreign oil, President Carter established the A. Department of Energy. B. Department of Health and Human Services. C. Energy Protection Agency. D. Bureau of Energy Conservation.

A

U.S. troops landed in Haiti in 1994 after A. a military coup overthrew the government of Jean-Bertrand Aristide. B. the country was invaded by troops from the Dominican Republic. C. a volcano erupted, destroying many of the island's villages and food crops. D. major civil unrest followed the flooding of the island by a massive hurricane.

A

What calamity led President Carter to sponsor legislation to create the Superfund? A. The environmental disaster at Love Canal in Niagara Falls, New York B. The bankruptcy of the Chrysler Corporation C. The emergence of AIDS crisis in the United States D. The recession caused by stagflation in 1979

A

What characteristic made the majority of post-1965 immigrants to the United States much like their nineteenth-century predecessors? A. They were unskilled and poor. B. They were skilled laborers who did not qualify for professional jobs in the United States. C. They had been wealthy in their home countries but came to the United States in poverty. D. They were chronically unemployed.

A

What did Mexican migrants to the American Southwest, immigrants from Europe, and black migrants from the South have in common? A) All dreamed of a better life but found a mix of opportunity and disappointment. B) All chose to relocate in urban centers with significant industrial development. C) All readily assimilated into a comfortable middle-class life. D) None faced significant discrimination in their new homes.

A

What did historian Frederick Jackson Turner argue about the importance of the western frontier in American history in 1893? A) It made the United States different from Europe. B) It provided a focus for American imperialism. C) It promoted conflict between the North and the South. D) It disproved Buffalo Bill's version of American history.

A

What did the Reagan administration do when Congress blocked its efforts to help opponents of the leftist Sandinista government in Nicaragua? A. It acted secretly and illegally to undermine congressional authority. B. It funneled money and arms to the Contras through the FBI. C. It persuaded European countries to cut off trade with Nicaragua. D. It gave up its plan of ousting the Sandinista government.

A

What did the initiation of Operation Rolling Thunder in February 1965 indicate? A) The war in Vietnam had become America's war. B) The war in Vietnam would soon end. C) The French would increase their role in the Vietnam conflict. D) No additional U.S. troops would be needed in Vietnam.

A

What did the state and federal governments do to encourage railroad construction in the decades after the Civil War? A) They gave railroad companies 180 million acres of public land. B) They gave railroads rights-of-way across homesteaders' land. C) They sold land to railroad companies at bargain prices. D) They reclaimed acreage already settled by farmers and sold it to the railroads.

A

What finally decided the outcome of the 2000 presidential race between Al Gore and George W. Bush? A. A ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court B. A hand recount of the Florida vote C. A runoff election in Florida D. A vote in the U.S. House of Representatives

A

What happened at the Sand Creek Massacre in November 1864? A) Colonel John M. Chivington butchered 270 Indians. B) Black Kettle defeated Chivington's American forces. C) The Americans executed five Indians who refused to surrender. D) Chivington scalped and mutilated Indian men but spared women and children.

A

What happened during the Tet Offensive of January 1968? A) The Vietcong and North Vietnamese forces attacked key cities and every major American base in South Vietnam. B) Americans discovered that many of the troops fighting in South Vietnam were actually Chinese. C) Much of Saigon was destroyed in massive bombing raids. D) American bombs destroyed much of Hanoi and killed thousands of civilians.

A

What position did America's hawks take during the Vietnam War? A) They called for the Johnson administration to apply more force and win the war. B) They insisted that the United States should either reduce its presence in Southeast Asia or get out altogether. C) They pressed Johnson to abandon the ground war and bomb the Vietnamese into submission. D) They advocated attacks on North Vietnamese civilians to break their morale.

A

What resulted from the patriotic fervor that grew in the United States during World War I? A) The German language disappeared from public school curricula. B) German speech was banned in public settings. C) All German citizens living in the United States were detained. D) German immigrants were refused naturalization.

A

What triggered the outbreak of World War I in 1914? A) The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria by a Bosnian Serb terrorist B) German pillaging in Belgium that preceded its attack on and invasion of France C) The monarch's objection to the national election of a socialist prime minister in Poland in 1914 D) The accidental sinking of the British passenger ship Lusitania by German U-boats

A

What was Richard Nixon's "southern strategy" for winning the presidential election in 1968? A. He hoped to woo white southerners away from the Democratic party. B. He attempted to gain the black vote by promising new civil rights legislation. C. He devoted little time to campaigning in the North. D. He introduced labor unions to the South in order to capture labor's support

A

What was one result of the changes Mikhail Gorbachev encouraged in the Soviet Union in the late 1980s? A. East Germany's opening its border with West Germany B. Widespread bloodshed in Russia, most of Eastern Europe, and the Baltic states C. An emergency meeting of the United Nations to determine the status of the new nations D. The strengthening of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

A

What was one result of the racial and demographic shifts that took place during World War I? A) Race riots in two dozen northern cities B) Better treatment of those blacks who remained in the South C) Greater acceptance of blacks by whites throughout the nation D) Legislative action in the South to stop blacks from leaving

A

What was the American Red scare of 1919 and 1920? A) A fear of internal subversion and Communist revolution that resulted in suppression of dissent B) A frightening series of strikes led by Communist radicals in the United States C) An epidemic of Spanish influenza that claimed the lives of some 700,000 Americans D) A protest by socialist reformers who circulated posters and pamphlets and marched on Washington

A

What was the Ghost Dance? A) A religious ritual that was supposed to lead to the destruction of whites and the return of the buffalo. B) A ritual performed by the Paiutes in an effort to contact their great spirit leaders for guidance. C) A signal that Native Americans of the Great Plains had resigned themselves to white domination. D) A ritual that the Sioux men performed as they were preparing for battle against white Americans.

A

What was the flaw in American officials' assumption that the U.S. military's superior technology and power would defeat the Communist forces in South Vietnam? A) Their advanced weapons were ill suited to the guerrilla warfare practiced by those forces. B) The Communist forces actually had military technology equal to that of the U.S. military. C) American military commanders did not yet understand their own technology. D) The fighting took place in urban areas of South Vietnam and made the technology useless.

A

What was the impact of the labor shortage that resulted from the mobilization of U.S. troops in 1917? A) Expanded employment opportunities for women B) A decrease in the nation's agricultural output C) Weakened labor unions by depriving them of members D) Expanded U.S. immigration quotas to grow the workforce

A

What was the irony of the 369th Regiment of the 92nd Division winning more medals than any other American combat unit? A) This black regiment had to serve with the French in order to be deployed in active combat versus a labor unit detail. B) It spent barely a month in battle. C) It lost most of its battles during the war. D) It consisted primarily of German immigrants.

A

What was the outcome of the transformation of agriculture to big business in the South and West during the post-Civil War era? A) An increasing number of laborers worked land they would never own B) Agricultural yields fell dramatically overall C) The widespread use of machinery halved the size of the agricultural labor force D) The total number of farms fell by more than half

A

What was the purpose of the two tax bills that President George W. Bush signed after taking office in 2001? A. To cut taxes significantly B. To raise taxes in order to reduce the federal deficit C. To cut taxes that disproportionately benefited low-income workers D. To raise taxes to ensure the future of Social Security and Medicare

A

What was the result of President Reagan's pledge to reduce federal spending? A. Cuts in spending for social welfare programs B. A reduction in the federal budget deficit C. Lower interest payments on the national debt D. A reduction in the national defense budget

A

What was the significance of a number of conservative Democrats changing their party affiliation beginning in 1964? A. Democrats were losing the solid South. B. African Americans in the South would be voting in growing numbers. C. Republicans were going to have a difficult time winning elections in the South. D. Democratic politicians in the South were solidly behind federal civil rights legislation.

A

What was the ultimate impact of the Vietnam War in the United States? A) It contributed to internal disorder and the downfall of two presidents. B) It created a generation of conservative American youth who continued to exert a powerful influence on the nation's culture of the 1960s and 1970s. C) It left a strong antiwar legacy in the United States that led to the dismantling of the militaryindustrial complex. D) It depleted the power of the presidency and made Congress the most powerful branch of the federal government.

A

What was the ultimate result of President Reagan's two substantial tax cuts? A. They benefited the wealthy. B. They had little effect on the economy. C. They had essentially no effect on the economy. D. They made a significant difference to the average taxpayer.

A

What were the Pentagon Papers, which became public in 1971? A) A secret government study critical of U.S. policy in Vietnam B) A collection of pro-war propaganda that had been funneled to the New York Times since 1964 C) Top-secret military planning documents that had been leaked to North Vietnam D) A government study that ultimately increased public support for the war in Vietnam

A

When Warren G. Harding declared a need for "normalcy" in America, he called for which of the following? A) A regular steady order of things, without excess B) An America of yesteryear, when life was simpler C) Rugged individualism and self-help, without the government interference D) A repeal of the constitutional amendment allowing women to vote

A

Which fleeing Indian tribe was hunted down by the U.S. army just 50 miles from Canada in 1877? A) Nez Percé B) Shoshoni C) Apache D) Crow

A

Which nation seized the Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip, Golan Heights, and West Bank after winning the Six-Day War in 1967? A) Israel B) Egypt C) Syria D) Jordan

A

Which of the following describes 1992 presidential candidate Bill Clinton and his running mate, Al Gore? A. They identified as "New Democrats" who wanted to rid the party of its liberal image. B. They were the first southerners to run together on a major-party ticket. C. They were both former U.S. senators from the South. D. They were both former Republicans who had become Democrats during the Reagan administration.

A

Which of the following describes African American cowboys in the West in the late nineteenth century? A) They had a substantial presence in the region but not in the fiction of the time. B) They were prominently featured in the dime novels of the post-Civil War era. C) They were an insignificant presence, particularly in Texas and California. D) They were celebrated in popular fiction despite their small numbers in the region

A

Which of the following describes the impact of the wealth produced in the Nevada mining industry? A) It enriched speculators in San Francisco. B) It remained in the state's rapidly expanding mining towns. C) It funded local education and construction projects. D) It discouraged immigrants from migrating to the region.

A

Which of the following describes the thirteen-day Cuban missile crisis of 1962? A) It brought the world's two superpowers perilously close to nuclear war. B) It followed the accidental firing of a missile at the U.S. naval base in Guantanamo Bay. C) It severely weakened President Kennedy's international standing. D) It ended with Fidel Castro's promise to hold democratic elections in Cuba.

A

Which of the following is true of labor unions in the western mining industry? A) They formed early and held considerable bargaining power. B) They did little to help workers in the event of an accident or sickness. C) They held little appeal for workers. D) They had no success organizing in the West.

A

Which of the following was among the reasons the Iranian government was hostile to the United States after the shah left the country? A. The CIA helped to overthrow the Mossadegh government. B. The United States and Iraq had a history of military alliances. C. Iran blamed the U.S. government for allowing Soviet Union's invasion of Afghanistan. D. The United States held several hundred Iranian students in prison on political charges.

