Urinary System example questions A&P 2
70) The ability to form concentrated urine depends on the functions of the A) proximal convoluted tubule. B) nephron loop (loop of Henle). C) distal convoluted tubule. D) loop of Henle and the collecting duct. E) collecting duct.
D) loop of Henle and the collecting duct.
86) When the level of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) decreases, A) a concentrated urine is produced. B) less urine is produced. C) water reabsorption increases in the loop of Henle. D) the osmolarity of the urine decreases. E) permeability to water in the collecting system increases.
D) the osmolarity of the urine decreases.
5) Urine is eliminated through the A) urinary bladder. B) kidney. C) liver. D) urethra. E) ureter.
D) urethra.
91) Where does countercurrent multiplication occur? A) 3 B) 5 C) 6 D) 2 E) 4
E) 4
94) Where would penicillin be secreted? A) 3 B) 6 C) 4 D) 3 and 4 E) 5
E) 5
75) The mechanism for producing a concentrated urine involves A) the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the neurohypophysis. B) an increase in facultative water reabsorption. C) a high concentration of NaCl in the interstitial fluid that surrounds the collecting ducts. D) aquaporins being inserted into the membranes of the collecting duct cells. E) All of the answers are correct
E) All of the answers are correct
84) Filtrate in the proximal convoluted tubule normally contains A) water. B) hydrogen ions. C) urea. D) nutrients. E) All of the answers are correct.
E) All of the answers are correct.
85) Which of the following descriptions best matches the term nephron loop (loop of Henle)? A) It creates high interstitial NaCl concentration. B) It enables production of hypertonic urine. C) It is the site of obligatory water reabsorption. D) It relies on countercurrent multiplication. E) All of the answers are correct.
E) All of the answers are correct.
23) In the renal corpuscle, the glomerular epithelium is a layer of specialized cells called A) macula densa cells. B) glomerulocytes. C) juxtaglomerular cells. D) tubular cells. E) podocytes.
E) podocytes.
50) Identify the structure labeled "9." A) renal pyramid B) renal column C) fibrous capsule D) renal sinus E) renal papilla
E) renal papilla
24) What is the proper order for the structures of the renal corpuscle through which a substance during filtration? 1. filtration slit (slit pore) 2. capsular space 3. dense layer 4. capillary endothelium A) 2, 4, 3, 1 B) 4, 1, 2, 3 C) 4, 3, 1, 2 D) 3, 1, 4, 2 E) 4, 3, 2, 1
C) 4, 3, 1, 2
63) Which of the following formulas will allow you to calculate correctly the net filtration pressure (FP)? (Hint: CsHP is capsular hydrostatic pressure.) A) FP = CsHP + BHP - BCOP B) FP = BCOP + (BHP - CsHP) C) FP = BHP - (CsHP + BCOP) D) FP = BHP + CsHP - BCOP E) FP = BCOP - BHP + CsHP
C) FP = BHP - (CsHP + BCOP)
27) ________ is/are an inflammatory disorder of the glomeruli that affects the filtration mechanism of the kidneys. A) Pyelonephrosis B) Kidney stones C) Glomerulonephritis D) Floating kidney E) Polycystic kidney disease
C) Glomerulonephritis
77) A patient excretes a large volume of very dilute urine on a continuing basis. This is may be due to A) overproduction of aldosterone. B) excessive ADH secretion. C) absence of ADH. D) hematuric oliguria. E) dilation of the afferent arterioles.
C) absence of ADH
82) Which of the following substances undergo tubular secretion? A) sodium ions B) glucose C) ammonium ions D) water E) All of the answers are correct.
C) ammonium ions
53) The glomeruli are best described as being tufts of A) arteries. B) arterioles. C) capillaries. D) veins. E) venules.
C) capillaries.
69) The main force that causes filtration in a nephron is A) blood colloid osmotic pressure. B) osmotic pressure of the urine. C) glomerular hydrostatic pressure. D) reabsorption in proximal convoluted tubule pulls filtrate from blood. E) capsular hydrostatic pressure.
C) glomerular hydrostatic pressure.
78) Antidiuretic hormone A) is secreted by the anterior pituitary. B) is secreted in response to low potassium ion in the blood. C) increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water. D) causes the kidneys to produce a larger volume of very dilute urine. E) release is insensitive to the osmolarity of interstitial fluid.
C) increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water.
35) The cells of the macula densa and the juxtaglomerular cells form the A) filtration membrane. B) afferent arteriole. C) juxtaglomerular complex. D) nephron loop (loop of Henle). E) renal corpuscle.
