URBAN PLANNING TEST 2
Identify the basic steps of the urban design process in theory
analysis -> synthesis (solution?) -> evluate (options & decisions) -> implementation -> post-implementation (reevaluate)
which procedural type of urban design believes that if guidlines are followed than the master plan will become reality
goal of all-of-a-piece urban design
Define the term "public realm" as a behavior setting for human activity
sets the stage for human activity, behavioral patterns, and duration of activities
large-lot zoning
zones land into parcels to help farms, however rich people usually move in instead and build McMansions
explain the environmental role of local government
protect environmental assets by creating a general plan, a 5 year plan, and using zoning
Freeway Era (1956-Present)
1956-signed Interstate Freeway Act, allowed for suburban sprawl. Results: now automobile dependent
paths
that along which someone moves (i.e. trails, roads, freeways)
Differentiate the three approaches for solving gridlock
1. road construction/expansion (increase supply). 2. systems management/operations (increase efficiency). 3. demand side approach (decrease demand)
4-steps of Urban Transportation Modeling system
1. trip generation 2. trip distribution 3. mode choice 4. route assignment
Differentiate the purpose of traffic impact analysis
1. understand impacts of traffic. 2. determine required mitigation (i.e. denying)
Describe the urban planning strategies utilized in Curitiba, and their coordination of transit with land use planning
1965 plan. Used transit planning and locked it in with zoning, public service integration (TDR). Result: pedestrian space, parks, and open space. Good planning. Video we saw in class detailed how they achieved this.
Describe the traditional focus and primary motivations of economic development planning, as illustrated in Poletown
Attracting firms: mobile capital (easily relocate), boosterism (why you should move here). Motivations: create jobs (not guaranteed), expand property tax base. Poletown: GM threaten to move unless get another factory-> used eminent domain and displaced 460 acres of land and inhabitants -> new factor built -> employed fewer workers, but generated a lot in taxes
discuss the potential benefits associated with gentrification
Benefits: improves housing quality, increased land value, icity gains tax revenue
which case study of an urban design town showed design that wasn't necessarily good?
Brazilia, Brazil
Discuss the characteristics, causes, costs, and inefficiencies of suburban sprawl
CHARACTER: single family low density, cookie cutter homes, driving, segregation of land uses, poor accesibility. CAUSES: cheap land on fringe, free market choices, consumer preference. COST: loss of land, UHI, pollution, automobile dependency. INEFFICIENCY: infrastructure cost/capita, sprawl increases cost of amenities and roads
Describe how cordon/area pricing are used as a demand-side strategy
CORDON: not really used in the US, everytime the driver drives across a line, they have to pay a fee (varies depending on congestion) AREA: pay a fee if driving in a certain area, uses cameras
"homesteading"
City aquires properties (owners failed to pay or abandoned) -> will give to developers free if brought p to code within a given time (gives free buyers a sense of community attatchment)
shell buildings
City buys land and builds a shell building to lease or sell. This benefits businesses because they dont have to pay the cost of aquiring the land or building the building.
business "incubators"
Created to overcome the 1st year itch of new businesses. Government provides shared facilities for startups. Benefit: cheaper for businesses
Describe state roles in transport planning
Department of Transportation (i.e. ADOT for Arizona)
business improvement districts (BIDs)
NO tax cuts (not like empowerment/enterprise zones), businesses must pay an additional ta to fund projects locally, exclusively within the district. (i.e. clean up, extra security)
T or F, all low-income housing paid for by the federal government failed
FALSE, though most failed, some were successes. There is 1.3 million housing unites with 4 million residents remaining
T or F If a city has 300,000 residents, the federal government will pay 80% capital costs and 50% operating costs
FALSE: 80% capital costs, 50% operating costs usually, BUT will not pay operating costs in cities with a population over 200,000
Describe federal roles in transport planning
FUNDING: streets, highway, public transit (80% capital costs, 50% operating costs, no operating costs in cities with a population over 200,000). REGULATION: safety, speed, who can drive, engineering standards, infrastructure, emissions, (constitution gives power to regulate commerce)
whose role is it to regulate commerce according to the constitution
Federal role
Differentiate between functional, recreational, and social activities
Functional activities are required, such as going grocery shopping, while recreational activites are optional, such as going for a jog. Meanwhile, social activities are results of functional and recreational activities and can range from large to small to passive events.
