US HIS 2

Manifest Destiny

1800s belief that Americans had the right to spread across the continent.

Coxey's Army

1894 protest march to Washington, D.C. organized by businessman Jacob S. Coxey as a response to the severe economic hardship caused by the Panic of 1893

Crop Lien System

A credit system that allowed cotton farmers to use use lands from land owners as a loan

trust

A group of corporations run by a single board of directors

Monopoly

A market in which there are many buyers but only one seller.

Gilded Age

A name for the late 1800s, coined by Mark Twain to describe the tremendous increase in wealth caused by the industrial age and the ostentatious lifestyles it allowed the very rich. The great industrial success of the U.S. and the fabulous lifestyles of the wealthy hid the many social problems of the time, including a high poverty rate, a high crime rate, and corruption in the government.

Wisconsin Idea

A policy promoted by Republican governor Robert La Follette of Wisconsin for greater government intervention in the economy, with reliance on experts, particularly progressive economists, for policy recommendations.

Taylorism

A set of ideas, also referred to as "scientific management," developed by Frederick Winslow Taylor, involving simple, coordinated operations in industry.

Horizontal Integration

Absorption into a single firm of several firms

Atlanta Compromise

Argument put forward by Booker T. Washington that African-Americans should not focus on civil rights or social equality but concentrate on economic self-improvement.

Americanization

Assimilation into American culture

Muckrakers

Journalists who attempted to find corruption or wrongdoing in industries and expose it to the public

California Gold Rush

Mass migration to California following the discovery of gold in 1848

Parable of the Democracy of Goods

Most common formula; mass-production and distribution enables people to enjoy pleasures, conveniences and benefits

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

Wobblies

Nickname for the International Workers of the World labor union, headed by Daniel Haywood

Vertical Integration

Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution

How did President Theodore Roosevelt's "Square Deal" epitomize the notion that the federal government should serve as a steward protecting the public's interests?

Prior to President Theodore Roosevelt, those who preceded him in federal government had tended to side with industry leaders, expecting laborers to fall in line and do the work for the good of the companies. In 1902, when there was a particularly tense strike by coal workers, Roosevelt invited both sides (labor leaders and management leaders) to the White House to negotiate. This was an example of the way he saw the role of government leadership as "steward" to the nation, mediating on behalf of everyone's interests, not just the interests of a powerful small group. His "Square Deal" policies were aimed at making things fair and square for the general public. An example of this would be how much land was set aside under his administration as national forests, national parks, national monuments, etc. He was seeking to protect the use of the land for all Americans' interests, rather than letting corporations tear into any land or forest they wanted in order to grab natural resources.

Sharecroppers

System that allowed farmers to get more credit. They used harvested crops to pay back their loans.

Populist Party

U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies

Describe the philosophy and strategies of the Niagara Movement. How did it differ from Washington's way of thinking?

W. E. B. Du Bois sought to push for civil rights directly, through legal and political channels, drawing on the education and skills of the "talented tenth" to advance the Niagara Movement's agenda. The movement's Declaration of Principles called for immediate political, economic, and social equality for African Americans, including universal suffrage, education, and an end to the convict-lease system

Scientific Management

a management theory using efficiency experts to examine each work operations and find ways to minimize the time needed to complete it

Niagara Movement

a meeting of blacks at Niagara Falls in 1905, including Du Bois, where they created a list of demands (ex. unrestricted right to vote, end to segregation, equality of economic opportunities, exc.)

Ku Klux Klan

a secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans and other minorities from obtaining their civil rights

Haymarket Affair

a violent clash in 1886 between union supporters and Chicago police that divided and weakened the labor movement

Black Codes

discriminatory state laws designed to maintain the social and economic structure of racial slavery

holding company

does not produce goods or services of its own but only exists to control other companies

Homestead Act

encouraged Western migration by providing settlers 160 acres of public land. In exchange, homesteaders paid a small filing fee and were required to complete five years of continuous residence before receiving ownership of the land.

Freedmen's Bureau

help millions of former black slaves and poor whites in the South in the aftermath of the Civil War.

Bonanza Farms

large farms that came to dominate agricultural life in much of the West in the late 1800s; instead of plots farmed by yeoman farmers, large amounts of machinery were used, and workers were hired laborers, often performing only specific tasks(similar to work in a factory).

Progressivism

movement that responded to the pressures of industrialization and urbanization by promoting reforms

rubber barrons

negative term that connoted the belief that they exploited workers and bent laws to succeed. Regardless of how they were perceived, these businessmen and the companies they created revolutionized American industry.

carpetbagger

person from the northern states who went to the South after the Civil War to profit from the Reconstruction.

Recall

procedure whereby voters can remove an elected official from office

Initiative

process that permits voters to put legislative measures directly on the ballot

Fence Cutting War

series of disputes between farmers and cattlemen with larger land holdings.

compromise of 1877

settled the intensely disputed 1876 U.S. presidential election

scalawags

southern whites who supported republican policy throughout reconstruction

Social Darwinism

survival of the fittest

Battle of Wounded Knee

the massacre by U.S. soldiers of 300 unarmed Native in South Dakota, in 1890

Redeemers

white southerner who tried to overturn the changes of Reconstruction?