urinary system and male reproductive system

stages of ejaculation

1) male ducts & glands contract 2) urinary bladder sphincer closes 3) bulbospongiosus contracts semen propelled out 4) relaxation os muscles tisseu goes flaccid

storage reflexes

1) receptor detect distension 2)external sphincter contracts and internal sphincter relaxes 3) detrusor muscle relaxes 4)cns signaled that bladder is full 5) internal sphincter again contracts if voiding is delayed

sex*hormonal regulation in males

1)GnRH sent to anterior pituitary 2)LH & FSH released into blood 3) a: FSH makes sustentacular cells that secrete ABP & inhibin b: LH triggers testosteron release by interstitial cells 4) ABP traps/concentrates extra testoteron in testes 5) sperm development stimulated by testosterone levels 6) inhibin & testoretone levels rise end of GnRH release 7) release of LH & FSH ceases 8) testes ceases activities until level of testosterone & inhibin drops

renal corpuscle

Blood first enters the kidney through the renal artery (see Figure 1), which branches into a network of tiny blood vessels called arterioles. These arterioles then carry the blood into the tiny blood vessels of the glomerulus. It is here, in the renal corpuscle, where filtration occurs. The glomerulus filters proteins and cells, which are too large to pass through the membrane channels of this specialized component, from the blood. These large particles remain in the blood vessels of the glomerulus, which join with other blood vessels so that the proteins remain circulating in the blood throughout the body. The small particles (e.g., ions, sugars, and ammonia) pass through the membranes of the glomerulus into Bowman's capsule. These smaller components then enter the membrane-enclosed tubule in essentially the same concentrations as they have in the blood. Hence, the fluid entering the tubule is identical to the blood, except that it contains no proteins or cells.

membrane channels

From the overview of kidney function above, it is clear that blood components (e.g., water, ions, sugars) must be able to pass between the nephron tubules and the blood-filled capillaries surrounding them. But recall from the Introduction to this experiment (in the lab manual) that phospholipid-bilayer membranes are not permeable to polar molecules, because the interior lipid region of the membrane is nonpolar. Thus, the polar components of blood could not cross the membranes surrounding the tubules (Figure 3), unless these membranes contained special channels to allow the passage of polar species.

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) & luteinising hormone(LH) production is stimulated by

GnRH

collecting duct

The blood components that remain in the nephron when the fluid reaches the collecting duct are excreted from the body.The collecting duct from one nephron meets up with many others to feed into the ureter. The ureters (one from each kidney) enter the bladder, which leads to the urethra, where the liquid waste is excreted from the body. Hence, the material that is filtered and secreted from the blood into the tubule, less the amount that is reabsorbed into the blood, is ultimately excreted from the body.

tubule

The tubule functions as a dialysis unit, in which the fluid inside the tubule is the internal solution and the blood (in capillaries surrounding the tubule) acts as the external solution. Particles may pass through the membrane and return to the blood stream in the process known as reabsorption, which is analogous to the movement of particles from the internal to the external solution in the dialysis experiment you performed in lab. The reabsorption of many blood components is regulated physiologically, as discussed below. Alternatively, particles may pass through the membrane from the blood into this tubule in the process known as secretion, which is analogous to the movement of particles from the external solution into the dialysis bag in the experiment you performed in lab. The most important particles that are secreted from the blood back into the tubules are H+ and K+ ions, as well as organic ions from foreign chemicals or the natural by-products of the body's metabolism.

kidneys

This is a schematic diagram illustrating the kidneys' ability to separate particles in the blood in order to maintain optimal body chemistry. Blood enters the kidney through the renal artery. In the kidney, the blood undergoes filtration and dialysis to separate the particles that will be removed from the body (through the ureter to the bladder) from those that will be returned to the circulating blood (through the renal vein).

urea reabsorption

Urea is a waste product formed in the liver during the metabolic breakdown of proteins. The body does not use urea, and so the kidney's aim is to remove this metabolite through the blood. As the glomerular filtrate enters the tubule, it is rich in urea, because the urea freely passes through the membranes of the glomerulus. Although it might seem as though all of this urea would thus be excreted in the urine, in fact only about half of it is. The tubular membranes are freely permeable to urea. Water reabsorption raises the concentration of urea inside the tubules, since the urea in the tubules is now diluted with less water. Hence, urea will flow down the concentration gradient, out of the tubules and into the surrounding blood-containing capillaries. As more urea exits the tubules, the difference in urea concentration between the tubules and the capillaries decreases, until the two solutions are at equilibrium. Then, although urea may continue to pass between the fluids, there is no longer any net flow of urea out of the tubules. The remaining urea in the tubules will be excreted from the body.

what is in urine?