C) juxtaglomerular complex.
32) Major calyces are A) expanded ends of nephrons. B) the expanded ends of renal pyramids. C) large branches of the renal pelvis. D) basic functional layers of the kidney. E) conical structures that are located in the renal medulla.
C) large branches of the renal pelvis.
42) The U-shaped segment of the nephron is the A) proximal convoluted tubule. B) collecting loop. C) nephron loop (loop of Henle). D) minor calyx. E) distal convoluted tubule.
C) nephron loop (loop of Henle).
38) Filtrate first passes from the glomerular capsule to the A) collecting duct. B) minor calyx. C) proximal convoluted tubule. D) nephron loop (loop of Henle). E) distal convoluted tubule.
C) proximal convoluted tubule.
8) Each of the following organs is part of the urinary system except the A) urethra. B) kidney. C) rectum. D) urinary bladder. E) ureter.
C) rectum.
14) The cavity of the kidney that receives urine from the calyces is called the A) renal cortex. B) renal papilla. C) renal pelvis. D) renal medulla. E) renal sinus.
C) renal pelvis.
31) The expanded beginning of the ureter connects to the A) renal calyx. B) renal hilum. C) renal pelvis. D) renal sinus. E) renal corpuscle.
C) renal pelvis.
71) Tubular reabsorption involves all of the following except A) cotransport. B) countertransport. C) stem cell movements. D) active transport. E) facilitated diffusion.
C) stem cell movements.
7) Urine is carried to the urinary bladder by A) the urethra. B) blood vessels. C) the ureters. D) lymphatics. E) the calyces
C) the ureters.
48) Identify the structure labeled "8." A) renal pelvis B) minor calyx C) ureter D) major calyx E) renal column
C) ureter
61) Approximately ________ liters of glomerular filtrate enter glomerular capsules each day. A) 18 B) 480 C) 1.8 D) 180 E) 125
D) 180
97) Where does osmosis of water in the countercurrent multiplier process occur? 97) A) 1 B) 5 C) 2 D) 4 E) 3
D) 4
76) The thick ascending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle) is almost impermeable to water, but reabsorbs sodium, potassium, and chloride ions from the filtrate. A) Both statements are true most of the time. B) The first statement is false but the second statement is true. C) The first statement is true but the second statement is false. D) Both are true and relate to production of a dilute urine. E) Both statements are false.
D) Both are true and relate to production of a dilute urine.
28) Glomerulonephritis may occur as a consequence of an infection with the bacterium A) varicella. B) Clostridium difficile. C) MRSA. D) Streptococcus. E) All of the answers are correct.
D) Streptococcus.
3) A glomerulus is A) the source of erythropoietin. B) the expanded end of a nephron. C) the horseshoe-shaped segment of the nephron. D) a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle. E) attached to the collecting duct.
D) a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle.
30) Renal columns are A) expanded ends of the ureters. B) the basic functional units of the kidney. C) conical structures that are located in the renal medulla. D) bundles of tissue that extend between pyramids from the cortex. E) internal cavities lined by the fibrous capsule.
D) bundles of tissue that extend between pyramids from the cortex.
74) Chloride ion is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb by A) countertransport for bicarbonate ion. B) facilitated diffusion. C) active transport. D) cotransport with Na and K ions. E) simple diffusion.
D) cotransport with Na and K ions.
72) Reabsorption of filtered glucose from the lumen in the PCT is largely by means of A) countertransport. B) diffusion. C) active transport. D) cotransport. E) facilitated diffusion.
D) cotransport.
36) You have been diagnosed with lupus erythematosus, a very severe autoimmune disorder with a wide variety of associated organ-related problems. Your doctor is particularly worried about how this will affect your kidney function. He says that you are susceptible to ________ because of the lupus. A) polycystic kidney B) cystitis C) renal calculi D) glomerulonephritis E) diabetes
D) glomerulonephritis
59) Sympathetic stimulation of the kidney can do all of the following except A) produce renal ischemia. B) produce powerful vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles. C) reduce blood flow to kidneys. D) increase the glomerular filtration rate. E) trigger renin release.
D) increase the glomerular filtration rate.
83) Which of the following substances are not normally found in the filtrate? A) urea B) chloride ions C) water D) protein E) potassium ions
D) protein
51) Identify the structure labeled "3." A) renal papilla B) renal column C) renal sinus D) renal pyramid E) fibrous capsule
D) renal pyramid
34) The region known as the macula densa is part of A) the proximal convoluted tubule. B) the nephron loop (loop of Henle). C) the collecting duct. D) the distal convoluted tubule. E) glomerular (Bowman's) capsule.
