US CH. 5 HISTORY

6. Why were there so few slaves in New England during the eighteenth century? A) New England's family farming was not suited for slave labor. B) New Englanders did not have the money to buy slaves. C) The slave trade was prohibited in New England. D) Slaveholding violated Puritan beliefs.

-A) New England's family farming was not suited for slave labor.

10. In which southern colony did the black population outnumber the white population almost two to one? A) South Carolina B) Georgia C) Virginia D) North Carolina

-A) South Carolina

13. How did slave labor in the lower South differ from slave labor in the Chesapeake? A) Slaves in the Chesapeake could control the pace of their work. B) The task system allowed slaves in the lower South some discretion in the use of their time. C) Whites did not closely supervise slave workers in the Chesapeake tobacco fields. D) Lower South slaves could earn their freedom if they completed certain tasks.

-B) The task system allowed slaves in the lower South some discretion in the use of their time.

14. While the eighteenth-century southern gentry privately looked down on poor whites, they publicly acknowledged them as A) necessary to the growth of the southern economy. B) their equals by virtue of belonging to the white race. C) a contemptible group of lost souls. D) the future heirs of the gentry.

-B) their equals by virtue of belonging to the white race.

15. Which New England church was supported by taxes paid by all residents in the eighteenth century? A) Catholic Church B) Anglican Church C) Congregational Church D) Deist Church

-C) Congregational Church

7. Which colony was known as "the best poor Man's Country in the World"? A) New York B) Massachusetts C) Pennsylvania D) Rhode Island

-C) Pennsylvania

9. What was the defining feature of the southern colonies in the eighteenth century? A) Small cotton farms B) The intense heat C) Slave labor D) Sugarcane farming

-C) Slave labor

12. What did the Stono Rebellion prove about eighteenth-century slaves? A) They were dangerous in large, organized numbers. B) They could arm themselves and achieve freedom. C) They could not win a firefight for freedom. D) They could not organize against their armed masters.

-C) They could not win a firefight for freedom.

4. What was the dominant feature of the eighteenth-century New England economy? A) It was an agriculture-based economy, with large farms producing most of the marketable goods. B) It was based on trade that depended on material imports from Asia. C) It was dependent on intercolonial trade within North America. D) It was a diversified, worldwide commercial economy focused on the Atlantic world.

-D) It was a diversified, worldwide commercial economy focused on the Atlantic world.

5. Which group dominated the commercial economy of New England in the eighteenth century? A) Artisans B) Farmers C) Printers D) Merchants

-D) Merchants

8. What was an early Pennsylvania policy encouraging settlement? A) The colony gave away land to adult white males. B) Pennsylvania paid settlers to farm Indian lands. C) Pennsylvania levied a very low property tax. D) The colony negotiated with Indians to purchase land.

-D) The colony negotiated with Indians to purchase land.

16. Which statement characterizes colonial deists? A) They questioned the existence of God. B) They believed in predestination and a vengeful god. C) They sought to find gods in natural phenomena. D) They looked for God's laws with science and reason.

-D) They looked for God's laws with science and reason.

**2. Why did settlement patterns in New England change from the seventeenth to the eighteenth century?

-The population of New England continued to grow, primarily through natural increase. -Puritanism, density, pressed against hostile frontiers made it a bad option • Partible inheritance: resulted in allotments too small for subsistence farming -Needing revenue, colonial governments in the eighteenth century abandoned the practice of granting land to towns and instead sold it directly to individual purchasers.

5. What experiences tended to unify the colonists in British North America during the eighteenth century?

-increase in trade practices and consumer goods. -The northern colonies produced lumber and shipping; -The middle colonies, like Philadelphia, were the center for wheat and flour -The southern colonies produced rice and tobacco. Despite exporting different products, each region of North America was linked through the Atlantic trade system -Not only brought different cultures to North America but also a variety of dissenting Protestant faiths the Enlightenment and Deism, previous Puritan practices began to decline in this period - The consumer trade practices brought decidedly British goods and the Navigation Acts solidified the colonies' close connection with Britain. -The colonies also felt the influence of British ideas of representative government within their colonial assemblies The colonists used British ideas of representative government to defend their own colonial interests.

task system:

A system of labor in which a slave was assigned a daily task to complete and allowed to do as he wished upon its completion. This system offered more freedom than the carefully supervised gang-labor system.

redemptioners:

A variant of indentured servants. In this system, a captain agreed to provide passage to Philadelphia, where redemptioners would obtain money to pay for their transportation, usually by selling themselves as servants.

How did the population of the colonies change during the eighteenth century? A)The colonies' population was eight times higher in 1770 than it was in 1700. B)The population became increasingly homogenous. C)The colonial English population increased more than other ethnic groups by 1770. D)The African population experienced a rapid decline.

A)The colonies' population was eight times higher in 1770 than it was in 1700.

Enlightenment:

An eighteenth-century philosophical movement that emphasized the use of reason to reevaluate previously accepted doctrines and traditions. Enlightenment ideas encouraged examination of the world and independence of mind.

4. Varied immigration patterns contributed to important differences among the British colonies. What were the patterns of immigration to the middle colonies? Who came, and how did they get there? How did they shape the economic, cultural, and political character of the colony?