Urine is mostly water (about 95% water), however, the rest of the contents of urine can vary depending of what you've eaten, drank, breathed or been exposed to. The remainder of urine usually consists of urea, uric acid, ammonia, hormones, dead blood cells, proteins, salts and minerals, and toxins.

what does the kidneys do?

all the blood in the body flows through the kidneys where its filter.then waster filtered is secreted as urine.

filtration membrane

allows passages of water and solutes smaller than most plasma proteins. fenetration prevents filtration of blood cell

what does angiotensin do?

angiotensin is the protein that is actively involve in Maintenance / stability.

urethra

begings at the ejaculatory duct and ends at the external urethra body.

prostate cancer

cancer that occurs in a man prostate. some types of prostate cancer grows slowly and goes undetected for the most part until is sometimes too late. however this type of cancer is very harmful. when detected early this cancer respond better to treatment.

scrotum

cas like compartment consists of outer skin and internal muscles that houses the testes. this compartment gradually contracts to move up or down looking to find a lend where the temp is ideal for sperm cell survival.

male reproductive system

consists of a series of organs such as testis, scrotum, epididymis,spermatic cord and ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory duct, urethra, prostate, cowper glands, penis, semen, spermatogenesis and fertilization.

distal convuluted tubule

cuboidal cells with very few microvilli, functions more in secretion than reabsortion

ejaculatory duct

ductus deferens passes through the prostate and joins with the urethra at the ejaculatory duct.

renal tubule: proximal convoluted tubule (pct)

functions is reabsortion and secretion

renal tubule

glomerulas capsule parietal layer: simple squamous epithelium visceral layer: branching epithelial podocytes extension terminal in foot processese that cling to basement membrane filtration slits allow filtrate to pass into the capsular space

male infertility

inability to fertilize an ovum due to low sperm production, abnormal sperm fucntion or blockages that prevent delivery of sperm. some os infertility factors are illnesses, injuries, chronic health problems, lifestyle choices such as usage of steroids and other drug usage.

erecctile dysfunction

inability to get and keep an erection firm enough for sexual intercourse. some of causes are stress, mental health, atherosclerosis, high cholesterol, high blood presure, diabetics, obesity, tabaco use, alcoholism, sleep disorders, certain prescriptions, metabolic symdrome and heart problems..

what is erythropoietin?

is a protein that stimulates the production of red blood cell. (this protein can be used as treatment for anemia in patients with kidney failure and cancer treatment.

what is the function of the kidneys?

kidneys are 2 bean-shaped organs that extract waste (toxins) from blood. they balance the body fluids concentration. they form urine, and stabilize blood ph balance. kidneys do filtration, reabsorption and secretion.

urinary system

kidneys major excretory organs urinary bladder is the temporary storage reservoir for urine ureters transport urine from the bladder urethra transports urine out of the body

penis

male external sexual organ located superior to the scrotum and inferior to the umbilicus. consists of large pockets of erectile tissue in the penis allow it to fill with blood and become turgid. the erection causes penis to increase and become turgid. execretion of urine to the exterior of the body.

testes

male reproductive system contain 2 testes, responsible for sperm and testosterone production. compartments of the testes divide into two separate compartment containing epithelial cell that have stem cells that later on divide and form sperm cells through spermaatogenesis.

cowper's glands

manufactures alkaline mucus that lubricates the urethra and nutrilizes acid from urine remaining in the urethra due to urination. also secrete during sexual arousal prior to ejaculation to prepare the urethra for the flow of semen.

ductus deferens = vas deferens

muscular tube that carries sperm superiorly from the epididymis into the abdominal cavity to ejaculatory duct.

seminal vesicles

pair of lumpy exocrine glads store and produce part of the semen fluid. they are located posterior to the urinary bladder.

gonadotropin-reasing hormone (GnRH)

produce an secrete in the hypothalamus, it is store in the pituitary glland. contorls levels of FSH and LH production.

functions of the kidneys

removal of toxins, metabolicc waste, excess ions from the blood. regulation of blood volume, chemical composition, and ph. gluconeogenesis during prolonged fasting endocrine functions include production of renin: regulattion of blood pressure and kidney function. production or erythropoietin: regulation of red blood cells activation of vitimin d

what is renin?

renin is an enzyme secrete and stored by the kidneys. renin promotes production is protein angiotensin.

epididymis

sperm storage area that wraps around superior and posterior edge of testes. sperm if manufacture in the testes n then move to the epididymis to mature. because of the epididymis length the sperm has time to mature before its send out in ejaculation.

nephrons

structural and functional units that for urine. fenestrated glomerular capsule allows filtrate to pass from plasma into the glomerular capsule.

prostatitis

sweeling and inflamation of prostate gland, often causes painful urination, (groin, pelvis area, genital pain), and flu-like sysmtoms

spermatogenesis

the process of producing sperm and takes place in the testes and epididymis of adults males. spermatogenesis begins after puberty, when the high volume of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) are produce LH triggers the production of testosterone byt testes, while the FSH triggers the maruration of sperm.

fertilization

the process of the encounter and combination of an egg and a sperm to form a ovum. after arousal the ejaculation releases semen fluid solution and it travels through the urethra on to the vagina. after entering the vagina it swims up through the vigina and uterus and into the fallopian tubes where they may find an egg. its here when the sperm penetrates the outer corona radiata and zona pellucida layers of egg after penetration into the egg, the nuclei of the haploid fuses with diploid cell its here when it becomes an zygote proceeding the process of reproduction.

what is the urinary composed system of?

the urinary system is composed of the kidneys, the ureter, urinary bladder and the urethra.

what are the endocrine functions of kidneys?

they secrete renin that regulates BP. they also secrete erythropoietin.

prostate

walnut-sized gland located posteriorlly to the prostate. produces most of the fluids thats combine with sperm in semen. consist of enzymes, proteins and other chemicals.