Differentiate the purpose of NEPA review
If federal funding necessary, so is the NEPA review to determine any significant impacts that may result.
Identify how the basic steps of the urban design process often functions in reality
In reality, analysis, synthesis, evaluation, implementation, and post-implementation are not a linear process and can therefore be mixed up or interchanged
Describe the purpose of urban growth boundaries
Limits outward expansion of cities temporarily. identifies where & when land will become available for development. Cotroversial (against it: developers outside boundary: eliminates cheap land)
Describe the urban planning strategy in China for handling inevitable urbanization
Inevitable move towards urbanization, tried to speed up process by accelerating and structuring urbanization beforehand (built in advance). Result: requires maintenance even if nobody lives there
Functional activities & how urban design effects it
NECESSARY activities requiring participation, regardless of urban design (i.e. going to work, grocery shopping, going to school). Good urban design might: improve trip length or effect mode choice
Identify the basic components of the economic base model
Local economic region (inc. businesses, workers, retail, taxes, savings) & non-local market/rest of the world (leakage & tourism)
Describe environmental justice
Looking at who suffers the burdens, who receives the benefits, and who makes the decisions
Brasilia, Brazil is an example of what type of urban design poduct
Macro-scale product: new town
new towns as urban design products
Macro-scale products that are built from scratch and must have all necessary urban amenities, such as infrasturcture and public service amenities (i.e. Brasilia)
infrastructure as urban design products
Micro-scale products that bind precincts and new towns together. (i.e. skyway system in minneapolis). Can be catalysts for development (i.e. freeway in Soule -> river) or infrastructure removal (i.e. big dig Boston)
urban precincts as urban design products
Mid-scale products, similar to districts. They have most amenities, but lack some "new town" urban amenities, such as jobs. Can include new precincts built from scratch or renewed precincts.
Describe how the total urban design of the new town of Brasília illustrates modernist design and planning principles
Modernist tower in a park design (setbacks and open space). Residential axis (housing superblocks), monumental axis & buildings. Large scale took 41 months to build. Clover leaf roads to avoid stop signs, creating traffic flow and seperation. No focus on pedestrian design. Not necessarily good design.
NEPA
National Environmental Protection Agency.
Identify the two types for urban precincts as mid-scale urban design products
New precincts (built from scratch) OR renewed precincts (previously existing)
Describe the all-of-a-piece new town of Seaside, Florida
New urbanism principles, walkable, not many cars, with a coherent center (key public space). Housing diversity that still has cohesiveness, no setbacks (houses up to street), must follow guidelines including (roofing, materials, porches, white picket fences, and landscape with indigenous plants)
Recreational activity & how urban design effects it
OPTIONAL activitied dependent on favorable conditions and urban design (i.e. jogging, sunbathing). Good urban design might effect: frequency (how much space is used), scope (of activities), or duration (of activites
Describe urban planning in pre vs. post-Soviet Eastern Europe
Pre: industry over commerce (less focus on consumption), state-uilt apartment blocks, large public spaces, trasit reliance (no cars). Post: transition to market economy, commercial demand, growing automobile demand
Social activity & how urban design effects it
RESULTANT activities derived from functional or recreational activites (i.e. looking around, having a conversation). Good urban design might effect: large scale (communal activities), small scale (interactions i.e. seeing someone you know), or passive contacts (i.e. people watching)
Describe how right-to-know and NEPA legislation illustrate the federal government's goal of disseminating information
Right-to know allows people to know what toxic places are in their area & NEPA legislation gives the public a voice by reviewing to find the significant impacts of things. These create and spread information to the public.
Explain how the US government has historically promoted renter assistance
Section 8 housing vouchers:(pays difference between 30% of household income & local fair market rent), but it is first come first serve and there tends to be a federal funding bias towards buying a home
Describe the characteristics of urban planning in Sweden
Strong central gov. municipalities own and control land. Land banking (eminent domain: set aside land for future development)
Discuss the effects of the Town and Country Planning Act in Great Britain, and their use of enterprise zones
Strong national gov, weak local gov. Post WWII established greenbelts which restrict further development between town and country. Led to the construction of oveer 30 new towns. Inspired by the garden city movement. Also use enterprise zones to encourage development to move in.