A

Which of the following was one of the practical arguments made by protesters against the Vietnam War? A) The war could not be won at a bearable cost. B) No country has the right to interfere in the government of another. C) The Vietnamese people had suffered unfairly. D) The logic driving the Cold War was fundamentally unsound.

A

Which piece of legislation enabled workers in larger companies to take time off for the birth or adoption of a child, for the care of aging parents, and for family emergencies? A. Family and Medical Leave Act B. Aid to Families with Dependent Children Act C. Americans with Disabilities Act D. Universal Health Care Act

A

Which precedent guided President Wilson's policies toward Latin America? A) The Monroe Doctrine B) Expansionism C) Isolationism D) Dollar diplomacy

A

Which statement describes globalization at the end of the twentieth century? A. It was facilitated by new communications technology that linked almost all parts of the world. B. It had become more political than economic. C. It had become a way to limit the impact of economic disaster in any one area of the globe. D. It only connected countries in the West to one another.

A

Who eventually replaced Chinese workers, especially in agriculture, after the Chinese Exclusion Act? A) Japanese workers B) White southerners C) Black southerners D) Mexican workers

A

Why did East Germany erect a wall between East and West Berlin in 1961? A) To stop the mass exodus of East Germans to West Berlin B) To stop large numbers of West Germans going to East Berlin C) To halt the flow of overpriced goods from West Berlin to East Berlin D) To protect East Berliners from U.S. troops stationed in the western part of the city

A

Why did George H. W. Bush ultimately abandon his no-new-taxes pledge? A. He had inherited a huge budget deficit from the Reagan administration. B. He came to believe that higher taxes would solidify his conservative base. C. He never intended to honor the pledge in the first place. D. He hoped to expand costly domestic programs.

A

Why did President Clinton launch air strikes against Iraq in 1993? A. The United States uncovered an Iraqi plot to assassinate President Bush. B. Saddam Hussein attacked the Kurds in southern Iraq. C. The United States determined that Iraq was harboring terrorists. D. Saddam Hussein expelled U.N. weapons inspectors.

A

Why did the United States fail to ratify the Treaty of Versailles and join the League of Nations? A) President Wilson would not compromise on the terms of the treaty. B) Americans overwhelmingly opposed the League of Nations. C) The House of Representatives voted against the treaty's ratification. D) President Wilson's health limited his ability to lobby the members of Congress for their support.

A

Why was Ronald Reagan often liked even by those who disagreed with his policies? A. He was confident, easygoing, and optimistic. B. He was known for his keen insights and accuracy with facts and figures. C. He maintained his close ties to moderate political organizations. D. He was always willing to compromise on important issues.

A

Why, despite $1 billion in aid and seven hundred U.S. military advisers committed by the Eisenhower administration, was the situation in South Vietnam still so unstable when President Kennedy took office? A) The South Vietnamese government and army were ineffective, and their corruption and repression alienated their own countrymen. B) The U.S. Congress was not behind the effort and refused to commit combat troops to the region to finish the job. C) The Green Berets in South Vietnam had not been trained in guerrilla warfare and could not respond to it. D) Leaders of the South Vietnamese army were Communist sympathizers who had no desire to oust the Vietcong.

A

What was the key to President Eisenhower's New Look in foreign policy?

A smaller conventional army bolstered by strength in air power and nuclear weapons

As he worked to support his pledge of no new taxes, President George H. W. Bush earned a reputation for A. pushing innovative domestic legislation through Congress. B. vetoing bills passed by Congress. C. signing virtually any bill passed by Congress. D. reducing the deficit to encourage economic growth.

B

By early 1968, Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara had come to what conclusion about the Vietnam War? A) Ground war had been the wrong approach, and the United States should drop a nuclear bomb on North Vietnam. B) Intensified bombings would never convince the North Vietnamese to give up. C) Prisoners of war and civilians should be treated more harshly in order to demoralize the enemy. D) President Johnson had been waging the Vietnam War in a cynical effort to garner the votes of conservatives.

B

During the Reagan years, feminists were successful in A. expanding day care services for low-income women. B. retaining the basic principles of Roe v. Wade. C. securing the federal government's support of equal pay for equal work. D. expanding federal funding for domestic violence programs.

B

For what reason did hundreds of thousands of Americans migrate to the West in the three decades after 1870? A) To find work in the steel industry B) To own their own land C) To secure territorial appointments in government D) To earn wages in the expanding agribusinesses

B

For what reason were African American troops, known as Buffalo soldiers, serving in the West during the Indian Wars? A) The first black regiment to come west originated in Buffalo, New York. B) Native Americans thought their hair resembled that of the bison. C) They were as scarce as the buffalo on the Great Plains of the late 1800s. D) They were the soldiers primarily responsible for the extinction of buffalo herds

B

From 1969 to 1972, Nixon and Kissinger pursued a three-pronged approach to Vietnam that included A) the payment of millions of dollars of aid to the North Vietnamese. B) the replacement of U.S. forces with intensified bombing. C) a decrease in the bombing of North Vietnam in order to foster goodwill for negotiations. D) an intensive propaganda campaign in South Vietnamese newspapers and television.

B

How did African Americans seek to escape the South's cotton fields and kitchens between 1915 and 1920? A) They moved in large numbers to California, Oregon, and Washington state. B) They left the South for northern industrial cities such as Detroit and Cleveland. C) They founded new communities in Kansas and Oklahoma. D) They participated in the war effort at home and abroad and won recognition for their diverse talents

B

How did Americans respond to President Nixon's decision to extend the Vietnam War to Cambodia? A) They generally approved the decision. B) They protested, demonstrated, and rioted. C) They were generally apathetic. D) They were optimistic that this step might finally bring an end to the war.

B

How did President Carter respond to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979? A. He established a new program to shore up Muslim dictatorships in neighboring countries. B. He barred U.S. athletes from participating in the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. C. He requested legislation requiring all nineteen-year-old men and women to register for the draft. D. He asked the United Nations to expel the Soviet Union from the Security Council.

B

How did President Nixon and his national security advisor, Henry Kissinger, assess the deterioration of Soviet-Chinese relations? A) They saw it as a dangerous step toward global warfare. B) They believed the United States could exploit the conflict between the nations. C) They believed it gave them cause to abandon the policy of containment. D) They viewed it as an impediment to the larger effort to achieve détente with the Soviet Union.

B

How did William Jennings Bryan react to President Wilson's threat to break diplomatic relations with Germany? A) Bryan resigned, feeling the president was too cautious in a time of war. B) Bryan resigned because he felt the president had placed the U.S. on a collision course with Germany. C) Bryan offered public support for the president's decision to break diplomatic relations with Germany. D) Bryan switched his allegiance to the Republican party because more Republicans than Democrats opposed going to war.

B

How did the Cuban missile crisis affect the leadership of Nikita Khrushchev? A) It left him more powerful than ever in the Soviet Union. B) It contributed to his fall from power two years later. C) It encouraged him to hold open elections to determine his successor. D) It allowed him to pass a number of reform measures.

B

How did the Soviet Union respond to increased U.S. production of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) and the American nuclear buildup in Europe? A) It backed down, pledging to limit its ICBM program. B) It stepped up its own ICBM program. C) It declared war on the United States. D) It relinquished control of its Eastern European satellite countries.

B

How did the Utah legislature counter the criticism of polygamy in 1870? A) It outlawed the practice. B) It gave women the right to vote. C) It ignored its critics. D) It successfully petitioned for statehood.

B

In what major way did Barack Obama's foreign policy differ from that of George W. Bush? A. Obama refused to maintain an American military presence in Asia or the Middle East. B. Obama was committed to a multilateral approach to foreign affairs. C. Because of his belief in transparency in government, Obama refused to make use of the CIA. D. Obama dismantled NATO, suggesting that since the Cold War was long over, it was no longer necessary.

B

Of the more than 7,500 American women who served in the Vietnam War, most served as A) foot soldiers. B) nurses. C) laborers. D) army cooks.

B

Opposition from which group led President Clinton to back away from his campaign promise to lift the ban on homosexuals in the military? A. The Left B. Conservatives C. Women's organizations D. Most members of Congress

B

President Nixon saw Chief Justice Earl Warren's retirement in 1969 as an opportunity to put what kind of justice on the Supreme Court? A. A liberal female B. A conservative male C. An African American D. A conservative female

B

Ronald Reagan's appointments to the federal court system tended to favor A. loose construction of the Constitution and an expansive role for the federal government. B. a strict construction of the Constitution that limits judicial power. C. expansion of abortion rights. D. opposition to the death penalty.

B

Some of the most vigorous support for the growing grassroots conservative movement of the 1970s came from which group? A. Urban dwellers in the Northeast B. Middle-class suburban men and women in the Sun Belt C. African Americans in the South and Midwest D. Former members of Lyndon Johnson's administration

B

The Clinton administration ended its eight-year term in office with A. a record deficit in the federal budget. B. a federal budget surplus and the longest economic boom in history. C. an abysmal record on women's rights, gay rights, and the environment. D. an unprecedented increase in spending on welfare programs.

B

The National Liberation Front in Vietnam was composed of A) North Vietnamese soldiers under the direction of Hanoi. B) South Vietnamese under the direction of the North Vietnamese army. C) Chinese Communists operating covertly in the villages of South Vietnam. D) propagandists operating in South Vietnam.

B

The Selective Service Act of 1917 authorized the armed forces to conscript A) more than five million men and women. B) all young men. C) African Americans and veterans of the Spanish-American War. D) only those who were already serving in the country's reserve units.

B

The immediate cause of President Wilson's decision to ask Congress for a declaration of war against Germany in 1917 was A) the discovery of the German's true hostility toward the U.S. through the Zimmermann telegram. B) German submarine attacks on five American vessels off the coast of Great Britain. C) pressure from Theodore Roosevelt and other powerful and influential interventionists. D) the discovery of German submarines poised to attack American cities on the Atlantic coast.

B

What consequence did the breakup of the Soviet Union have for Mikhail Gorbachev? A. He was hailed as a new Lenin. B. He had nothing left to govern, and resigned. C. He was assassinated in 1991. D. He was ousted by a Russian military coup.

B

What development resulted from the U.S. labor situation in 1919? A) Workers' hours were cut to accommodate cutbacks in production. B) Four million workers organized more than 3,600 strikes. C) The country's industrial centers experienced unprecedented growth of labor unions. D) The American middle-class population grew exponentially

B

What did President Wilson call for in his Fourteen Points? A) A return to the prewar status quo B) The right of Europeans to self-determination C) Strict punishment of the German nation D) The United Nations to begin meeting immediately

B

What did the Democratic Congress aim to do after President Nixon's resignation? A. Control the activities of the CIA B. Guard against future abuses of government power C. Fund universal health care D. Clarify the laws of succession

B

What did the Homestead Act of 1862 promise to potential migrants to the West? A) one hundred sixty acres to any southerner who promised to defect from the Confederacy and move West B) one hundred sixty acres free to any citizen or prospective citizen who settled on land west of the Mississippi River for five years C) Free agricultural implements and enough money to live for one year to all citizens willing to cultivate land west of the Mississippi River D) one hundred sixty acres to any citizen or prospective citizen at a guaranteed price of $2 an acre

B

What did the War Powers Act of 1973 stipulate? A) The executive branch no longer had any influence over whether the United States went to war. B) The president had to secure congressional approval for any substantial, long-term deployment of troops abroad. C) The new law required a one-week cooling-off period before the president could send U.S. troops into harm's way. D) The president was required to deploy troops from all branches of the military equally.