D) the distal convoluted tubule.
18) The position of the kidneys in the abdominal cavity is stabilized by A) supporting connective tissues. B) the renal fascia. C) contact with adjacent visceral organs. D) the overlying peritoneum. E) All of the answers are correct.
E) All of the answers are correct.
2) Functions of the urinary system include A) regulation of blood volume and blood pressure. B) helping to stabilize blood pH. C) conservation of valuable nutrients. D) regulation of plasma concentration of certain ions. E) All of the answers are correct.
E) All of the answers are correct.
80) A drug that inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) may lead to A) less secretion of aldosterone. B) reduction of blood pressure. C) increased urinary loss of sodium. D) decreased sodium reabsorption. E) All of the answers are correct.
E) All of the answers are correct.
81) Substances secreted by the distal convoluted tubule include A) creatinine. B) hydrogen ions. C) potassium ions. D) penicillin. E) All of the answers are correct.
E) All of the answers are correct.
67) Calculate filtration pressure (FP) in a nephron with a glomerular hydrostatic pressure of 55 mm Hg, a blood colloid osmotic pressure of 25 mm Hg, and a capsular hydrostatic pressure of 15 mm Hg. A) FP = 95 mm Hg B) FP = 10 mm Hg C) FP = 55 mm Hg D) FP = 45 mm Hg E) FP = 15 mm Hg
E) FP = 15 mm Hg FP = 55 - (25 + 15)
79) If a urine sample is distinctly yellow in color, which of the following will be true? A) It will have a low pH. B) Its pH is below normal. C) It will contain excess chloride ion. D) It will have the odor of ammonia. E) It will contain large amounts of urobilin.
E) It will contain large amounts of urobilin.
29) ________ is an inherited abnormality that affects the development and structure of kidney tubules. A) Renal failure B) Calculus C) Hematuria D) Glomerulonephritis E) Polycystic kidney disease
E) Polycystic kidney disease
43) The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is A) filtration. B) adjusting the urine pH. C) secretion of acids and ammonia. D) secretion of drugs. E) absorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins, and water.
E) absorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins, and water.
39) The portion of the nephron that empties into the collecting duct is the A) nephron loop (loop of Henle). B) calyx. C) papillary tubule. D) proximal convoluted tubule. E) distal convoluted tubule.
E) distal convoluted tubule.
66) One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to A) increase release of angiotensin II by the suprarenal glands. B) decrease urinary albumin concentration. C) decrease secretion of aldosterone. D) increase filtration into glomerular (Bowman's) capsule. E) increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex.
E) increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex.
10) All of the following are true of the kidneys except that they are A) located in a position that is retroperitoneal. B) covered by peritoneum. C) surrounded by a fibrous capsule. D) held in place by the renal fascia. E) located partly within the pelvic cavity.
E) located partly within the pelvic cavity.
100) The inability of the kidneys to excrete adequately to maintain homeostasis is A) polycystic kidney disease. B) calculi. C) glomerulonephritis. D) hematuria. E) renal failure.
E) renal failure
15) Triangular or conical structures located in the renal medulla are called A) renal pelvises. B) pyramids. C) renal columns. D) calyces. E) nephrons.
B) pyramids.
95) Where does secretion mostly occur? A) 4 B) 3 C) 1 D) 5 E) 2
D) 5
22) Typical renal blood flow is about ________ ml/min under resting conditions. A) 800 B) 1200 C) 500 D) 1800 E) 2500
B) 1200
96) Which area is sensitive to aldosterone? A) 1 B) 5 C) 3 D) 2 E) 4
B) 5
93) Which area is sensitive to the hormone ADH? A) 4 B) 5 and 6 C) 3 D) 4, 5, and 6 E) 1
B) 5 and 6
88) As the filtrate passes through the renal tubules, approximately what percentage is reabsorbed and returned to the circulation? A) 1 B) 99 C) 63 D) 74 E) 38
B) 99
20) Which of the following descriptions best matches the term calyx? A) Initial filtrate enters here. B) Final urine enters here. C) It releases renin. D) It creates high interstitial NaCl concentration.
B) Final urine enters here.
40) Which of the following descriptions best matches the term renal papilla? A) It creates high interstitial NaCl concentration. B) It is the tip of the medullary pyramid. C) initial filtrate enters here. D) final urine enters here. E) It releases renin.
B) It is the tip of the medullary pyramid.