T or F, we cannot build our way out of traffic congestion
TRUE: Induced demand illustrates why we cannot build our way of congestion
Describe the concept of transit-oriented development
allows people to give up their car for public transit (connectivity), designed for pedestrians, compact mixed-use, overlay goal. However, may still need to drive at regional scale
non user fees
inc. sales tax, property tax, and bonds
List the four eras of US transportation
Walking/Horsecar Era (1800-1890), Electric Streetcar Era (1890-1920), Recreational Automobile Era (1920-1956), Freeway Era (1956-Present)
Discuss the environmental justice issues faced by residents of Kettleman City
a landfill was built near Kettleman (mostly latinos) without the residents knowing caused a cluster of inexplicable developmental disabilities and children born with cleft pallates. People of Kettleman formed the People for Clean Air and Water group in 1993.
Describe the plug-in urban design and all-of-a-piece development of the La Défense precinct near Paris
a parisian (paris) edge city with a prominent feature (arch office building). Built in response to Tour Montparnasse, which stated that high ries could only be built here as to not take away from the main area of Paris (all-of-a-piece guidelines?). Plug-in infrastructure includes a pedestrian esplanade created by making multi-layered transportation.
public space and amenities
a space that draws people in. Doesn't have to be a large park or plaza, can be a little parklet (characteristic of good urban design)
how much of paychecks go to transportation
about 17%
Describe ridership/mode-share trends
all trips in the US decrease and there is a plateau of percentage of trips. (increase in public transit takers, but also increase in car drivers). Will choice riders switch to transit? Can transit for essential riders ever = automobile access?
which type of urban design was Seaside
all-of-a-piece new town
tax increment financing (TIFs)
allowed everywhere but AZ, designate TIF district -> pass bond -> money goes to only TIF things. Base vakuation (revenue created without doing anything), tax increment pays off TIF bonds, after TIF ends money goes int general fund
seems (edges)
allows flow back and forth from one side to another (i.e. Central Park)
Differentiate between the growth control strategies of annual development caps vs. building moratoria
annual building caps only approve a set number of housing units a year, whereas building moratoria suspends growth temporarily
Describe the purpose of urban reserves
areas for future expansion. Controversial (against it: developers outside boundary: eliminates cheap land)
ground floor and outward orientation
attracts people , such as with shops lining avenues (ground floor) and street venders or cafes on sidewalks (outward orientation) (characteristic of good urban design)
discuss how consumer choice is skewed
because of housing subsidies, tax deductions, highway subsidies, infrastructure subsidies, oil subsidies, and market failures/externalities that encourage cities to promote home ownership over urban environments
Discuss who benefits and who loses from growth control limitations placed on residential development
benefits: home owners (reduces housing availability by keeping prices high). loses: low-income & renters
Discuss who benefits and who loses from growth control limitations placed on commercial development
benefits: low-income & renters (increased housing availability). loses: home owners (decrease in available jobs and decrease in property values). Not as popular
Discuss the various strategies for bicycle planning for on-street locations
bike lanes, bike boulevards (larger), cycle tracks (seperated from street), pavement markings (bike box for bikes to get in front of cars), signals
Explain the role infrastructure removal plays as a micro-scale urban design product
can allow for better urban design, where there was once a lack of it (i.e. Boston Bid Dig)
induced demand
caused by the supply-sided cocept of traditional solutions. This is latent demand, by expanding the roads, more people will choose to travel on them cusing congestion. Cannot build our way out of congestion
Strategy 1 of plug-in urban design
create infrastructure on undeveloped land for developers to plug into.