B

What happened shortly after peace negotiations for the war in Southeast Asia began in Paris in May 1968? A) Malcolm X was assassinated. B) Senator Robert F. Kennedy was assassinated. C) Violence and protest began to wane in the United States. D) European antiwar protests came to an end.

B

What happened to American defense spending under President Reagan? A. It rose to $500 billion per year. B. It increased beyond the level of spending during the Vietnam War. C. It fell by almost 30 percent. D. It grew because of the federal budget surplus.

B

What happened to the Sioux after their victory at the Battle of the Little Big Horn? A) They continued to pose a military threat to American invaders. B) They were hunted down by the American army. C) Sitting Bull led the united Sioux in establishing an independent settlement. D) They begrudgingly accepted the loss of the Black Hills

B

What impact did the discovery of precious metals on the Comstock have for Native Americans? A) Tremendous economic prosperity B) Destruction of their land C) The obliteration of their culture D) Almost no effect on their daily lives

B

What led Congress to pass the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution in 1964? A) Reliable information that North Vietnamese gunboats had fired on two U.S. destroyers in the Gulf of Tonkin B) Unconfirmed information that North Vietnamese gunboats had fired on two U.S. destroyers in the Gulf of Tonkin C) The destruction of two U.S. ships by the Chinese in the Gulf of Tonkin D) A fabricated story about an attack on U.S. naval vessels by the North Vietnamese in the Gulf of Tonkin

B

What motivated Al Qaeda's attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001? A. Its desire to initiate an era of democracy and religious tolerance in the Middle East B. Its wish to rid the Middle East of Western influences C. Its hope that the attack would force the United States to launch an attack on Iraq D. Its desire to retaliate for the United States' support of the Soviet Union in the Soviet-Afghan conflict of the 1980s

B

What occurred in 1961 that heightened fears and provided a rationalization for President John F. Kennedy's military buildup? A) The People's Republic of China invaded the small country of Vietnam. B) Nikita Khrushchev publicly encouraged wars of national liberation in the third world. C) The Soviet Union's military and nuclear capacities surpassed those of the United States. D) The People's Republic of China obtained nuclear weapons from the Soviet Union and began installing them in Southeast Asia.

B

What occurred under the "outing system" of the 1880s? A) Young children from rural areas were sent to live with families in cities. B) Indian children were forced to live with white families over summer vacation. C) Indian children who did not succeed at school were returned to their tribes. D) White men who had taken Indian wives were asked to leave the reservation.

B

What triggered the Watergate scandal that began in 1972? A. An accident involving a U.S. senator who drove his car into the Potomac River B. The discovery that Nixon campaign workers had broken into and bugged Democratic party headquarters in Washington, D.C. C. Reports that Democratic party aides had stolen campaign strategy information from Republican party headquarters in Washington, D.C. D. A newspaper report that Republican government officials had been collecting campaign funds from lobbyists

B

What was President Reagan's initial strategy to fix the lagging U.S. economy? A. Lower interest rates B. Introduce a massive tax cut C. Pump federal money into the economy D. Increase taxes

B

What was a consequence of the nuclear accident near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, in 1979? A. All nuclear power plants in the United States were closed for inspection. B. Further development of the nuclear power industry was stalled. C. Deadly radiation was discovered for several miles around the reactor core. D. All nuclear power plants in the United States were decommissioned.

B

What was the 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act? A. It prohibited discrimination against the disabled but did not address whether public buildings had to be accessible. B. It required that private and public businesses be accessible to people with disabilities. C. It required public buildings to be handicap accessible; private businesses, however, were exempt. D. It upheld businesses' rights not to hire people with severe disabilities.

B

What was the Comstock Lode? A) A vein of gold discovered by prospector Henry Comstock B) The richest vein of silver ore found on the North American continent C) A complicated piece of machinery designed to extract silver from mines D) The largest mining company ever formed in the American West

B

What was the final outcome of the Vietnam War in Vietnam itself? A) South Vietnam used a combination of American bombs and negotiation to persuade North Vietnam to retreat. B) North Vietnam occupied Saigon, and the country unified. C) Cambodian refugees joined the South Vietnamese army and helped to achieve a North Vietnamese presence in South Vietnam. D) North Vietnamese troops flooded into South Vietnam and slaughtered millions of civilians.

B

What was the impact of Great Britain's blockade of Germany in 1914? A) The United States immediately cut off trade with Great Britain. B) Trade between the United States and Great Britain increased. C) Trade between the United States and Germany was not affected. D) President Wilson immediately declared war against Germany.

B

What was the impact of World War I on partisan politics in the 1918 elections in the United States? A) The national commitment created political unity and silenced partisan politics. B) Republicans used the war to achieve narrow majorities in the House and Senate. C) The American victory in the war widened the Democratic majority in the House and Senate. D) Widespread anti-German sentiment threatened the unity of the Republican party and its continued role in American politics.

B

What was the outcome of the 2004 presidential race between George W. Bush and John Kerry? A. Bush beat Kerry in a landslide victory. B. Bush beat Kerry by a slim margin in both the Electoral College and the popular vote. C. Kerry received a majority of the popular vote but lost in the Electoral College. D. Kerry received a majority of votes in the Electoral College but lost the popular vote

B

What was the outcome of the Dawes Allotment Act of 1887? A) Expansion of the area covered by the reservation system to include all Native Americans B) Division of reservations and allotment of individual plots of land to Native Americans C) Prohibition of white settlement in Oklahoma D) Restoration of much of the land in the Southwest to Native Americans

B

What was the outcome of the Reagan administration's decision to deregulate the banking industry? A. Savings and loan institutions' financial position was strengthened dramatically. B. A crisis in the savings and loan industry occurred, placing an added burden on taxpayers. C. Nearly all American savings and loan institutions declared bankruptcy. D. A flurry of mergers and bankruptcies left the country with just five major banks.

B

What was the purpose of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882? A) To respond to Chinese laborers' demands for higher wages and better working conditions B) To decrease the Chinese population of the American West C) To limit the number of Chinese immigrants to America for a period of three years D) To reduce anti-Asian prejudice in California and other areas of the West

B

What was the purpose of the North American Free Trade Agreement? A. It nurtured established industries and jobs within the borders of the United States. B. It eliminated all tariffs and trade barriers among the United States, Canada, and Mexico. C. It removed provisions to protect the environment from trade agreements. D. It bolstered the strength of labor unions in the United States, Canada, and Mexico.

B

When he took office in 1976, President Carter promised to approach American foreign policy A. with the intention of ending policy of détente spearheaded by President Nixon. B. by applying human rights principles. C. by avoiding the use of economic pressure or sanctions against other nations. D. with the goal of abiding by the decisions made by the United Nations.

B

Which group of American senators opposed the Treaty of Versailles? A) Democratic interventionists B) Republican isolationists C) Democratic party loyalists D) Roosevelt progressives

B

Which group or groups decimated the buffalo herds on the Great Plains in the late nineteenth century? A) Native Americans who regularly slaughtered the animals as part of their rituals B) Railroads and irresponsible hide hunters C) The U.S. army, which killed them to feed the troops D) Chinese and Irish work gangs who were desperate for food

B

Which of the following came of the meeting between Yasir Arafat and Yitzhak Rabin in 1993? A. They hammered out their differences and promised to end the fighting in Israel and the Gaza Strip. B. They agreed to Palestinian recognition of Israel and Israeli withdrawal from the Gaza Strip and Jericho. C. They were unable to come to any agreement. D. They agreed to form a joint government in Jerusalem.

B

Which of the following describes President Reagan's Star Wars initiative? A. It eased tensions with the Soviet Union because it was a defensive, rather than an offensive, program. B. It surprised Reagan's advisers and elicited an angry response from critics and the Soviet Union. C. It met with overwhelming approval at home and abroad. D. It carefully adhered to the terms of the 1972 Antiballistic Missile Treaty.

B

Which of the following describes Wilson's experience in the presidential election of 1916? A) He faced two opponents: Theodore Roosevelt and Charles Evans Hughes. B) He won the election but only by a very small margin. C) Divisions in the Democratic party compelled him to run on the Reform ticket. D) He promised that he would continue to keep the United States out of the war in Europe.

B

Which of the following describes the Bay of Pigs invasion? A) The mission was incredibly successful. B) The invasion was an unmitigated disaster. C) It canceled when the United Nations intervened. D) It was supported by most Latin American nations.

B

Which of the following describes the agenda of the new conservative movement of the 1970s? A. It supported the advances of the Great Society. B. It criticized the government's intrusion into the individual's economic life as a hindrance to prosperity and personal responsibility. C. It extolled government involvement in the individual's economic life as a stimulus for economic growth and strong communities. D. It lauded Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 as a vital source of progress in American life.

B

Which of the following explains why the U.S. army gunned down unarmed Sioux at Wounded Knee Creek, South Dakota in 1890? A) It was rumored that the Indians were waiting to ambush the troops. B) American soldiers feared an uprising provoked by a militant interpretation of the Ghost Dance religion. C) The Sioux had refused to sign a new treaty that relinquished land surrounding the Creek. D) Troops had been ordered to wipe out all Native Americans in the area.

B

Which of the following statements describes President George W. Bush's No Child Left Behind Act? A. It applied only to the nation's richest schools. B. It passed with bipartisan support. C. It did not set standards for educational improvement. D. It applied only to the nation's poorest school districts.

B

Which of the following was a surprising development in the 1972 presidential race between Richard Nixon and George McGovern? A. Nixon received strong support from conservatives. B. Nixon was popular among southern, Catholic, urban, and blue-collar voters. C. McGovern was popular among southern, Catholic, urban, and blue-collar voters. D. McGovern defeated Nixon in the popular vote.

B

Which statement describes life on the Indian reservations? A) The government allowed Indians to maintain their cultural practices. B) Poverty and starvation stalked Indian reservations. C) The government assaulted Indian culture but did give Indians sufficient rations. D) Indians were able to establish their own independent governments.

B

Which statement describes most veterans who returned home to the United States after the Vietnam War? A) They were satisfied with and proud of the job they had done in Southeast Asia and happy to return home. B) They felt betrayed by the government for not allowing them to win the war, and by their countrymen for their lack of support for the war. C) They became some of the primary organizers of antiwar protests and riots in major cities and on many college campuses. D) They became politically active in support of laws that would control U.S. involvement in foreign conflicts.