4) How is the kidney involved with normal bone ossification and development? A) Growth hormone is produced by the kidneys. B) The kidney produces calcitriol. C) Growth factors from the kidney direct the growth the epiphyseal cartilage plate in the bone. D) Osteoblasts migrate from the kidney into the bone. E) Injury to bone triggers a response in the kidney, which makes more rennin hormone.
B) The kidney produces calcitriol.
9) Urine passes, in the order given, through which of the following structures? A) renal pelvis, collecting duct, bladder, ureter, urethra B) collecting duct, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra C) renal pelvis, urethra, bladder, ureter, collecting duct D) collecting duct, ureter, renal pelvis, urethra, bladder E) collecting duct, renal pelvis, urethra, bladder, ureter
B) collecting duct, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra
55) Which of the following components of the nephron is largely confined to the renal medulla? A) distal convoluted tubule B) collecting ducts C) proximal convoluted tubule D) glomerulus E) glomerular (Bowman's) capsule
B) collecting ducts
87) Agents that increase urine excretion are known as A) alpha-1 antagonists. B) diuretics. C) ADH agonists. D) calcium channel blockers. E) muscarinic antagonists.
B) diuretics.
1) The urinary system does all of the following except A) contributing to stabilizing blood pH. B) excreting excess albumin molecules. C) eliminating organic waste products. D) regulating blood volume. E) regulating plasma concentrations of electrolytes.
B) excreting excess albumin molecules.
19) The condition called ________ is especially dangerous because the ureters or renal blood vessels can become twisted or kinked during movement. A) pyelonephritis B) floating kidney C) renal failure D) renal calculi E) polycystic kidney disease
B) floating kidney
11) The prominent indentation on the medial surface of the kidney is the A) ureter. B) hilum. C) pyramid. D) pelvis. E) calyx.
B) hilum
41) The efferent arteriole of a nephron divides to form a network of capillaries within the cortex called the ________ capillaries. A) cortical B) peritubular C) efferent D) glomerular E) vasa recta
B) peritubular
33) Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule and the glomerulus make up the A) nephron loop (loop of Henle). B) renal corpuscle. C) collecting tubule system. D) renal papilla. E) renal pyramid.
B) renal corpuscle.
6) The urinary system regulates blood volume and pressure by A) releasing erythropoietin. B) releasing renin. C) adjusting the volume of water lost in urine. D) regulating NaCl levels in the blood. E) All of the answers are correct.
E) All of the answers are correct.
65) If heavy exercise reduces blood flow to the kidneys, which of the following might occur? ) A) presence of protein in urine B) presence of blood in urine C) damage to the glomeruli D) permanent kidney injury E) All of the answers are correct.
E) All of the answers are correct.
58) Substances larger than ________ are normally not allowed to pass through the filtration membrane. A) urea B) glucose C) amino acids D) sodium ions E) albumin
E) albumin
12) The renal sinus is A) part of a renal pyramid. B) a renal corpuscle. C) a large branch of the renal pelvis. D) the innermost layer of kidney tissue. E) an internal cavity lined by the fibrous capsule.
E) an internal cavity lined by the fibrous capsule.
54) The majority of glomeruli are located in the ________ of the kidney. A) vasa recta B) medulla C) pelvis D) calyces E) cortex
E) cortex
73) Secretion of hydrogen ion by the PCT is by the process of A) facilitated diffusion. B) diffusion. C) active transport. D) cotransport. E) countertransport.
E) countertransport.
89) In response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce A) a larger volume of urine. B) urine with less glucose. C) urine with a higher concentration of sodium ions. D) urine with a lower concentration of potassium ions. E) urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions.
E) urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions.
46) The filtration barrier in the renal corpuscle consists of which three layers? A) fenestrations, matrix, and foot processes B) filtration slits, foot processes, and slit pores C) endothelium of glomerulus, dense layer of glomerulus, and podocyte filtration slits D) podocyte filtration slits, matrix cells in the glomerulus, and endothelium of glomerulus E) dense layer of glomerulus, foot processes, and fenestrations in the capsule
C) endothelium of glomerulus, dense layer of glomerulus, and podocyte filtration slits
90) What physiological process occurs at the structure labeled "1"? A) secretion B) micturition C) filtration D) excretion E) reabsorption
C) filtration
16) Blood leaves the glomerulus through a blood vessel called the A) efferent arteriole. B) afferent arteriole. C) interlobular arteriole. D) vasa recta. E) renal vein.
A) efferent arteriole.
13) The outermost layer of the kidney is the A) fibrous capsule. B) major calyx. C) renal medulla. D) renal cortex. E) renal pelvis.
A) fibrous capsule.