Discuss the key principles for pedestrian planning at intersections and midblock crossings
crosswalks, signalizations, bridges over, sections under (tunnels=spooky)
industrial/commercial parks
city pays for land acquisition then leases or sells it. This benefits businesses because they dont have to pay the upfront cost of the land
Discuss how environmental legislation illustrate the federal government's regulatory role
clean air acts, clean water acts, toxic substance control act, earth day. Regulating point-source and non point-source polluters.
compatible land uses
combining compatible land uses, like having residential use over a commercial space (characteristic of good urban design)
tax-positive development
commercial land welcomed (increase in tax rev and jobs), cities try to out do each other to attract businesses. Generate tax rev w/out cost of services. WELCOMED.
concentrations (nodes)
concentration of activity, busy (i.e. Rockefeller Center)
Explain the concept of urban design
coordinated and self-conscious actions to shape urban form in response to inhabitant needs
Explain the concept of gentrification
declining area see's new groups (yuppies) that come in and fix up the area, then move in. This often increases land value and tax revenue of the area
Walking/Horsecar Era (1800-1890)
dense cities (b/c jobs), not a lot of cars so many walked, omnibus had to compete with foot traffic. Created the horse car on rails, didn't have to worry about getting stuck, allowed wealthier to move to the fringe (1st surburbia)
Discuss the importance of metropolitan planning illustrated in Latin America in the Montevideo example
departments (like counties) regulate land use. Montevideo: grand manner influence, tried to curb suburban sprawl, wanted to preserve open space, but because of a lack of metropolitan coordination between departments, spillover land speculation occured
empowerment/enterprise zones
designated ares with certain incentives (tax exemptions/ discounted loans or financial services/employee training subsidies
traffic impact analysis
determine the impact of site specific development on nearby traffic, large land development (i.e. mall). 2 purposes.
tasks of transportation planner
determine traffic impacts, estimate future demands, evaluate/propose infrastructure projects, calculate costs
Describe the concept of locality development, as illustrated by Cleveland's Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
development based on local physical assets, targeting desirable sites, currently unattractive for development. Low aquisition cost ensure appreciation. Rock and Roll Hall of Fame was an industrial plot that was bought for cheap, built on, and now the area is thriving
Discuss the key principles for pedestrian planning along sidewalks
dimensioning (accomodate enough space for pedestrians), vehicular/pedestrian seperation (i.e. by trees), all-season design (i.e. overhangs, trees), illumination
Differentiate empowerment/enterprise zones, business improvement districts (BIDs), & tax increment financing (TIFs)
empowerment/enterprise zones provide incentives like tax cuts, while business improvement districts (BIDs) actually pay an extra tax to pay for exclusively local projects. Meanwhile TIFs take out a bond to fund projects then once the TIF period ends, any extra revenue goes into the general fund.
total urban design
entire project from planning to implementation under 1 patron (funds $) and one designer (group). Typically a dictatorship, this urban design creates nfrastructure/buildings in th epublic realm. (i.e. Avenue of the Victory of Socialism). Questions if it is good urban design
landmarks
external reference points. 2 types: external/distant & local
Explain the purpose of transfer-of-development rights (TDR) and how it works
farmer sells part of their development rights to developer who can now develop past zonng restrictions. Allows recieving developers to increase density. City not involved.
Explain the US approach of shared governance
federal government regulates and sets national standards. State government implements and enforces these standards. However the federal government has the power to intervene.
Describe urban planning in Germany after reunification
federal system (fed and local share power). Municipal planning autonomy. W was a better place so E germans moved W. E germany: lots of unemployment, vacant housing, low prop value. W germany's leftover military bases became sustainable community developments
Differentiate the purpose of cost-benefit analysis
focus on future, comparing future "no build" conditions to future "build" conditions, and analyzing the cost/benefits of the two. Should it be built? What will it affect?
plug-in
focuses on infrastructure using 2 forms. (i.e. La Defense) Strategy 1: create infrastructure on undeveloped land for developers to plug into. Strategy 2: plug infrastructure into city as a catalyst for redevelopment
Describe the purpose and potential uses of federal Community Development Block Grants (CDBGs)
formula- based (not competitive, flexible. Spend on capital expenditures (mostly) or services. Must primarily benefit low- or moderate- income people. Typically target innertransition zones (i.e. underused, abandoned)
role of the public sector in the US housing system
fund local public housing authorities (PHAs): supply sided ($->build), demand sided ($->affordability)
Miljonprogrammet (Million Program)
goal: build 1 million housing units. Nationalized the housing industry with the governemnt providing the money, the municipal government building the houses. Not just low-income. SWEDEN
non-basic economic activity
goods and services purchased by LOCAL residents
basic economic activity
goods and services sold to those OUTSIDE the region. Builds economic base (i.e. people in other states buy, your states main thingy). Local multiplier effect
Explain the purpose of purchase-of-development (PDR) and how it works
government buys the rights to develop land giving them the right to subdivide the land. Now the farmer can't sell off the land as residential units only the goverment can. Value of development rights= development value - agricultural value.