B

Who organized the first major protest in the United States against the Vietnam War in April 1965? A) The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People B) Students for a Democratic Society C) The National Organization for Women D) The Communist party

B

Who won the Democratic nomination for president in 1968? A) George Wallace B) Hubert Humphrey C) Eugene McCarthy D) Spiro Agnew

B

Why did American military officials begin calculating their progress in body counts and kill ratios in Vietnam in 1965? A) A delegation of American soldiers had asked for concrete measures that they could readily understand. B) It was impossible to measure military success based on territory seized. C) They did not want to reveal the unprecedented number of soldiers they were losing. D) It was the only way they could distinguish between military and civilian deaths.

B

Why did Germany decide to resume unrestricted submarine warfare in January 1917? A) It did not believe the United States had any intention of entering the war. B) It felt it could win the war before the United States could bring its army to Europe. C) Its army in France was nearly defeated and it had nothing to lose. D) It had received intelligence reports that America was mobilizing for war.

B

Why did President Woodrow Wilson choose William Jennings Bryan to serve as his secretary of state in 1912? A) The Senate supported Bryan. B) Bryan was an avowed pacifist. C) Bryan had extensive military experience. D) Bryan had served successfully under William Howard Taft.

B

Why did most Americans oppose the impeachment of President Clinton? A. They believed a sitting president should be above the law. B. They separated his private actions from his public duties. C. They believed Congress should not have the power to impeach a president. D. They admired his immediate acknowledgment of and apology for his behavior

B

Why did some businessmen criticize globalization? A. They believed it only benefited the United States and not the third world. B. They believed it created wealth in developing nations but not solutions for their other social needs. C. They thought it would ultimately threaten U.S. security by creating new sources of international power. D. They did not want to see the growth of private wealth in formerly Communist countries.

B

Why did the United States intervene in the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait? A. It wanted to help the Kuwaitis defend their land. B. It needed to maintain access to Middle Eastern oil resources. C. Saudi Arabia asked it to send troops to Kuwait. D. The United Nations asked it to send troops to Kuwait.

B

Between 1870 and 1900, the population of rural America shrank from 80 percent to 66 percent while the agricultural sector of the economy experienced what change? A) It benefitted from the steady growth of the diversified family farm. B) It suffered from the removal of government subsidies for small farms. C) It grew through mechanization, commercialization, and expanding urban markets. D) It became the primary source of income for laborers in the Northeast.

C

By 1990, about what percentage of married women with young children worked outside the home? A. 10 percent B. 25 percent C. 60 percent D. 90 percent

C

Chinese immigrants made up what proportion of the workforce that built America's first transcontinental railroad? A) 20 percent B) 50 percent C) 90 percent D) 100 percent

C

During the Vietnam War, the FBI A) trained peace protesters in nonviolent forms of civil disobedience. B) warned antiwar advocates about possible police raids. C) disrupted antiwar work and spread false information about peace activists. D) assassinated two major leaders of the peace movement and blamed their murders on the Communist party.

C

Following the 1972 election, Americans learned that President Nixon and his associates had been guilty of A. taking campaign contributions from the Mafia. B. stuffing ballot boxes in the election. C. harassing "enemies" through illegal means. D. wiretapping CIA and FBI headquarters to protect presidential power.

C

For what crime did the House Judiciary Committee vote to charge President Nixon as one of the grounds for impeachment? A. Tax evasion B. Perjury C. Obstruction of justice D. Warrantless wiretapping

C

How did Germany react to the 1914 blockade? A) By sending submarines to America's East Coast B) By declaring war on the United States C) By beginning a submarine blockade of Great Britain D) By attacking American ships

C

How did President Wilson demonstrate his progressive credentials when the United States entered the war in 1917? A) He appointed Theodore Roosevelt commander of the American Expeditionary Force. B) He nationalized the country's railroads and heavy industries for the duration of the war. C) He created new federal agencies to deal with the specific needs of the troops and the home front. D) He made a concerted effort to keep the war effort from influencing his domestic policies.

C

How did the Soviet Union respond to the American condemnation of Saddam Hussein's invasion of Kuwait? A. It began shipping arms to Hussein. B. It criticized the United States for meddling in international affairs. C. It voted for a U.N. embargo on Iraqi oil. D. It withdrew from the U.N. Security Council.

C

How did the U.S. Supreme Court rule in the case of Schenck v. United States (1919)? A) It struck down federal restrictions on free speech that had been imposed during the war. B) It overturned Charles Schenck's conviction for urging resistance to the wartime draft. C) It ruled that Charles Schenck's actions posed a clear and present danger to the nation in a time of war. D) It upheld the conviction of Charles Schenck for threatening to assassinate the president and vice president.

C

How did the invention of barbed wire revolutionize the cattle industry? A) It helped ranchers separate their herds from one another. B) It expanded safe grazing areas. C) It allowed ranchers to fence in their cattle. D) It prevented disputes over ownership of cattle.

C

On August 3, 1914, Germany declared war on Russia and A) Serbia. B) Austria-Hungary. C) France. D) Great Britain.

C

President George H. W. Bush was more inclined than President Reagan had been to A. veto environmental legislation. B. liberalize restrictions on abortion. C. approve government activity in the private sphere. D. separate government from the private sphere.

C

President Wilson created the Committee on Public Information to A) silence the antiwar film industry. B) ban novels written by German authors. C) stir up patriotism with posters, pamphlets, cartoons, and press releases. D) protect war critics like Jane Addams and Emily Greene Balch.

C

President Wilson justified which decision by declaring that he would not support a "government of butchers"? A) Dispatching troops to Latin America after the outbreak of World War I B) Pulling American troops out of the Dominican Republic C) Intervening in Mexico's affairs after the Mexican Revolution D) Supporting the establishment of a dictatorship in Haiti

C

The 1968 presidential candidacy of George C. Wallace attracted A) both civil rights and antiwar activists. B) New Englanders in particular. C) those who were outraged by assaults on traditional values by students and others. D) black southerners who believed that the War on Poverty had stigmatized them.

C

The Peace Corps was launched by the Kennedy administration in 1961 to A) quell domestic violence in America's major cities. B) teach third world countries' leaders about democracy. C) allow young Americans to work directly with the people in third world countries. D) establish a job program for the growing number of unemployed in the United States.

C

The U.S. government passed the Espionage Act, the Trading with the Enemy Act, and the Sedition Act during World War I to A) promote patriotism among groups who might be loyal to Germany. B) quiet conscientious objectors and other critics of the war. C) punish anything it considered disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive. D) warn German citizens that dissent would be punished by deportation.

C

To ensure the loyalty of an immigrant nation to the cause of war, President Wilson A) demanded that public schools add recent world events to their curricula. B) enforced meatless and wheatless weekends so that Americans would understand how Europeans were suffering. C) launched a government-sponsored propaganda campaign to foster patriotism among ethnic groups. D) made it illegal for Americans to identify publicly with their ethnic origins.

C

What 1982 event finally gave Vietnam veterans a measure of public respect for their service? A) More than one million of them marched in a parade in Washington, D.C. B) Congress voted to grant them lifetime mental health benefits. C) The Vietnam Veterans Memorial was unveiled in Washington, D.C. D) Congress officially acknowledged its role in their defeat.

C

What did settlers passing through the western portion of Kansas and Nebraska and the eastern portion of Colorado in the years after 1870 call the area? A) The Comstock Lode B) Homestead Act Lands C) The Great American Desert D) The Near West Plains

C

What did the independent prosecutor charged with investigating the Iran-Contra scandal conclude about President Reagan and Vice President George Bush? A. Both were guilty of clear violations of the law. B. Both had little knowledge of efforts to divert funds to the Contras or of plans to hide those efforts. C. Both had knowingly participated or at least acquiesced in covering up the scandal. D. Neither had played any role whatsoever in the scandal.

C

What event finally spurred the granting of suffrage to all American women in 1920? A) Southern states gave the vote to women. B) The Supreme Court ruled that it was unconstitutional to deny women the right to vote. C) Congress passed the Nineteenth Amendment, which was subsequently ratified by twothirds of the states. D) Woodrow Wilson granted woman suffrage by executive order.

C

What made the Tet Offensive an important turning point for President Johnson? A) It revealed that he had ignored intelligence that warned the attack was imminent. B) It revealed his inexperience with military matters and lost him support in the Pentagon. C) It underscored the credibility gap between official statements and the war's actual progress. D) It forced the president to cancel a planned visit to South Vietnam to discuss a cease-fire.

C

What made the election of 1980 so significant? A. It signaled a resurgence of support for the Great Society. B. It signaled conservatives' loss of dominance in the Republican party. C. It revealed that conservatives had come to dominate the Republican party. D. Voter turnout was the highest it had been since 1932.

C

What motivated the rebellion of Mexican farmers led by Pancho Villa in 1916-17? A) The rebels wanted to restore the government of General Victoriano Huerta. B) The rebels wanted government subsidies as compensation for crops lost in a major drought. C) The rebels believed that the new American-backed government had betrayed the revolution's promise to help the common people. D) The rebelling farmers sought American aid to help them restore their fields after they were damaged during the civil war under General Victoriano Huerta.

C

What reform or reforms did the National War Labor Policies Board enact successfully during World War I? A) Health insurance, increased wages, and a pension plan for government employees B) Death and disability insurance for workers in industries involved in war production C) The eight-hour workday, a living minimum wage, and collective bargaining rights in some industries D) Compensated sick days for all American workers no matter how long they had been in their jobs

C

What spurred the resignation of Nixon's vice president, Spiro Agnew, in 1973? A. An investigation that revealed his part in the Watergate break-in B. His refusal to turn over the Oval Office tapes to the special prosecutor C. An investigation that revealed he had taken bribes while governor of Maryland D. The revelation that he had had an extramarital affair with one of his aides

C

What was one of President Carter's major accomplishments in mediating the political crises in the Middle East? A. Dissuading Egypt from attacking Israel in 1977 B. Persuading Menachem Begin that Israel should give up the West Bank and the Gaza Strip C. Convincing Egypt to recognize Israel and Israel to gradually withdraw from the Sinai Peninsula D. Brokering a temporary peace between the state of Israel and the Palestinian refugees

C

What was one result of America's uncertainty about whether and how to intervene in foreign disputes that did not threaten its vital interests in the 1990s? A. The ousting of Slobodan Milosevic from power in Serbia B. The ousting of military leaders in Haiti C. The massacre of half a million people in a brutal civil war in Rwanda D. The end of the racist apartheid system in South Africa

C

What was the impact of the American movement to stop the Vietnam War? A) It got most American adults involved in politics for the first time. B) It created domestic problems that distracted the Johnson administration and prolonged the war. C) It brought the war to the center of media attention and severely limited the Johnson administration's options. D) It upset the majority of Americans and spurred massive protests to show widespread support for Cold War objectives.