45) The process of filtration occurs at the A) glomerular (Bowman's) capsule. B) collecting duct. C) distal convoluted tubule. D) nephron loop (loop of Henle). E) proximal convoluted tubule.
A) glomerular (Bowman's) capsule.
57) The renal threshold for glucose is approximately ________ mg/dl. A) 75 B) 180 C) 140 D) 90 E) 100
B) 180
47) Identify the structure labeled "4." A) renal pelvis B) minor calyx C) ureter D) major calyx E) renal column
B) minor calyx
98) The ureters and urinary bladder are lined by ________ epithelium. A) transitional B) pseudostratified columnar C) simple columnar D) stratified squamous E) simple cuboidal
A) transitional
56) Renal blood flow is about A) 1 liter/min. B) 2 liter/min. C) 3 liter/min. D) 4 liter/min. E) 5 liter/min.
A) 1 liter/min.
62) Under normal conditions, glomerular filtration depends on three main pressures. From the list below, what are these three main pressures? 1. blood hydrostatic pressure 2. capsular hydrostatic pressure 3. capsular colloid osmotic pressure 4. blood colloid osmotic pressure 5. urinary bladder hydrostatic pressure A) 1, 2, and 4 are correct. B) 2, 3, and 4 are correct. C) 2, 4, and 5 are correct. D) 1, 2, and 3 are correct. E) 3, 4, and 5 are correct.
A) 1, 2, and 4 are correct.
64) Measurement of the functions of a nephron reveals a glomerular capillary pressure of 69 mm Hg, and a pressure in the capsular space of 15 mm Hg. Assuming that the colloid osmotic pressure is 30 mm Hg, and that essentially no plasma proteins are filtered by the glomerulus, what is the net filtration pressure in this case? A) 24 mm Hg B) 84 mm Hg C) 99 mm Hg D) 30 mm Hg E) 69 mm Hg
A) 24 mm Hg NF = 69 - (15 + 30)
92) Where does most nutrient reabsorption occur? A) 3 B) 5 C) 4 D) 2 E) 6
A) 3
44) The following is a list of the blood vessels that carry blood to the kidney. In what order does blood pass through these vessels? 1. afferent arteriole 2. arcuate artery 3. interlobar artery 4. renal artery 5. glomerulus 6. cortical radiate artery 7. efferent arteriole 8. peritubular capillary A) 4, 3, 2, 6, 1, 5, 7, 8 B) 4, 3, 2, 6, 7, 5, 1, 8 C) 4, 6, 2, 3, 7, 5, 1, 8 D) 4, 6, 2, 3, 1, 5, 7, 8 E) 4, 3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 7, 8
A) 4, 3, 2, 6, 1, 5, 7, 8
60) The process of filtration is driven mainly by A) blood hydrostatic pressure. B) active transport. C) solvent drag. D) blood osmotic pressure. E) renal pumping.
A) blood hydrostatic pressure.
99) The detrusor muscle A) compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra. B) surrounds the renal pelvis. C) functions as the internal urinary sphincter. D) functions as the external urinary sphincter. E) moves urine along the ureters by peristalsis.
A) compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra.
26) The renal veins drain into the A) inferior vena cava. B) peritubular capillaries. C) renal arteries. D) abdominal aorta. E) segmental arteries.
A) inferior vena cava.
52) Which of the following is not a normal constituent of urine? A) large proteins B) amino acids C) creatinine D) urea E) hydrogen ions
A) large proteins
21) The ________ delivers urine to a minor calyx. A) papillary duct B) distal convoluted tubule C) ureter D) renal corpuscle E) nephron loop (loop of Henle)
A) papillary duct
25) Capillaries that surround the proximal convoluted tubules are A) peritubular capillaries. B) vasa recta capillaries. C) efferent arterioles. D) corticoradiate capillaries. E) proximal capillaries.
A) peritubular capillaries.
68) Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) in the glomerulus is generated by A) presence of albumin proteins in blood plasma. B) blood pressure. C) filtrate in the capsular space. D) protein in the filtrate. E) constriction of the efferent arteriole.
A) presence of albumin proteins in blood plasma.
37) The filtration of plasma takes place in the A) renal corpuscle. B) nephron loop (loop of Henle). C) ureter. D) distal convoluted tubule. E) papillary duct
A) renal corpuscle.
49) Identify the structure labeled "11." A) renal pelvis B) minor calyx C) ureter D) major calyx E) renal column
A) renal pelvis
17) The left kidney lies ________ to the right kidney. A) superior B) transverse C) inferior D) anterior E) posterior
A) superior