Urinary System

Approximately ________ liters of glomerular filtrate enter glomerular capsules each day. A) 125 B) 180 C) 1.8 D) 480 E) 18

B) 180

How much of the fluid filtered by the kidney actually becomes urine? A) 50% B) 99% C) 1% D) 10%

C) 1%

Knot of capillaries that directs blood into the efferent arteriole. A) afferent arterioles B) cortical radiate arteries C) glomerulus D) arcuate arteries E) peritubular capillaries

C) glomerulus

The longest of the three parts of the male urethra is the A) membranous. B) prostatic. C) spongy urethra. D) neck

C) spongy urethra.

If heavy exercise reduces blood flow to the kidneys, which of the following might occur? A) permanent kidney injury B) loss of protein in urine C) presence of blood D) A, B, and C E) A and C only

D) A, B, and C

A glomerulus is A) the expanded end of a nephron. B) the horseshoe-shaped segment of the nephron. C) attached to the collecting duct. D) a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle. E) the source of erythropoietin.

D) a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle.

The kidneys lie behind the ________ cavity. A) cranial B) thoracic C) pelvic D) abdominal

D) abdominal

Which gland sits atop each kidney? A) interlobar gland B) pancreas C) pituitary D) adrenal

D) adrenal

Ladderlike looping blood vessels within the medulla. A) interlobular B) cortical radiate C) vasa recta D) vasa vasorum E) peritubular capillaries

C) vasa recta

The most superficial layer of the kidney is the A) renal papilla. B) renal pyramids. C) medulla. D) cortex.

D) cortex.

Substances larger than ________ are normally not allowed to pass through the filtration membrane. A) albumin B) sodium ions C) amino acids D) urea E) glucose

A) albumin

Each of the following organ systems excretes wastes to some degree, except the ________ system. A) endocrine B) digestive C) respiratory D) integumentary E) urinary

A) endocrine

If you looked closely at the tip of a renal papilla with a hand lens, the hundreds of little openings you would see on its surface are A) openings of papillary ducts. B) minor calyces. C) renal sinuses. D) glomeruli.

A) openings of papillary ducts.

Each of the following organs is part of the urinary system, except the A) rectum. B) kidney. C) urethra. D) urinary bladder. E) ureter.

A) rectum.

Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule and the glomerulus make up the A) renal corpuscle. B) renal pyramid. C) nephron loop (loop of Henle). D) collecting tubule system. E) renal papilla.

A) renal corpuscle.

The descriptive term for the location of the kidneys relative to the abdominal cavity. A) retroperitoneal B) supraperitoneal C) intraperitoneal D) subcapsular E) extraabdominal

A) retroperitoneal

The left kidney lies ________ to the right kidney. A) superior B) posterior C) transverse D) inferior E) both A and C

A) superior

In the juxtaglomerular apparatus, the macula densa belongs to the A) terminal nephron loop. B) visceral layer of the glomerular capsule (podocytes). C) glomerulus. D) efferent arteriole.

A) terminal nephron loop.

Why are urinary tract infections more common in females than in males? A) In females the urethra is shorter than in males B) In males the urethra is made up of three regions, whereas in females it is made of only one. C) In females the urethra is attached to the anterior vaginal wall by connective tissue. D) In males the urethra is shared by the both the reproductive and the urinary systems, whereas in females it is part of the urinary system only.

A) In females the urethra is shorter than in males

Which of the following regions of the nephron is most likely to be found in the renal medulla? A) collecting duct B) proximal convoluted tubule C) glomerulus D) distal convoluted tubule

A) collecting duct

The outermost layer of the kidney is the A) fibrous capsule. B) renal pelvis. C) major calyx. D) renal medulla. E) renal cortex.

A) fibrous capsule.

The kidneys are retroperitoneal, and the renal arteries branch directly off the abdominal aorta. A) The first part of the statement is true but the second part is false. B) The first part of the statement is false but the second part is true. C) Both parts of the statement are true. D) Both parts of the statement are false.

C) Both parts of the statement are true.