Explain how accessory dwelling units may help protect affordable housing
granny flats, increase density -> increases profit. Usually illegal
Explain the traditional focus of transportation planning
how to cope with future increasing demand. Traditional solution to add new infrstructure (i.e. expand roads). Supply sided and leads to induced demand.
external/distant (landmarks)
i.e. A Mountain
local (landmarks)
i.e. statue (like bird one on Mill)
describe the resulting dilemma of displacement effects
if community A encourages commercial they get the benefist, but housing will be restricted forcing people to move to community B and commute. This burdens community B with the public service costs, while depriving them of the revenue they would get from the businesses.
explain the environmental role of state government
implementation and enforcement, State environmental laws (sometimes tougher than fed)
the significance of "imageability"
include sensory cues, legibility (ability to read city), and orientation (ability to find your way around). Good urban design accomodates all of these.
Explain how inclusionary zoning may help protect affordable housing
includes possible incentives (i.e. affordable housing for zoning exemptions)
discuss the controversy associated with gentrification
increased property values means increased taxes/rent (bssed on assessed value=highest market value x assessmment ratio) for lower income people still in the area (can lead to displacement)
How do incumbent upgrading vs. "homesteading" differ from gentrification
incumbent upgrading gives the owners/renters a chance to fix up their place and stay in the area, homesteading happens after the properties have been seized and gives developers a chance to fix up the place within a given time, whereas gentrification is independent of government intervention as people move into these abandoned properties and fix them up on their own (can lead to displacement unlike other 2).
incumbent upgrading/unslumming
incumbent upgrading provides aid to current residents to buy and/or improve their homes so they don't leave. Community development without displacement
Differentiate the entrepreneurial strategies of industrial/commercial parks, shell buildings, and business "incubators"
industrial/commercial parks are where the government just aquires the land to lease or sell, whereas shell buildings where the government aquires the land and build the shell building to lease or sell to businesses. Meanwhile with incubators the government is providing a shared space for start ups so costs are cheaper and theycan make it past the 1st year
Explain the role infrastructure plays as a micro-scale urban design product
infrastructure can bind places together (i.e. walkways), be catalysts for development (i.e. Soule river, which now acts as a social environment), or even be removed (i.e. Boston Big Dig which allows better flow of traffic and aesthetics)
Describe local government roles in transport planning
infrastructure construction and repair (i.e. fix pot holes), zoning, set parking requirements
how does basic activity lead to a local multiplier effect
injection of exogenous (outside) demand. Direct (increase output), indirect (intermediate input/factors), induced (household spending)
Identify the role of economic injections and leakages
injections/exports (like tourism) inject revenue back into the local economic region, whereas leakages/imports are where money leaks elsewhere in the non-local market
Explain the challenges associated with urban brownfields, as illustrated in Tempe Marketplace
land that has been developed on and therefore has little appeal to developers (often contaminatd as Tempe Marketplace once was). Can have a high clean up cost. Gov should provide $ for clean up to attract developers
Discuss the poor accessibility from transportation in contemporary US cities
less available routes increases need for cars to get around, cities are then built for cars not people.
tax-negative development
less tax revenue and have to supply services (and costs). NOT WLCOMED.
edges
linear element that breaks continuity. 2 categories: barriers and seems
Who creates a regional transportation plan but has no actual power to implement it?