Answer would ideally include: • Diversity in Pennsylvania: Available land, freedom of conscience, and a reputation for economic opportunity drew immigrants from Germany, England, Scotland, and Ireland. Many were farmers and artisans members of European middling classes. • Redemptioners: selling themselves for a time as indentured servants in the colony • Land availability: Residents of the middle colonies pushed westward in pursuit of cheap land, most colonists avoided poverty. • Urban life: Agricultural production made possible high levels of consumption in the middle colonies, as well as giving rise to an urban merchant class concentrated in Philadelphia.

3. How did different colonies attempt to manage relations with Indians? How did the Indians attempt to manage relationships with the Europeans? In your answer, consider disputes over territory and trade.

Answer would ideally include: • New England: Sharing borders with powerful tribes like the Iroquois and the Mohicans, as well as the French to the North, constricted New England's territorial expansion, suggesting the ways other groups in North America could constrain colonial expansion. • Pennsylvania: From the time of its establishment, Pennsylvania had pursued policies of negotiation with Indians, • Indians' engagement with Europeans: Indians both desired to protect their territorial claims and derive benefit from trade with European powers. They recognized and took advantage of the availability of multiple European powers in North America, often attempting to play one off the other to their best advantage. • Trade and shifting alliances: British colonists recognized that Indians could be pivotal allies or enemies in conflicts with the French and Spanish in the New World. These complex power dynamics were on display in the conflicts that arose in relation to the fur trade.

4. How did slavery influence the society and economy of the southern colonies?

Answer would ideally include: • Population: Slaves grew from 20 to 40 percent of the population between 1700 and 1770 due to natural increase and the Atlantic slave trade. Influence on Society: imported African kinship structures, naming patterns, food crops, and music, made the influence of African culture in the South quite strong. Influence in economics: Slaves formed the basis of the workforce on the plantations. Their productivity allowed their masters to be quite wealthy. Slaveholders were the wealthiest, most powerful southerners.

3. Why did immigrants flood into Pennsylvania during the eighteenth century?

Answer would ideally include: • Appeal of Pennsylvania: During the eighteenth century, Pennsylvania had a reputation for unparalleled economic opportunity and the vast availability of land. William Penn's policy of negotiating with Indian tribes lessened the occurrence of land disagreements, encouraging immigrants and potential land buyers to the area. • Freedom of religion: The freedom of conscience promised in Pennsylvania was especially attractive to the large amounts of German and ScotsIrish immigrants who belonged to dissenting Protestant sects.

2. About what percentage of colonists in 1770 traced their ancestry to England? A) 10 percent B) 50 percent C) 75 percent D) 90 percent

B) 50 percent

3. In the seventeenth century, how did New England families subdivide land under the policy of partible inheritance? A) About equally among all the children B) About equally among all the sons C) Between the eldest and youngest males D) Among the wife and three oldest children

B) About equally among all the sons

17. What was the status of colonial assemblies by 1720? A) They were constantly overruled by the crown. B) They lost the people's trust. C) Colonial governors disbanded most of them. D) They won the power to initiate important legislation.

D) They won the power to initiate important legislation.

11. Most slaves brought to the southern colonies were A) young women from the West Indies. B) older women from Africa. C) older men from the West Indies. D) young men from Africa.

D) young men from Africa.

natural increase:

Growth of population through reproduction, as opposed to immigration. In the eighteenth century, natural increase accounted for about three-fourths of the American colonies' population growth.

Pennsylvania Dutch:

Name given by other colonists to German immigrants to the middle colonies; an English corruption of the German term Deutsch. Germans were the largest contingent of migrants from continental Europe to the middle colonies in the eighteenth century.

Scots-Irish:

Protestant immigrants from northern Ireland, Scotland, and northern England. Deteriorating economic conditions in their European homelands contributed to increasing migration to the colonies in the eighteenth century.

Stono Rebellion:

Slave uprising in Stono, South Carolina, in 1739 in which a group of slaves armed themselves, plundered six plantations, and killed more than twenty whites. Whites quickly suppressed the rebellion.

Presidios:

Spanish forts built to block Russian advance into California.

partible inheritance:

System of inheritance in which land was divided equally among sons. By the eighteenth century, this practice in Massachusetts had subdivided plots of land into units too small for subsistence, forcing children to move away to find sufficient farmland.

new Negroes:

Term given to newly arrived African slaves in the colonies. Planters usually maintained only a small number of recent arrivals among their slaves at any given time in order to accelerate their acculturation to their new circumstances.

Middle Passage:

The crossing of the Atlantic by slave ships traveling from West Africa to the Americas. Slaves were crowded together in extremely unhealthful circumstances, and mortality rates were high.

**1. How did the North American colonies achieve the remarkable population growth of the eighteenth century?

The population underwent an eightfold increase during the eighteenth century, growing from around 250,000 colonists in 1700 to over 2 million in 1770. • Natural increase: About three-fourths of the population growth arose from reproduction, demonstrating the stabilization and maturation of colonial settlements. • Immigration: Immigration accounted for about one-fourth of the growth, as people from Europe and Africa continued to flow into North America. . -Immigrants swarmed to the middle colonies because of the availability of land. -The slave population grew due to a high rate of natural increase and by the 1740s, the majority of southern slaves were country-born.