Renal columns are A) expanded ends of the ureters. B) the basic functional units of the kidney. C) bundles of tissue that extend between pyramids from the cortex. D) internal cavities lined by the fibrous capsule. E) conical structures that are located in the renal medulla.

C) bundles of tissue that extend between pyramids from the cortex.

The urine first passes from the glomerular capsule to the A) minor calyx. B) distal convoluted tubule. C) proximal convoluted tubule. D) collecting duct. E) nephron loop (loop of Henle).

C) proximal convoluted tubule.

Triangular or conical structures located in the renal medulla are called A) renal columns. B) calyces. C) pyramids. D) nephrons. E) renal pelvises.

C) pyramids.

Which of the following structures is most numerous within a kidney? A) renal papillae B) minor calyces C) renal corpuscles D) cortical radiate arteries

C) renal corpuscles

The process of filtration occurs at A) the proximal convoluted tubule. B) the nephron loop (loop of Henle). C) the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule. D) the collecting duct. E) the distal convoluted tubule.

C) the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule.

An important difference between the peritubular capillaries and the vasa recta in the kidney is that A) the vasa recta are involved in filtration, whereas the peritubular capillaries are involved in resorption. B) only the vasa recta are supplied by efferent arterioles. C) the vasa recta are in the medulla, whereas the peritubular capillaries are in the cortex. D) the vasa recta drain into arterioles, whereas the peritubular capillaries drain into venules.

C) the vasa recta are in the medulla, whereas the peritubular capillaries are in the cortex.

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term renal papilla? A) final urine enters here B) initial filtrate enters here C) tip of the medullary pyramid D) creates high interstitial NaCl concentration E) releases renin

C) tip of the medullary pyramid

The epithelium lining the urinary bladder that permits distension is A) stratified squamous. B) simple squamous. C) transitional. D) pseudostratified columnar.

C) transitional.

Urine is eliminated through the.... A) kidney. B) urinary bladder. C) urethra. D) liver. E) ureter.

C) urethra.

The U-shaped segment of the nephron is the A) distal convoluted tubule. B) collecting loop. C) minor calyx. D) nephron loop (loop of Henle). E) proximal convoluted tubule.

D) nephron loop (loop of Henle).

Urine passes through the A) hilus to the urethra to the bladder. B) kidney hilum to the bladder to the ureter. C) glomerulus to the ureter to the nephron. D) renal pelvis to the ureter to the bladder to the urethra.

D) renal pelvis to the ureter to the bladder to the urethra.

The region known as the macula densa is part of A) the collecting duct. B) Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule. C) the proximal convoluted tubule. D) the nephron loop (loop of Henle). E) the distal convoluted tubule.

E) the distal convoluted tubule.

The ureters and urinary bladder are lined by ________ epithelium. A) pseudostratified columnar B) stratified squamous C) simple columnar D) simple cuboidal E) transitional

E) transitional

Based on what you know about the location of the kidneys in the posterior abdominal wall, the hilum of the kidney must be at the level of which vertebra? A) L1 or L2 B) L4 C) T8 D) T11 or T12

A) L1 or L2

The kidneys not only remove waste products from the blood, they also assist in the regulation of A) blood pressure. B) blood volume. C) blood ion levels. D) blood pH. E) all of the above

E) all of the above

The glomeruli are best described as being tufts of A) venules. B) arteries. C) arterioles. D) veins. E) capillaries.

E) capillaries.

The portion of the nephron that empties into the collecting duct is the A) papillary tubule. B) nephron loop (loop of Henle). C) proximal convoluted tubule. D) calyx. E) distal convoluted tubule.

E) distal convoluted tubule.

The filtration barrier in the renal corpuscle consists of three layers: A) fenestrations, matrix, and foot processes. B) filtration slits, foot processes, and slit pores. C) dense layer of glomerulus, foot processes, and fenestrations in the capsule. D) podocyte filtration slits, matrix cells in the glomerulus, and endothelium of glomerulus. E) endothelium of glomerulus, dense layer of glomerulus, and podocyte filtration slits.