metropolitan planning organization (MPO)
user fees
money comes from things such as gas, toll roads, transportation tickets, etc
all-of-a-piece
more common (esp. in US), initiate projects by acquiring land then developing a master plan and guidelines. Implemented through various individual developers. GOAL: if follow guidlines -> master plan becomes reality
Explain how the US government has historically promoted home ownership
motgage insurance (FHA), tax credits for first time buyers (encouragement), property tax and mortgage interest deductions, mortgage credits
Describe public transit modes
motorized (buses-can be electrified), bus rapid transit (BRT) (like a lightrail but in bus form), streetcars/trolleys (share lanes with cars), light rail (own lane seperated), heavy rail transit (own lane/station
how does all-of-a-piece design (Seaside, Florida) and guidelines illustrate New Urbanism
moving away from suburban sprawl and going back to how things used to be (mixed land use). Includes conherent centers (civic space), housing diversity and building-street orientation
circulation
moving people about, including alternative modes of transportation for both local and distant places (characteristic of good urban design)
how the two types of urban precincts differ from new towns
new precincts are like new towns in that they are both built from scratch, however the difference between both precincts and new towns is the amenities provided. While new towns provide all necessary urban amenities, precincts lack some of these amenities.
Describe the protection provided by Executive Order 12989
not a law but a directive to federal agencies that they must identify and address disproportionately high and adverse human health or environmental effects on minority and low-income populations. DOES protect low-income, however CANNOT sue b/c not a law and does NOT stop projects from moving forward
unity and coherence
not dull & monotonous, but unified as part of an urban package which includes different types of living accomodations (characteristic of good urban design)
resulting impacts of the four eras of US transportation on urban form, commuting patterns and mode share
now dependent on automobiles, less accessibility, high cost of mobility (inc. external costs), allows for longer commutes and more sprawl, often forego public transportation for personal transportation
what are the 5 elements of the urban image?
paths, edges, districts, nodes, and landmarks
Discuss the various strategies for bicycle planning for off-street locations
paths/trails, crossings (signal), destination facitilites (usually with showers).
which procedural type of urban design dangles a carrot by using incentives or controls?
piece-by-piece urban design
Strategy 2 of plug-in urban design
plug infrastructure into city as a catalyst for redevelopment
which type of urban design was La Defense
plug-in and all-of-a-piece precinct
which procedural type of urban design uses 2 strategies
plug-in urban design
resulting external costs of the poor accessibility and high cost of mobility in contemporary US cities
pollution, noise, resource consumption, infrastructure impacts & about 17% of paychecks go to transportation. Funds from user fees, imperfect user fees, regressive taxes, and progressive taxes
barriers (edges)
prevents crossing to the other side (i.e. shoreline, tempe town lake)
Describe the protection provided by Title VI of the Civil Rights Act
prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, and national origin in programs and activities receiving federal financial assistance. Residents can sue for violations. Income & gender NOT mentioned.
right-to-farm laws
protects farmers against nuisance complaints, because home owner/business knew what they were getting into when they moved near a farm
comfort and pleasantness
provides a sense of comfort and pleasantness, through trees, greeneery, shade, shops, benches, etc. Also can include trees lining streets to seperate pedestrians and cars (characteristic of good urban design)
safety and security
provinding safety from drivers and security from crimes (characteristic of good urban design)
what is the public realm
public components of the physical environment (outdoor & indoor) in which behavior occurs; allows access to the public (i.e. parks, spaces with controlled access). While public realm grants public the right of entry, access may be controlled, and is not necessarily public property
Explain how the US government has historically promoted low-income housing
public housing projects (fed funding for capital costs, rent for maintenance)-often failed (i.e. Pruitt-Igoe). Some successes: 1.3 million housing units with 4 million residents
Differentiate the role of the private- vs. public-sector in the US housing system
public sector has a more limited influence than the private sector (can be frustrating)
how does human activity differ from public or private space
public space is in the public realm completely allowing public right of entry (i.e. street), WHEREAS private space exists mostly outside of the public realm, though sometimes they do overlap (i.e. facades of buildings)
issue with cost-benefit analysis
quantification challenges (how do you compare two factors that may be completely different)
Explain the two primary goals of traffic calming