4. Varied immigration patterns contributed to important differences among the British colonies. What were the patterns of immigration to the southern colonies? Who came, how did they get there, how did they shape the economic, cultural, and political character of the colony?

The proportion of southerners who were black grew from 20 percent in 1700 to 40 percent in 1770. • The influence of the slave trade produced two distinct regions: The Upper South -Chesapeake Bay, which focused on tobacco production and maintained a white majority, The Lower South -which specialized in rice and indigo production. Labor demands led to a black majority in this region. • Slavery versus servitude: Most Africans, came as slaves, forced to endure the dangers of the Middle Passage to be sold into permanent servitude with the near impossibility of freedom, but also in the absence of legal checks on masters' authority over slaves. -The inherited status of slavery also meant that slaves would increasingly be born in the United States, living for generations in the colonies but without ever enjoying the benefits of the freedoms and opportunities immigrants pursued. • Wealth and disparity: Slavery produced enormous wealth for the southern colonies and England. Free whites in the South wealth four times greater than that of New Englanders. wealth was distributed very unevenly hostility between whites in the South largely restrained. The gentry enjoyed great power, controlling voting, arbiters of cultural standards. The sense of whites' common interest and privilege, made the alternative of slavery, pacify the poor and unify southern whites even in the face of internal inequality

Great Awakening: .

Wave of revivals that began in Massachusetts and spread through the colonies in the 1730s and 1740s. The movement emphasized vital religious faith and personal choice. It was characterized by large, open-air meetings at which emotional sermons were given by itinerant preachers

2. Is there persuasive evidence that colonists' outlook on the world shifted from the seventeenth to the eighteenth century? Why or why not?

• A shifting world view? Examining the colonies by region, students might first point to the diminished role of Puritanism in the northern colonies, which resulted from both the Enlightenment and the increased commercial interests of the colonists. In the middle and southern colonies, the growing number of slaves entering the colonies from the West Indies and Africa influenced not only the way that the colonists saw themselves as participants in a global market, but also the culture of colonies where the population of Africans and African Americans was increasing. White men and women of English descent increasingly used skin color to delineate the social classes and keep themselves in a superior position economically and politically.colonies, which resulted from both the

2. Why did the importance of religion decline throughout the colonies from the seventeenth to the eighteenth century? How did American colonists respond to these changes?

• Massachusetts example: The religiously organized colonies of New England offer case studies in the difficulty of maintaining religious fervor, especially in the face of expanding and diversifying populations. • Enlightenment influence: Deism, and its compatibility with explorations of science and reason, • Denominational rivalry: The dizzying diversity of religious options available in the colonies made it increasingly difficult for a single church to dominate a region. • Many colonists embraced the freedoms of religious indifference, declining to attend, let alone become members of, churches. Others, however, were troubled by these developments and tried to revive Americans' religious fervor.

1. How did the British North American colonies in 1750 differ politically and economically from those in 1650? Were there important continuities?

• Political differences: The political life of the colonies in 1650 was directly impacted by the motivations that brought the settlers to those regions. Massachusetts Bay, for example, was a colony run by Puritans for Puritans; while southern colonies, with settlers whose economic interests were tied to England, saw more political involvement by the crown. By the late seventeenth-century all of the colonies were increasingly under the control of the crown and common political interests were being shaped across colonial borders, including relations with Native Americans and trade with England. • Economic differences: Import and export of products grew to be a significant interest of colonists in all regions of English North America. As the production capacity of the colonies increased, so did political interests by the crown to control trade in and out of the colonies. • Continuities: Until the 1750s, the colonists still viewed themselves, largely, as English men and women. They shared many cultural similarities with those across the Atlantic in England and valued the protection of the English military when needed in conflict with the French, the Spanish, and the Native Americans

1. Colonial products such as tobacco and sugar transformed consumption patterns on both sides of the Atlantic in the eighteenth century. How did consumption influence the relationship between the American colonies and Britain? In your answer, consider how it might have strengthened and weakened connections.

• Unifying dimensions of consumption: The economy that made patterns of eighteenth-century consumption possible forged bonds throughout the Atlantic world. For example, New England fish fed the Caribbean slaves who produced the sugar that graced the tables of English consumers. The wealth that these economies concentrated in the hands of planters, merchants, and the crown created shared interests amongst Atlantic elites. Protecting trade from Indian disruptions and competing European powers led colonies to look to England for military support. • Colonial consumption and British identity: The availability of English goods throughout the colonies offered colonists ways to assert their British identity despite geographic separation. • Colonial consumption and colonial identity: The opportunities to exercise individual choice through consumption provided colonists lessons in individual prerogative and self-determination. The bonds of the Atlantic community could not soothe all the tensions between the colonies and England, especially in the face of royal attempts to closely direct colonial affairs and colonists' growing sense of distinct interests and privileges. Nevertheless, colonists would draw on British ideas of representative government in attempting to negotiate their disputes with England