C

What was the outcome of the second Treaty of Fort Laramie? A) The Sioux and Cheyenne agreed to the completion of the Bozeman Trail. B) The treaty convinced Sioux chiefs, including Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull, to accept reservation lands. C) The treaty was violated by the U.S. government after gold was discovered in the Black Hills. D) The treaty led to the extinction of the Sioux Indians

C

What was the purpose of the USA Patriot Act of 2001? A. To establish new civil liberties protections for American citizens B. To create new civil liberties protections for American-born Muslims C. To monitor suspected terrorists and their associates D. To increase taxes to pay for the war on terrorism

C

What was the result of the 2000 presidential race between George W. Bush and Al Gore? A. Gore won the popular vote and the Electoral College vote. B. Bush won the popular vote. C. Bush won the Electoral College vote. D. Bush officially lost the election to Gore.

C

Which divisions did European countries establish before the outbreak of World War I? A) Western Europe and Eastern Europe B) The Axis powers and the Allied nations C) The Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance D) The British and the German empires

C

Which group or groups composed the population of the area from the Great Plains to the Pacific Ocean during the last decades of the nineteenth century? A) Native-born whites B) African Americans fleeing the oppression of the South C) People from various parts of Europe, Asia, and the Americas D) Waves of Mexican refugees

C

Which of the following characterizes Operation Desert Storm of 1991? A. It was a fiasco for the United States that resulted in thousands of deaths and an erosion of morale. B. It was a war that President George H. W. Bush waged without the support of Congress. C. It was a war that President George H. W. Bush waged with the consent of Congress and widespread American support. D. It was essentially an aborted attempt to invade Iraq and overthrow Saddam Hussein.

C

Which of the following characterizes life for women on the western frontier in the late nineteenth century? A) They usually had servants to help them with their household work. B) They worked only within the physical confines of their homes. C) They were forced to work hard to accomplish even the simplest tasks. D) They tended to live quite well while expending little physical effort.

C

Which of the following describes how life in the agrarian West compared to life in the mining West? A) Slow paced B) Free of hardship C) Equally exploitative D) Free of economic competition

C

Which of the following describes the Zimmermann telegram that made headlines in 1917? A) It revealed German plans to destroy the Panama Canal. B) It encouraged Mexico to recruit men for service in the German army. C) It promised Mexico its lost provinces in the United States if it would declare war on its northern neighbor. D) It conveyed the Germans' belief that the United States would adhere to its neutral position.

C

Which of the following describes the changes experienced by the Californios between 1850 and 1880? A) Their numbers increased from 19 percent to 82 percent of the state's total population. B) They solidified their claim to historic land. C) Their percentage of the state's population fell by more than 60 percent. D) They began their steady assimilation into American life

C

Which of the following factors helped Jimmy Carter win the presidency in 1976? A. His association with special-interest groups B. His strong political background C. His distance from Washington, D.C., politics D. His outstanding humanitarian and foreign policy experience

C

Which of the following factors was a significant part of Ronald Reagan's appeal to voters? A. His promise to expand the role of government to improve people's lives. B. His ability to downplay the so-called misery index. C. His promise to take government off the backs of the people. D. His praise for the achievements of the Great Society

C

Which of the following occurred in the aftermath of the March 2003 invasion of Iraq? A. The Bush administration proved that Saddam Hussein was producing weapons of mass destruction. B. The Bush administration was able to show that Saddam Hussein had concrete connections to Osama bin Laden and the attacks on September 11. C. Bush and his advisors were unprepared for the subsequent social and political chaos in Iraq. D. Bush won support from the major European powers that had initially opposed the invasion.

C

Which of the following represents President George W. Bush's policy of preemption? A. The choice to withdraw from the Kyoto Protocol on global warming B. The decision to cut taxes to benefit wealthy Americans C. His resolution to invade Iraq in March 2003 D. The decision to invade Afghanistan in October 2001

C

Which of the following statements describes President Kennedy's flexible-response strategy? A) It allowed him to choose between sending the National Guard and sending the regular army into situations requiring military force. B) It gave Congress the option to choose between raising and lowering defense spending. C) It met his demand for a wider choice than humiliation or all-out nuclear action. D) It pertained to the number of missiles the United States would launch in response to a Soviet attack.

C

Which of the following terms best characterizes Virginia City, Nevada, and other mining centers in the late nineteenth century? A) Lawless outposts B) Homogeneous small towns C) Sprawling industrialized communities D) Short-lived settlements

C

Which piece of legislation represented the largest expansion of government since the Great Society? A. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 B. The Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act C. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act D. The Troubled Assets Relief Program

C

Why did Bill Clinton's ambitious plan for health care reform fail early in his presidency? A. The public did not want such reforms. B. Democrats opposed the single-payer plan. C. Liberals and conservatives both opposed it. D. The plan was not sufficiently comprehensive.

C

Why did President Clinton order missile attacks on sites in Afghanistan in the summer of 1998? A. He did not believe Osama bin Laden and his followers would surrender to international peacekeeping forces. B. He wanted to reinstate self-determination in Afghanistan and Pakistan. C. He suspected they were the sites of terrorist training camps. D. He wanted to put an end to fighting in Afghanistan.

C

Why did President Lyndon B. Johnson's Latin American policy generate a new surge of antiAmericanism in that region in 1965? A) Higher tariffs made it difficult for Latin American nations to profit from the goods they exported to the United States. B) The United States seemed to be relinquishing its oversight in the region. C) The United States suppressed an uprising that sought to oust the military dictator of the Dominican Republic. D) The United States turned away thousands of desperate Haitian refugees seeking asylum in Florida that year.

C

Why did Senator Henry Cabot Lodge oppose the Treaty of Versailles? A) He believed that Great Britain should be allowed to retain its empire. B) He feared it would allow Wilson to win the presidency again in 1920. C) He feared the League of Nations would interfere with American autonomy in foreign policy matters. D) He thought Germany should be forced to pay higher reparations than those specified in the agreement.

C

Why did the U.S. military adjust its personnel assignments in Vietnam in 1966? A) A high number of North Vietnamese soldiers were being killed in battle. B) There was a disproportionately high death rate among white soldiers who were serving in Vietnam. C) There was a disproportionately high death rate among black soldiers who were serving in Vietnam. D) More officers than enlisted men were being killed in combat in Vietnam

C

Why were the Helsinki accords of 1975 controversial? A) Canada refused to sign the agreement. B) The Soviet Union refused to sign the agreement. C) The accords acknowledged Soviet domination over Eastern Europe. D) The accords did not formally recognize post-World War II boundaries in Europe.

C

Despite the antifeminist tone of the Reagan administration, feminists and the administration found common ground in A. lobbying for the Equal Rights Amendment. B. expanding abortion rights. C. expanding child care for poor working women. D. the collection of court-ordered child support payments for single mothers.

D

Woodrow Wilson selected General John Pershing to command the American Expeditionary Force in Europe because A) Pershing's romantic patriotism reminded the president of Theodore Roosevelt. B) Pershing had a longstanding affiliation with West Point. C) Pershing was known for the kind of level-headed efficiency many progressives believed was needed in modern warfare. D) the president believed that Pershing's lack of battle experience would actually be an asset in the war.

C

Along with the Homestead Act of 1862, which factor helped stimulate the land rush in the trans-Mississippi West? A) The transition from large commercial farming to smaller family farms B) Frederick Jackson Turner's "The Significance of the Frontier in American History" C) The availability of essential resources such as water and firewood on the plains D) The opening of the transcontinental railroad

D

At the end of the twentieth century, the fastest-growing immigrant groups in the United States were Latinos and A. people from the former Soviet Union. B. Cuban refugees. C. people from the Middle East. D. Asians.

D

Before he won the presidency in 1980, Ronald Reagan had been A. a professional football player and then the mayor of Los Angeles. B. a nationally known attorney in a Los Angeles law firm. C. a longtime Republican activist and chair of the Republican National Committee. D. a well-known actor and then the governor of California.

D

By the 1870s, homesteaders discovered that most of the prime land in the West was A) already set aside for protection by the federal government. B) held by Native Americans, who refused to relinquish it. C) already ruined by industrial enterprises seeking mineral wealth. D) already in the hands of speculators.

D

For unskilled and semiskilled workers in the United States, the economic boom of the 1990s meant A. a significant narrowing of the gap between them and the wealthy. B. the introduction of a nationwide comprehensive job training program. C. new benefits in the form of the Earned Income Tax Credit. D. fewer opportunities and lower wages.

D

How did President Clinton appease critics of globalization in 2000? A. He outlined the benefits that would come to Americans with the growth of the telecommunications and computer industries. B. He agreed to provide poor nations with debt relief and a greater voice in decisions about loans and grants. C. He promoted a national boycott of Nike, the Gap, and other companies that made use of sweatshop labor around the world. D. He signed an executive order requiring an environmental impact review before signing any new trade agreement.

D

How did President Reagan respond to the growing black protests against the racist system of apartheid in South Africa in the mid- to late 1980s? A. He sent economic and military aid to support the black protesters. B. He convinced the South African government to liberalize its apartheid policies. C. He imposed economic sanctions against the South African government. D. He sided with the South African government in the escalating conflicts.

D

How did candidates Hubert Humphrey and Richard Nixon differ on the central issue of the war in Vietnam in 1968? A) Humphrey supported Johnson's policies, and Nixon pledged to use nuclear weapons. B) Humphrey promised to end the war immediately, and Nixon wanted to achieve an honorable end to the war. C) Nixon promised to end the war with honor, and Humphrey argued for further escalation. D) Nixon and Humphrey differed little on the central issue of Vietnam.

D

How did the gay and lesbian rights movement fare during the conservative 1980s? A. Gay and lesbian rights activism grew, but the AIDS epidemic limited its effectiveness. B. Gay and lesbian rights activists retreated after the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of sodomy laws in 1986. C. The AIDS epidemic caused the deaths of hundreds of movement leaders and severely curtailed its activities. D. Gay and lesbian rights activism grew and won some victories but also sparked a strong countermovement.

D

How did the landscape of the trans-Mississippi West change between 1870 and 1900? A) The region proved to be a haven for family farming. B) It was populated predominantly by former slaves. C) Mining made it the country's largest industrial region. D) Family farms gave way to commercial farming.

D

How did the theory that a Communist victory in South Vietnam would cause all of Southeast Asia to fall to communism pan out? A) Thailand, Burma, Malaysia, and the rest of Southeast Asia joined the Communist camp. B) The spread of communism never materialized because the Army of the Republic of Vietnam eventually secured a victory over North Vietnam. C) China and Vietnam formed a Communist coalition to take over the rest of Southeast Asia. D) The theory proved to be unsound, although Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia all fell within the Communist camp.

D

In 1961, a Soviet astronaut became the first human to A) land on the moon. B) enter outer space. C) orbit the moon. D) orbit the earth.