E) endothelium of glomerulus, dense layer of glomerulus, and podocyte filtration slits.

All of the following are true of the kidneys, except that they are A) located in a position that is retroperitoneal. B) covered by peritoneum. C) surrounded by a fibrous capsule. D) held in place by the renal fascia. E) located partly within the pelvic cavity.

E) located partly within the pelvic cavity.

The expanded beginning of the ureter connects to the A) renal sinus. B) renal corpuscle. C) renal calyx. D) renal hilum. E) renal pelvis.

E) renal pelvis.

Antidiuretic hormone A) release is insensitive to the osmolarity of interstitial fluid. B) increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water. C) is secreted by the anterior pituitary. D) is secreted in response to low potassium ion in the blood. E) causes the kidneys to produce a larger volume of very dilute urine.

B) increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water.

In response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce A) a larger volume of urine. B) urine with a higher concentration of sodium ions. C) urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions. D) urine with less glucose E) urine with a lower concentration of potassium ions.

C) urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions.

When the level of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) decreases, A) more urine is produced. B) less urine is produced. C) the osmolarity of the urine decreases. D) both A and C E) both B and C

D) both A and C

Blood leaves the glomerulus through a blood vessel called the A) interlobular arteriole. B) afferent arteriole. C) vasa recta. D) efferent arteriole. E) renal vein.

D) efferent arteriole.

The mucosal folds in the bladder (rugae) A) are not present in life, only in cadavers. B) act to increase the surface area for absorption. C) thicken the bladder wall so that it does not burst. D) have the same basic function as transitional epithelium-accommodating stretch as the bladder fills.

D) have the same basic function as transitional epithelium-accommodating stretch as the bladder fills.

Region of the distal tubule that monitors concentration of the filtrate. A) collecting duct B) mesangial C) extraglomerular D) macula densa E) vasa recta

D) macula densa

Cup-shaped tubes that enclose the papillae of the pyramids. A) renal sinus B) cortical columns C) major calyx D) minor calyx E) renal pelvis

D) minor calyx

Urine is carried to the urinary bladder by A) lymphatics. B) the calyces. C) blood vessels. D) the ureters. E) the urethra.

D) the ureters.

Cortical nephrons are different from juxtamedullary nephrons in that A) their nephron loop is shorter, with a shorter thin segment. B) they are much less abundant. C) they do not have a proximal convoluted tubule. D) they produce urine, whereas juxtamedullary nephrons do not

A) their nephron loop is shorter, with a shorter thin segment.

Urine passes, in the order given, through which of the following structures? A) collecting duct, renal pelvis, urethra, bladder, ureter B) renal pelvis, urethra, bladder, ureter, collecting duct C) collecting duct, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra D) renal pelvis, collecting duct, bladder, ureter, urethra E) collecting duct, ureter, renal pelvis, urethra, bladder

C) collecting duct, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra

85% of nephrons are described by this term that relates to their location in the kidney. A) extrinsic B) sinusoidal C) cortical D) trabecular E) medullary

C) cortical

Arteries that branch to form the afferent arterioles to the glomeruli are A) interlobar arteries. B) arcuate arteries. C) cortical radiate arteries. D) segmental arteries.

C) cortical radiate arteries.

The prominent indentation on the medial surface of the kidney is the A) pelvis. B) calyx. C) hilum. D) ureter. E) pyramid.

C) hilum.

The cells of the macula densa and the juxtaglomerular cells form the A) afferent arteriole. B) nephron loop (loop of Henle). C) juxtaglomerular complex. D) renal corpuscle. E) filtration membrane.

C) juxtaglomerular complex.

