US History Ch. 18 Quiz Answers

Carnegie Steel achieved the tremendous productivity that Andrew Carnegie insisted on

By forcing employees to work long hours under extremely dangerous conditions for low pay.

What idea was promoted by the theory of social Darwinism in the late nineteenth century?

Progress is the result of competition where the strong survived and the weak died out.

Which of the following big businesses came to dominate American life in the second half of the nineteenth century?

Railroading

Which relatively new building material both improved railroading in the late nineteenth century and depended on it?

Steel produced through the Bessemer process

What was evident in the call for a New South in the decades after Reconstruction?

The desire among some southerners to shift to an industrial economy

Which of the following developments was a key factor in the rise of the Gilded Age?

The growth of industrialism in the United States

To what did the term solid South refer in the decades after Reconstruction?

The states of the old Confederacy, which voted Democratic in every election for the next seventy years

Who wrote the social Darwinist book What Social Classes Owe to Each Other?

William Graham Sumner

The Pendleton Act of 1883 established the Civil Service Commission and

made it impossible to remove people in civil service jobs for political reasons.

The presidents who served in the last part of the nineteenth century—Rutherford B. Hayes through William McKinley—

were overshadowed by party politics at state and local levels.

What was the main purpose of crude oil in the United States before the advent of the automobile?

Lubrication and lighting in the form of kerosene

What was the outcome of the notion that black men were a threat to white women in the South in the late nineteenth century?

An increasing number of lynchings across the South

How did Alexander Graham Bell's telephone revolutionize both communications and business in America?

He used a complicated organizational structure in his new company that allowed both local and cross-country communication.

How was it possible that Jay Gould was described as both the world's richest man and the most hated man in America when he died in 1892?

He was a symbol of all the most troubling aspects of big business in America.

How did the Republican party attempt to foster unity for the election of 1880?

It nominated a Stalwart, Chester A. Arthur, for vice president.

What was the purpose of vertical integration, which was pioneered by Andrew Carnegie in the late nineteenth century?

It placed all aspects of the business, from mining raw materials to marketing and transporting finished products, under the control of the chief operating officer.

According to American businessmen who subscribed to the economic theory of laissez-faire, what was the role of the government in the economy?

It should not interfere in economic affairs except to protect private property.

Which of the following factors boosted nineteenth-century railroad construction in America significantly?

Monetary aid and land grants from federal and state governments

Where had electricity been put to use in the United States by the late nineteenth century?

Mostly in urban areas

Why did John D. Rockefeller first organize Standard Oil as a trust?

To control the key elements of production and corner the market for oil

Why did Rockefeller ultimately reorganize Standard Oil as a holding company in the late nineteenth century?

To legally combine competing companies under a central administration

Prominent business leader of the late nineteenth century J. P. Morgan believed that

consolidation and central control were preferable to competition.

According to Ida B. Wells, lynching was a problem rooted in

economics and the shifting social structure of the South.

The turn of the twentieth century saw individual entrepreneurship in the United States yield to

finance capitalism

The industries that grew up around the revolutionary inventions of Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Alva Edison demonstrated that

the age of the inventor was becoming the age of the corporation.