D

In April 1983, a suicide attack on a U.S. embassy in which nation killed sixty-three people? A. Iran B. Syria C. Egypt D. Lebanon

D

In its 1978 decision in Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, the Supreme Court A. declared affirmative action unconstitutional. B. established rigid quotas for affirmative action at universities. C. allowed universities to base affirmative action on strict racial classifications. D. limited the range of affirmative action.

D

Lieutenant William Calley dealt a severe blow to the Nixon administration's Vietnam policy by A) publicly criticizing the war in Vietnam and calling for peace negotiations. B) melting his medals on national television to protest the war. C) failing to achieve a military victory in the village of My Lai. D) massacring more than 400 Vietnamese civilians in the hamlet of My Lai.

D

Of the 2.5 million farms established between 1860 and 1900, homesteading accounted for what proportion? A) Three-quarters B) Two-thirds C) One-half D) One-fifth

D

President George H. W. Bush appointed which of the following justices to the Supreme Court? A. Antonin Scalia B. Anthony M. Kennedy C. Ruth Bader Ginsburg D. Clarence Thomas

D

President George W. Bush's environmental policies reflected his overall commitment to A. limiting the power of big business. B. conserving fossil fuels. C. protecting disadvantaged Americans. D. reducing government regulation.

D

The American hostages were held in the U.S. Embassy in Teheran by their Iranian captors A. until President Carter sent troops to rescue them. B. until President Carter was able to negotiate their release with Ayatollah Khomeini. C. for nearly four years, nearly all of Carter's term in office. D. until the day President Carter left office.

D

The Arab nations launched an oil embargo against the United States in 1973 because the Nixon administration A) supported the shah of Iran. B) overthrew Salvador Allende. C) turned over control of Vietnam to the Vietnamese. D) supported Israel following the Yom Kippur War.

D

The U.S. policy of détente with the Soviet Union entailed the United States A) abandoning its policy of containment. B) ceding to Soviet demands for control of Eastern Europe. C) rejecting the terms of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. D) beginning new discussions with the Soviet Union on arms control and trade.

D

The welfare reform measures passed during the Clinton presidency A. were initiated by Republicans to deal with the cycles of dependency that critics claimed were a product of traditional welfare programs. B. were diametrically opposed to the measures the president believed were actually needed. C. strengthened the Aid to Families with Dependent Children program. D. authorized a two-year limit on welfare payments and set a lifetime limit of five years on payments.

D

What did the "Vietnamization" of the Vietnam War in 1968 demonstrate about the United States? A) It had abandoned its goal of a democratic South Vietnam. B) It had decided not to oppose the new Communist leader in North Vietnam. C) It had decided to allow North and South Vietnam to begin peace talks without a U.S. representative at the conference. D) It now hoped to achieve its objective of a non-Communist South Vietnam by relying more heavily on the South Vietnamese.

D

What did the Allies hope to gain in negotiating the 1919 peace treaty in Paris? A) Leniency in dealing with the German people B) An end to secret treaties and alliances C) Free trade among all European nations D) Disarmament and punishment for Germany

D

What occurred after Geronimo surrendered to General Miles in 1886? A) The U.S. government resettled the Apaches in Mexico. B) The Apache warriors were tried as war criminals and executed. C) The Apaches were allowed to remain on their ancestral land in the Southwest. D) The government sent nearly five hundred Apaches to prisons in the South.

D

What was Phyllis Schlafly's agenda in her 1964 book A Choice Not an Echo? A. To praise the Republican party for its moderate views and policies B. To praise the liberal elite eastern establishment for its rationalism C. To press for the easing of Cold War tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union D. To push Barry Goldwater's presidential candidacy

D

What was the easiest way to get rich in the American silver mining industry? A) Working regularly in a variety of different mines B) Laboring in a large mining company for a period of years C) Sifting through brackish sand in search of precious metals D) Selling claims to land or forming mining companies and selling stock

D

What was the objective of the Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961? A) To remove Communist insurgents from southern Florida B) To eradicate a Communist training camp in the Dominican Republic C) To shut down major ports in unstable Latin American dictatorships D) To overthrow Cuban nationalist Fidel Castro's socialist government

D

What was the outcome of the return to free enterprise in the United States after World War I? A) Unprecedented levels of employment and workers' well-being B) Steady prices and continued gains for the workers class C) Greater cooperation between government, business, and labor unions D) A rise in unemployment and new conflicts between business and labor

D

What was the result of the congressional elections of 1994? A. Democratic majorities in the House and Senate B. A Democratic majority in the House and a Republican majority in the Senate C. A Republican majority in the House and a Democratic majority in the Senate D. Republican majorities in the House and Senate

D

What was the status of the relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union at the time President Reagan left office in 1989? A. They were on the brink of nuclear war. B. They had resolved all of their disputes and had agreed to destroy their nuclear arsenals. C. They had agreed that communism and capitalism could coexist peacefully. D. They had reached their highest level of cooperation since World War II.

D

What were the "chips" that served as the most prevalent form of fuel used for cooking and heating in the plains in the latter half of the nineteenth century? A) Coal that had spilled from railroad cars B) Charred wood leftover from Indian bonfires C) Twigs, old corncobs, and sunflower stalks D) Chunks of dried cattle and buffalo dung

D

Which event led the German republic to seek an armistice in 1918? A) Battle of the Somme B) Battle at Château-Thierry C) Siege of Paris D) The offensive along the Meuse River

D

Which nation suffered the most casualties in World War I? A) The United States B) Great Britain C) France D) Germany

D

Which of the following describes President Clinton's plan to appoint women, blacks, and Hispanics to the federal courts? A. It was stymied by a lack of support among Democrats in Congress. B. It was met with resistance on the part of the voting public. C. It was mandated by the affirmative action programs of the Great Society. D. It underscored his efforts to create a government that looked like America.

D

Which of the following describes women in Virginia City by 1870? A) They were still outnumbered by men at a ratio of ten to one. B) They complained about the city's filth, lawlessness, and disorder. C) They worked primarily in dancehalls, saloons, and brothels. D) They worked primarily as housekeepers.

D

Which of the following economic developments characterized Jimmy Carter's presidency? A. The nation's economic fortunes improved. B. U.S. corporations and wealthy individuals gained little from new legislation. C. The president taxed upper-income Americans to ensure the solvency of Social Security. D. The president cut federal spending in order to compensate for rising inflation.

D

What was the result of the election of 1874?

Democrats gained Control of House of Representatives

The executive order President Truman issued in 1948 during his reelection campaign was designed to

Desegragate every aspect of the American Armed Services

What was the name of the agency President Roosevelt established in 1933 to provide direct relief to more than four million households?

Federal Emergency Release Association (FERA)

Which Egyptian leader seized the Suez Canal in July 1956?

Gamal Abdel Nasser

How did President Eisenhower ultimately respond to the Arkansas National Guard's attempts to black the enrollment of nine black students in Little Rock's central high school in 1957?

He sent army troops to little rock to oversee the integration of the school

What event sparked the beginning of World War II?

Germany's invasion of Poland in 1939

President Roosevelt placed the nation's conservation policy in the hands of scientifically trained exerts like his chief forester,

Gilofrd Renshop

President Truman justified intervention in Korea by comparing events there to the crises in which European nation?

Greece

The US government's policy of containment was first implemented when president Truman asked Congress to send military and economic aid to

Greece and Turkey

Who succeeded President Roosevelt in the White House after his death on April 12, 1945

Harry Truman

What did President Johnson do after Mississippi's rejection of legislation that outlawed slavery and South Carolina's refusal to renounce secession?

He did nothing

Why did President Johnson's quick reconstruction of ex-Confederate states shock reformers?

He had long expressed a desire to destroy the southern planter aristocracy.

What was Franklin D. Roosevelt's political experience before he won the presidential election of 1932?

He had served as President Wilson's assistant secretary of the navy and as governor of New York

What did President Hoover do to offer a solution to the human problems of the depression in 1929?

He instituted a protective tariff

In what direction did Eisenhower, the first Republican to serve as president after the New Deal, take the federal government during his second term?

He left the size and functions of the Federal Government intact

How did Presidnet Roosevelt influence land conservation during his administration?

He more than quadrupled the average of government reserves

How did president Truman respond to the Soviet blockade of West Berlin in 1948 and 1949?

He ordered the air lifting of more than two million tons of goods to West Berliners

What earned Herbert Hoover the nickname "the Great Humanitarian"

His WW1 food efforts and his rule in the great Mississippi River flood of 1927

Which of the following describes President Dwight D. Eisenhower's "middle way" politics in the early 1950s?

His domestic agenda were guided by moderation

Which of the following occurred as a result of the Nazi-Soviet treaty of nonaggression in August 1939?

Hitler's invasion of Poland.

Who championed the "Share Our Wealth" plan of income redistribution?

Huey Long

What was the Eisenhower administration's approach to social welfare programs?

It allowed the welfare state to grow and the federal government to take on new projects

What was the real result of the 15th Amendment?

It allowed them to pass liberty codes and property rights

Which of the following statements describes professional baseball in the 1920s?

It attracted players and spectators from the working class

Which of the following describes the higher education in the United States between 1940 and 1960?

It became increasingly available to Veterans, the middle class and African Americans

How did the American progressive movement begin and evolve?

It began at the grassroots level and percolated up to the national level of government

What happened to progressive reform after Democrats swept the congressional elections of 1910?

It continued in areas such as mine and railroad safety

What was the purpose of Dawes Plan, instituted in 1924?

It cut Germany's annual reparations payments in half and initiated fresh American loans to Germany

Which of the following describes the National Woman Suffrage Association, which Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony formed in 1869?

It demanded the right to vote for women

Which of the following describes the federal deposit insurance corporation (FDIC)?

It guaranteed bank customers that the federal government would reimburse them for deposits if their bank failed

Which of the following describes the Ku Klux Klan of the mid-1920s?

It had a strong influence in politics in California, Indiana, Illinois, Kansas, Texas and Oregon

What allowed the United States to emerge from World War II as the most powerful nation in the world?

It had both a monopoly on atomic weapons and expanded production capacity

What was the purpose of the Tennessee Valley Authority program that began in 1933?

It helped supply jobs and power impoverished rural communities by hydro-electric dams

Which of the following statements describes Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom?

It incorporated his belief in limited government, state rights and open markets

How did the percentage of children under age fifteen working in the paid labor force in the United States changed during the years leading up to World War 1?

It increased decade by decade

In what way did the civil rights movement of the 1950s and early 1960s differ from previous efforts to end racial segregation and discrimination in the United States?

It involved masses of people who used civil disobedience to bring about chance

What was the result of the Supreme Court's ruling in the Slaughterhouse cases (1873)?

It limited the authority of federal courts in cases involving the civil rights of state citizens.

According to American businessmen who subscribed to the economic theory of laissez-faire, what was the role of the government in the economy?

It shouldn't interfere in economic affairs except to protect private property

How did rock and roll challenge American social and cultural norms in the 1950s?