The efferent arteriole of a nephron divides to form a network of capillaries within the cortex called the ________ capillaries. A) efferent B) vasa recta C) peritubular D) glomerular E) cortical

C) peritubular

Which of the following is not found in the renal corpuscle? A) glomerular capsule B) the nephron loop C) the glomerulus D) podocytes

B) the nephron loop

The following is a list of the blood vessels that carry blood to the kidney. 1. afferent arteriole 2. arcuate artery 3. interlobar artery 4. renal artery 5. glomerulus 6. cortical radiate artery 7. efferent arteriole 8. peritubular capillary The proper order in which blood passes through these vessels is A) 4, 6, 2, 3, 7, 5, 1, 8. B) 4, 3, 2, 6, 1, 5, 7, 8. C) 4, 3, 2, 6, 7, 5, 1, 8. D) 4, 3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 7, 8. E) 4, 6, 2, 3, 1, 5, 7, 8.

B) 4, 3, 2, 6, 1, 5, 7, 8.

Which of the following statements about the urinary bladder is false? A) The ureters attach to the bladder through oblique posterolateral orifices. B) In females, the bladder lies posterior to the uterus but anterior to the rectum. C) Two ureteral openings and the internal urethral orifice bound the trigone of the bladder. D) When empty, the bladder lies inferior to the abdominal cavity.

B) In females, the bladder lies posterior to the uterus but anterior to the rectum.

A patient excretes a large volume of very dilute urine on a continuing basis. This is may be due to A) excessive ADH secretion. B) absence of ADH. C) overproduction of aldosterone. D) dilation of the afferent arterioles. E) hematuric oliguria.

B) absence of ADH.

An increase in the permeability of collecting tubule cells to water is due to A) the presence of a salty urine in the bladder. B) an increase in the production of ADH. C) a decrease in the production of ADH. D) a decrease in the concentration of solutes in the blood plasma.

B) an increase in the production of ADH.

Which of these components of the nephron is largely confined to the renal medulla? A) proximal convoluted tubule B) collecting ducts C) glomerulus D) glomerular (Bowman's) capsule E) distal convoluted tubule

B) collecting ducts

The majority of glomeruli are located in the ________ of the kidney. A) pelvis B) cortex C) vasa recta D) medulla E) calyces

B) cortex

Contraction of this muscle forces urine from the bladder. A) diaphragm B) detrusor C) vesicular D) cremaster E) dartos

B) detrusor

Which of the following processes does not participate in the production of urine in the kidney? A) filtration B) evaporation C) secretion D) resorption

B) evaporation

The medial concave cleft in which vessels, ureters, and nerves enter/leave the kidney. A) cortex B) hilum C) renal capsule D) renal corpuscle E) sinus

B) hilum

One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to A) decrease secretion of aldosterone. B) increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex. C) decrease urinary albumin concentration. D) increase filtration into glomerular (Bowman's) capsule. E) increase release of angiotensin II by the suprarenal glands.

B) increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex.

Which vessels lie within the renal columns? A) cortical radiate arteries B) interlobar arteries C) segmental arteries D) arcuate arteries

B) interlobar arteries

The left renal vein ________ the right renal vein. A) is shorter than B) is longer than C) carries less blood than D) is the same length as

B) is longer than

Major calyces are A) expanded ends of nephrons. B) large branches of the renal pelvis. C) basic functional layers of the kidney. D) the expanded ends of renal pyramids. E) conical structures that are located in the renal medulla.

B) large branches of the renal pelvis.

Vessels and nerves enter and leave the kidney through the A) lateral convex surface. B) medial hilum. C) fibrous capsule. D) inferior surface.

B) medial hilum.

The ________ delivers urine to a minor calyx. A) renal corpuscle B) papillary duct C) distal convoluted tubule D) ureter E) nephron loop (loop of Henle)

B) papillary duct

The filtration of plasma takes place in the A) distal convoluted tubule. B) renal corpuscle. C) nephron loop (loop of Henle). D) papillary duct. E) ureter.

B) renal corpuscle.

Before it enters the ureter, urine collects in the A) renal pyramids. B) renal pelvis. C) renal cortex. D) renal sinus.

B) renal pelvis.

The cavity of the kidney that receives urine from the calyces is called the A) renal papilla. B) renal pelvis. C) renal sinus. D) renal medulla. E) renal cortex.

B) renal pelvis.