reduce vehicle speed (speed control) & reduce traffic volume (volume control)
explain the environmental role of federal government
regulation through technology-based strategies, ambient-based strategies (address exceeding standards), and permitting
Differentiate the key players in each sector
renters/home-buyers, sellers, landlords, developers, financial institutions (lenders)
Describe metropolitan planning organization (MPO) roles in transport planning
required to create a regional MPO for federal funding, they come together to form a 20 year regional transportation plan. HOWEVER they have no actual power to implement their plan
Discuss how hazardous waste legislation illustrate the federal government's regulatory role
resource conservation and recovery act (regulate treatment, storage, and disposal facilities), suerfund ($ for cleaning inactive/abandoned sites)
agricultural zoning
restricts land use to farming, ranching, and other agricultural enterprises
of the 3 approaches to gridlock which are automobility planning, and which are accessibility planning
road construction/expansion and systems management/operations are automobility planning. MEANWHILE, demand side approach is accessibility planning
identify traffic calming strategies at intersection locations
roundabout, traffic circle, bulbouts/neckdowns, raised intersection, street closures
Discuss protection of wetlands and wildlife habitats under Section 404 (of Clean Water Act) & Endangered Species Act
section 404 protected wetlands from dredging (permits granted by US army corps of engineers), while the endangered species act designated critical habitats and stated that nobody can destroy habitats of endangered/threatened species and it is also unlawful to take or harm a listed animal wiithout a permit. Also must create a habitat conservation plan
districts
section of 2D extent with identifying character(s) (i.e. Mill Ave= bars, Melrose= signs, Old Town= old buildings)
identify traffic calming strategies at midblock locations
speed hump, speed table, choker, serpentine/chicane, center island narrowing
piece-by-piece
steers development withing an existing precinct by setting general objectives for use then using incentives or controls (i.e. Theater district in WY)
nodes
strategic point into which one enters. 2 types: junctions & concentrations
Electric Streetcar Era (1890-1920)
streetcars ran along lines, lines built out of city (star shaped), dense housing and high foot traffic. Cars used by rich.
Discuss the purpose of "complete streets" and the role of universal design in such projects
streets with multi-modal accomodation (access to everything in one), typically have universal design (for those with disabilities, i.e. blindness or wheelchair bound)
Describe the use of growth poles for urban planning in France, and the issues related to the banlieues (suburbs)
strong central gov, weak local gov. Established 8 growth poles around cities to take the focus away from Paris and towards other cities. the banlieues (suburbs) consists of subsidized working class housing, which immigrants have moved into. Here unemployment increases as does crime, leading to alienation of the area nad people as well as social unrest
Describe the results of national urban planning in the Netherlands, as illustrated in the Randstad
strong fed/nat gov control. Agressive about planning (top-down), used the Randstad Plan where cities surround an open core
regressive taxes
tax where the poor pay a higher %
progressive taxes
tax where the rich pay a higher %
Recreational Automobile Era (1920-1956)
the assembly line allowed for more cars to be produced, traffic lights operated by a man, wide streets with space between houses, more peole had cars and filled in the star gap
Describe how high occupancy toll (HOT) lanes are used as a demand-side strategy
they are HOV lanes that give people the option to pay a fee and drive in them or drive free in regular lanes, toll varies by time of day and congestion.
imperfect user fees
those that use the road, but not necessarily gas (i.e. hybrid cars, or non-gas userss) therefore, it is not a tax
which procedural type of urban design can be seen in the Avenue of the Victory of Socialism and questions if it is "good" urban design
total urban design
which type of urban design was Brazilia
total urban design new town
Identify the various characteristics of "good" urban design discussed in class
unity and coherence, circulation, compatible land uses, ground floor and outward orientation, public space and amenities, comfort and pleasantness, safety and security
Discuss the role of traffic analysis zones (TAZs)
used in the urban transportation modeling system (4-step model) to analyze and forecast future travel demands
Discuss the purpose of the 4-step Urban Transportation Modeling system
uses Traffic Analysis Zones (TAZ) to forecast future travel demands
Explain the historic and evolving relationship between urban planning and design
was once focused on physical urban form but shifted it's focus to policies and regulation. It can now also be seen across academia (i.e. not just design school but geography as well). Reemergence of status quo planning (i.e. land use plans & zoning codes)
junctions (nodes)
where streets or intersections meet (i.e. Broadway junction)