It was sexually suggestive

Which of the following statement describes the Sheppard-Towner Act 1921, which gave federal assistance to states seeking to reduce high infant mortality rate?

It was the high point of women's political influence in the late 1920s

Which of the following statements describes the Federal Reserve Act of 1913?

It was the most significant piece of domestic legislation in Wilson's presidency

What was demonstrated during the six month battle to force the withdrawal of Japanese forces from Guadalcanal in February 1943?

It would be extremely costly and difficult to defeat Japan

What did Winston Churchill, then Britain's former prime minister, suggest about the Soviet Union in his iron curtain speech of 1946?

Its suppression of the popular will in Eastern and Central Europe had isolated those regions from the free world

Which nation, in an effort to increase its global power, invaded the northern Chinese province of Manchuria in 1931?

Japan

The Battle of Midway signaled to the American military that

Japanese domination of the Pacific was weakening

Andrew Johnson was impeached on what charge?

Johnson violated the Tenure of Office Act

What impact did World War II have on the Soviet Union?

Killed more than 20 million Soviet citizens and weakened the country's economy

Which of the following describes labor strikes in the United States in 1946?

Labor strikes increased public exasperation with and hostility toward Unions

Why didn't southern tenant farmers benefit from the programs developed by the Agricultural Adjustment Act, the Commodity Credit Corporation, and the Farm Credit Act?

Landlords controlled the distribution of the benefits and denied benefits to many of their tenants

Which of the following describes Truman's authorization for General MacArthur to lead his troops across the thirty-eighth parallel in Korea?

MacArthur complied, and the United States made its only Cold War-era effort to roll back communism by force.

Which of the following factors boosted nineteenth century railroad construction in America significantly?

Monetary land grants and aid form federal and state governments

Where had electricity been put to use in the United States by the late nineteenth century?

Mostly in urban areas.

What did the social gospel movement of the late nineteenth century advocate?

Movement called for reform of both individuals and society

How did President Roosevelt respond to A. Philip Randolph's plans to organize a march of 100,000 on Washington, DC in 1941?

Outlawed discrimination by defense contractors

What issue triggered the cripple creek miners' strike of 1894?

Owners attempted to lengthen the workday from 8 to 10 hours

What was the purpose of the immigration laws of the 1920s, including the Johnson-Reed Act?

Place strict limits on immigration

The first instance of Soviet expansionism after World War II was in

Poland and Bulgaria

Which of the following statements describes the primary difference between preservationists and conservationists in the early twentieth century?

Preservationists sought to protect the wilderness from commercial exploitation conservationists advocated its efficient use

How did the federal government respond when American sugar interests requested the united States annex Hawaii in 1893?

President Cleveland withdrew annexation proposal from Congress because Hawaii didn't want to be annexed.

What technological development ultimately led Hitler to withdraw the infamous U-boats from the North Atlantic?

Radar Detectors

Who was disappointed in the Military Reconstruction Act of 1867?

Radical Republicans

What circumstances enabled U.S. industrialists to hire cheap labor from around the world in the 1870s?

Railroad expansion and low steamship fares brought many immigrants to America

What did President Calvin Coolidge's economic policy include?

Reductions in government regulation of business

What strategy did President Roosevelt use to restore America's confidence in government and the private banking system?

Roosevelt broadcast his reassuring fireside chats on the radio

What factor explained Woodrow Wilson's victory in the 1912 presidential election

Roosevelt entered the race as a third party candidate and split the Republican vote.

Taken together, what did president Roosevelt's action in the anthracite coal strike of 1902 and the dissolution of Northern Securities in 1904 demonstrate about the US government?

Roosevelt's administration would act independently from big business

Which of the following was an outcome of the Haymarked affair?

Skilled workers turned toward the American Fed. of labor

How did Morgan achieve his stunning reoganization and consolidation of business in the late nineteenth century?

Some times formed a "communitee of interest." Compromised of a few handpicked directors

Who were the redeemers in the South?

Southern Democrats who wanted to restore white supremacy in the South.

Which of the following describes a significant difference between William Howard Taft's presidency and that of Theodore Roosevelt ?

Taft believed it was up to the courts not the president to arbitrate social issues

What sparked the Homestead lockout and the ensuing strike in 1892?

The Amalagated Association of Iron and Steel workers tried to renew its contract

Why did the United States fail to act on reports of Hitler's genocidal atrocities?

The American public and its officials believed the reports were exaggerated.

What was the significance of the Battle of Britain in 1940?

The British victory handed Hitler his first major defeat.

Which of the following describes the relationship between the Southern Farmers' Alliance and the Colored Farmers' Alliance?

They disagreed on some issues but worked together on others.

How did live-in servant change households in the North by 1870?

They enabled women to experience things outside of their home

What happened to most sharecroppers once they borrowed goods on a crop lien?

They ended up in cycled debt.

Which of the following statements describes the relationship between American ethnic minorities and the armed forces during World War II?

They fought in large numbers in the armed forces despite discriminatory treatment.

Which statement describes late nineteenth century American libraries?

They made up the most extensive free library service in the world

How did American women respond to denial of their right to vote in the late nineteenth century?

They participated in the political process through the anti-lynching suffrage and temperance movements.

How did the Populists propose to help American farmers in the 1890s?

They recommend creating a government sponsored sub treasury

What impact did New Deal programs have on the average national unemployment rate during the 1930s?

They reduced the average unemployment rate, but it remained high at about 17%

What was the purpose of the 1907 "Gentleman's Agreement" between the United States and Japan?

To allow the Japanese to save face by voulenterarly limiting immigration to the United States

Why did progressives launch the social purity movement?

To attack prostitution and other vices

Why did first organize Standard Oil as a trust?

To control the key elements of production and corner the market for oil

What was Joseph Stalin's primary goal after World War II?

To ensure friendly governments on its borders in Eastern Europe

What was the goal of Roosevelt's "good neighbor" policy

To form a less belligerent, more cooperative relationship with Latin America.

What was the purpose of Roosevelt's Civilian Conservation Corps?

To give young men government jobs conserving natural resources

What was the purpose of the Lend-Lease Act of 1941?

To make arms, munitions, and other supplies available to Britain

Why was the Central Intelligence Agency established?

To perform any functions having to do with National Security and to gather information relevant to the National defense

What was the purpose of the National Security Act of 1947?

To place oversight of all branches of the military under the security of defense

What was the objective of the Neutrality Act of 1937?

To prevent increasing American involvement in European affairs

How did the US government respond to the Spanish Civil War?

Took neutrality

By 1872, many Republican leaders had come to believe that which group offered the best hope for honesty, order, and prosperity in the south

Traditional white leadership

What was President Truman's initial response to the Israeli declaration of statehood in 1948?

Truman quickly recognized Israel and pledged to make its defense a cornerstone of US policies in the Middle East

Which of the following describes President Truman's decision to deploy 1.8 million troops in the Korean War without a formal declaration of war from Congress?

Truman's action violated the spirit if not the letter of the constitution

What factor posed a major obstacle to the alignment of the Populists and Democrats in the election of 1896?

William Jennings Bryan's running mate, Arthur Seawell.

Which New Deal agency employed artists, musicians, actors, journalists, academics, poets, and novelists?

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

According to the Military Reconstruction Act of 1867, what did a state have to do before gaining readmission to Congress?

Write a new constitution that granted black suffrage

America's return to a peacetime economy in 1920 and 1921 war marked by

a 20% unemployment rate, the highest to date

In the united States, the flapper of the 1920s represented

a challenge to women's traditional gender roles

President Eisenhower viewed communism in Vietnam as

a force that had to be stopped before it spread to Japan, Taiwan and the Philippians

The Hepburn Act (1906) marked the first time that

a government commission was authorized to examine the records of a private business and to set prices

New York City's Central Park was planned to provide

a natural oasis away from the business of the city

it the post civil war united states, a city boss was

a professional politician who provided public works and social serivces for new residents

What was the White City, which was constructed in 1893, five miles down the shore from Chicago?

a shelter for Chicago's homeless and unemployed

Among the first signs of economic distress in the United States in the mid-1920s was

a slowdown in new construction and in automobile sales

Some Americans called for U.S. expansion in the 1890s to

acquire new markets

Th National Security Council was established to

advise the president on defense planning

Although Johnson had left the Democratic party before becoming president, he seemed more a Democrat than a Republican as president because he

advocated states rights and limitations on federal power, especially in the economic realm.

Between 1950 and 1960, the percentage of American families with television sets grew from less than 10 percent to

almost 90%

The National Women's party supported which of the following

an equal rights amendment

At their meeting in Casablanca in January 1943, Allied leaders Roosevelt and Churchhill

announced that they would accept nothing less than the unconditional surrender of Germany and Italy

What was one reason many Americans moved to the Sun Belt in the 1950s?

automobiles and air conditioning

To obtain the Panamanian isthmus for construction of a canal in 1903, the United States

backed up an uprising in Panama arranged by NY investors.

Beginning in the 1870s, American men of all classes were united in their passion for

baseball

President Eisenhower believed that the development of nuclear power for domestic purposes should

be left in the hands of private enterprise

As middle and upper class urbanites moved to new areas of their cities in the late nineteenth century, poor city dwellers

became socially segregated from the wealthy

President Roosevelt's plan for enlarging the Supreme Court?

became unnecessary when four conservative judges retired

The United States dropped a second atomic bomb on the city of Nagasaki only three days after the attack on Hiroshima

because Japanese didn't surrender immediately

Which groups were hardest hit by the Great Depression by

becoming increasingly out ragged

By the turn of the twentieth century, most big city governments were run

by compromise and the accommodation of various peaceful political forces

Employers sought to limit the control of skilled workers on the shop floor in the late nineteenth century

by replacing people with machines

The Farmers' Alliance movement of the 1880s aimed to help farmers

by sponsoring cooperatives that would give them greater economic independence

In the 1950s, most employed American women worked in

clerical, service and domestic jobs

Which group constituted the backbone of the American labor force throughout the nineteenth century?

common laborers

Father Charles Coughlin, an opponent of the New Deal, placed the blame for the nation's economic crisis on

communists, bankers and capitalists

Working class courtship rituals in urban, industrial America in the late nineteenth century

consisted of meetings at dance halls

What problem plagued the Republican governments of the Reconstruction South?

corruption

In the post-World War II era, the term third world was used to refer to Latin America and

countries that had won their independence from was weakened imperial power

In the mid 1890s, the American press portrayed the Populist party as

cranks, lunatics and idiots

The purpose of the National Labor Relations Act, or Wagner Act, when it was enacted in 1934, was to

create the National Labor Relations Board and guarantee workers the right to organize

The output of American farms increased between 1940 and 1960, while the number of farm workers

decreased by nearly one third

The primary mission of Japanese kamikaze pilots was to

defend okinawa from US troops

When Hungarian freedom fighters mounted a revolt against the Soviet-controlled government of their country in 1956, the Eisenhower administration

did nothing, because Eisenhower was unwilling to risk American soldiers or possible nuclear war

Working as a skilled craftsman in American in the late nineteenth century

didn't ensure financial security.

According to Iba B. Wells, lynching was a problem rooted in

economics and the shifting social structure of the south

In 1935, when President Roosevelt had the congressional majorities to support him, he began to

enact major new social welfare programs

In the context of President Eisenhower's policy toward Native Americans, termination meant

ending the federal government's special relationship with the Indians by transferring jurisdiction over tribal lands to state and local governments

President Roosevelt inherited the Open Door Policy, which was designed to

ensure American commercial entry into china

Throughout much of the nineteenth century middle class American women were confined by cultural ideology that dictated that they

exist within the private sphere of the household.

The 15th amendment

extend black male suffrage

Having stated that "the paramount issue this year is moral rather than political" supporters of Grover Cleveland in 1884 were chagrined to learn that Cleveland had

fathered a child out of wedlock

During the anti-Communist scare of the late 1940s and early 1950s,

federal employees were investigated

The turn of the twentieth century saw individual entrepreneurship in the united states yield to

financial capitalism

In 1927, Charles Lindbergh became the first person to

fly nonstop across the Atlantic Ocean.

In the 1920s Harold "Red" Grange was associated with

football

Southern blacks migrated to northern cities in the 1890s

for economic opportunities and safety

Why did whites in Mississippi murder fourteen year old Emmett Till

for whistling at a white woman

Carnegie Steel achieved the tremendous productivity that Andrew Carnegie instead on

forcing employees to working hours for low pay in often dangerous conditions

In the Tripartite Pact of 1940, Germany, Italy and Japan agreed to

form a defensive alliance among imperial powers

The purpose of the Employment Act of 1946 was to

formalize the US government's responsibility for keeping the economy healthy

Samuel Gompers, the founder of the American Federation of Labor,

fought for higher pay and better working conditions for skilled labor

A reluctant isolationist, President Roosevelt believed during the 1930s that

free trade was necessary for America's domestic Prosperity

what did the public school system in late nineteenth century America cities provide

free tuition and open access to all children.

Between 1955 and 1961, the United States spent $800 million in South Vietnam, most of it to

fund the South Vietnamese army

The Platt Amendment in the 1898 Cuban constitution

gave the US power to oversee Cuban debt

Secretary of State John Foster Dulles supported a foreign policy strategy of

going to the brink of war to halt the Soviet's efforts to extend their territory any further.

The founding of the American GI Forum in 1948 and subsequent efforts by Mexican Americans to challenge their segregation in public schools demonstrated

growing mobilizations

By the early 1870s, the congressional reconstruction goals of 1866

had been mostly abandoned by northerners.

The goal of the New Deal's Farm security Administration, created in 1937, was to

help tenant farmers become independent ladnowners

In its effort to create prosperity at home, the Harding administration supported

high tariffs to protect American businesses

What was Detroit's second largest industry during the 1920s?

illegal alcohol sales

The advent of adding machine, typewriter, and cash register had the greatest impact on

illiterate white women who wanted to learn new skills

The United States ended its official occupation of Japan after World War II

in 1949, as soon as it was clear China would not become an American economic center in Asia

Federal authorities sent Al Capone to prison on what charge?

income tax invasion

In most cities during the 1950s, the black population

increased by 50% as African Americans sought economic opportunities

Which of the following developments changed the U.S. garment industry in the 1850s?

independent tailors were placed by sweatshop workers

What did Jane Addams learn was neccessary to alleviate social problems in

involvement in political action

Which statement describes the Hay-market affair of 1886?

it began as a rally of laborers organized by radicals

The tarif posed a threat to America's prosperity in the 1880s because

it created a surplus that was not sued to produce goods and services

The attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, was part of the Japanese plan to

knock out a significant portion of American Naval bases in the Pacific.

What did former slaves hope to gain from the Reconstruction labor transformation

land ownership

The Populists' plan to help western farmers in the 1890s included

land reform and government ownership of railroads and telegraph lines

The three-part program for compensating, "terminating", and relocating Native Americans reflected the Eisenhower administration's commitment to

limiting the scope of federal government activity

President Grover Cleveland hoped to increase the nation's flagging gold reserves during the economic depression in the winter of 1894-95

making a deal with a private group of bankers headed by J.D. Morgan, to purchase gold abroad and supply into the government.

The direction of corporate goals and policies in the late nineteenth century was increasingly shaped by

managers and executives

The boxer uprising in China in 1899 targeted

missionaries and their families

When Herbert Hoover took office in 1929, he brought to the presidency

modern ideas about how businesses should operate

At the St. Louis People's pary convention in 1896, the Populist delegates decided to

nominate Tom Watson for vice president despite Bryan's resistance to the idea

In the late nineteenth century, some established immigrant groups viewed more recent immigrants as

not being a part of the white re

during the 1920s, most American women who worked had

office and sales jobs

During his first term as president, Woodrow Wilson refused to support child labor laws, woman suffrage, and labor's demand for an end to injunctions because he

opposed affording special privileges to any group

Where did married black women typically work to supplement their family income in the late nineteenth century United States?

outside the home as domestics

In February 1945, the Big three met a Yalta to discuss

post war self-determination for the people of Eastern Europe

The platform of the People's party in the 1890s

presented an alternative vision of economic democracy.

In the Atlantic Charter in August of 1941, the United States and England agreed to

protect the freedom of the seas, free trade, and their right of National Self-Discrimination

By 1900, the Woman's Christian Temperance Union could claim credit for

providing a generation of women with experience in political action.

The New Deal made significant improvements in the quality of life in rural America by

providing electricity to rural communities through the Rural Electrification Administration

During the 1880s the Knights of Labor advocated for

public ownership of the railroads, an income tax, equal pay for women, and the abolition of child labor

In 1894, Jacob S. Coxey led thousands of unemployed people to Washington to prpose a plan to

put jobless to work building roads

Abe Lincoln's and Andrew Johnson's reconstruction plans shared an emphasis on the

ratification of the 13th amendment

Marcus Gravey's Universal Negro Improvement Association urged black Americans to the 1920s to

rediscover their African heritage

One of Cleveland mayor Thomas Lofton Johnson's primary goals was to

reduce Clevelands street car system's fare from five to three cents to promote working class riderships

The progressives that influenced the US between 1890 and 1916 were

reformers with a broad agenda of concerns

The work of 1950s authors Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac was known for

rejecting almost every aspect of the mainstream culture

The Emergency Banking Act of 1933 strengthened American banks by

releasing federal funds to bolster the banks assets

President Harding's administration was characterized by

scandals that touch many members of his administration

The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

set up the US as the police power in the Western Hemisphere

After Frances Willard assumed the presidency of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union in 1879, the organizations focus gradually changed to include

social action, labor conditions, and women's voting rights

Opponents of the New Deal included business leaders and

some labor leaders

After Ulysses S. Grant, the former union general, was elected president in 1868, he

sought justice for blacks

The election controversy ended with the Compromise of 1877, in which

southern democrats accepted a Republican president in exchange for federal subsides and the removal of federal troops from the south

In February 1948, while Congress debated the Marshall plan, the Soviet Union was

staging a coup

In 1937, disgruntled workers at the General Motors plant in Flint, Michigan, acted on their grievances by

staging a sit down strike

morgna acquired the core of what would be the larges corporation in the world when he purchased

stelel interest formerly controlled by Andrew Carnegie

European nations used most of the US funds provided by the Marshall Plan of 1948 to

stimulate their economics and buy American products

The revolution in the visual arts that began in New York City in the 1950s

stressed energy and spontaneity over recognizable forms

The purpose of the black codes passed in 1865 was to

subordinate blacks to whites

By 1947, the intense rivalry between the Soviet Union and the United States was called

the Cold War

The temperance reform movement of the late nineteenth an dearly twentieth centuries stigmatized

the Irish, Italians and Germans

By 1892, the Farmers' Alliance had become

the People's Party

President Roosevelt was awarded the Nobel peace Prize in 1906 for his role in

the Russo-Japanese War

The Montgomery bus boycott of 1955-56 persisted until

the US Supreme Court overturned Alabama's state and local laws requiring segregation on buses

The US role in the 1895 border crisis in Venezuela signaled to the world that

the United States had achieved hegemony or domination in Latin America and the Caribbean

The industries that grew up around the revolutionary inventions of Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Alva Edison demonstrated that

the age of the inventor was becoming the age of corruption.

What late nineteenth century development did New York City's Brooklyn Bridge symbolize

the ascendancy of urban America

Which industry formed the keystone of the American economy in the 1920s?

the automobile industry

As the Allies closed in on him in December 1944, Hitler ordered a desperate counterattack through Belgium known as

the battle of the Bulge

One of the root causes of the major strike at the Pullman plant in 1893 was

the company's attempts to control the work process

The Greenback labor party believed that the government should issue paper currency based on

the countries total wealth

When advoacates of bimetallism referred to the crime of '73, they were talking about

the decision by congress in 1873 to stop buying and mining silver

One result of the loosening of the traditional bonds of community, religion and family in the United States in the 1920s was

the emergence of youth as a distinct social class with their own culture

To compensate for the revenue that would be lost as a result of the new Underwood tariff, in 1913 the House of Representatives passed

the federal income tax

According to Theodore Roosevelt, the absolutely vital question facing the nation when he became president in 1901 was whether

the government had power to control the trusts

Lawyers used a mass of sociological evidence in the 1908 Muller vs. Orgeon case to demonstrate

the ill effects of working long hours on the health and safety of women and children.

The economic theory of laissez-faire gained political clout in the late nineteenth century because

the supreme court increasingly was reinterpreting the constitution to protect businesses

Why did American scientists begin to develop a superbomb in 1942?

they did't want the Germans to develop one first

Who was responsible for the creation of "welfare capitalism" in the 1920s and why did they use it?

to encourage worker loyalty to the company

Secretary of State John Hay initiated the Open Door Policy in 1900

to insure access to trade in China for all Colonial powers

Why did Rockefeller ultimately reorganize Standard Oil as holding company in the late nineteenth century?

to legally combine competing companies under a central adminstration

The new southern state constitutions mandated by the Reconstruction Acts introduced which of the following reforms>

universal male suffrage

Union general Carl Schurz believed that to protect themselves from white oppression, newly freed black would need

voting rights

Passed despite Truman's veto in 1947, the Taft-Hartley Act

was a huge blow to American labor

Joseph Stalin believed that US foreign policy after World War II was hypocritical because the United States

was demanding democratic elections in Eastern Europe but supporting friendly dictatorship in Latin America

The framers of Social Security agreed to fund the program

with tax contributions from workers and their employees

After his six month jail sentence for his part in the Pullman strike, union leader Eugene Debs believed that

workers must take control and establish a socialsist state

The term muckrakers refers to Progressive Era journalists who were known for

writing stories about corporate and political wrongdoing