US History Chapter 4

Townshend Acts

laws passed in 1767 that taxed goods such as glass, paper, paint, lead, and tea. Tried to reduce smuggling. Boston merchants were hurt by higher cost of goods and smugglers bring products to other ports.

"no taxation without representation"

reflected the colonists' belief that they should not be taxed because they had no direct representatives in Parliament. Lowest tax people are unhappy.

Currency Act of 1764

stop colonial assemblies from printing paper money and forced them to retire bills in circulation on a set schedule. Forced Americans to use gold and silver as currency, but the Americas did not have that many gold and silver mines. Ended up making a barter system

Paxton Boys

A mob of Pennsylvania frontiersmen led by the Paxtons who massacred a group of non-hostile Indians. Americans want everything for nothing.

The Albany Plan -1754

A plan that was created when delegates from Pennsylvania, Maryland, New York and New England met in Albany to negotiate a treaty with the Iroquois Indians. During the meeting a proposal by Ben Franklin to set up a "general government" to manage relations with the Iroquois was also approved. The plan was presented to colonial assemblies and none approved it because British governments feared loss of power. They want to convince the Iroquois to side with British against the French. If the Iroquois go to French, all the American collonies will be screwed because Iroquois has power and other allies.

Stamp Act of 1765

imposed a tax on most printed documents in the colonies: newspapers,almanacs, pamphlets,deeds,wills,licenses, etc. Created a crisis: Impacted all Americans, not mainly New England Merchnts The most powerful and influential were hit: printers, lawyers, tavern owners It was not a tax or act to regulate trade but clearly to raise money. It was a direct tax, set up by Parliament, of out control of the colonial legislatures. , Was issued in order to raise revenues to support the new British military force. Mandated the use of stamped paper certifying the payment of taxes. Colonist were angrily aroused and felt that this act was jeopardizing the basic right of the colonists as Englishmen.

"shots heard round the world"

in 1775, british sent to take gunpowder from rebels, minute men didn't leave fast enough so open fired at bridge, battle of lexington and concord, showed war was about to start Gage sends 1,000 troops to seize colonial munitions. Paul Rever and William Wawes ride out to warn colonials. First shots fired at Lexington after 15 mile march. This was the "actual" start of the American Revolution.

Gaspee

The british ship that crashed offshore and was burned by colonists, whom no one would testify against in a trial. Lt. William Dudingston harrased the ships of the colonists.

Sir William Johnson

(British Indian Agent) made treaty of peace with indians in 1766 ending pontiac's attack on british military outposts on frontier; supported creating a new colony but rev. war started. Married Mohawk Mary Brandt(Native American).

*Question on last test* What were the effects of the French and Indian War on the British? On the Americas? On the Native Americans?

-England: • Large war debt • Vastly expanded territory in New World • Anger at Americans: 1. Inept fighters 2. Selling food and supplies to French 3. Not paying their own share of expenses • Decide that more direct control of American colonies needed -America: • Forced to act for the first time against a common enemy • Return of some authority to colonial assemblies reinforced the idea that England had no right to interfere with colonial affairs • For colonial troops war was a socializing experience 1. Get away from home 2. Communal, not coercive control-a volunteer army of equals unlike British Native Americans: lost as usual. They didn't really fight hard. They wanted to see how it will go. They didn't really know who was going to win so they didn't fight.

Virginia Resolves

1. Americans possess the same rights as the English 2. The main right is the right to be taxed by their own representatives. 3. Virginia will pay no taxes not levied by their own assembly. 4. Anyone that advocates the right of Parliament to tax Virginians is an enemy of Virginia. They dismiss Patrick Henry because they know he has no knowledge of Virginia. , In response to the 1765 Stamp Act, Patrick Henry persuaded the Virginia House of Burgesses to adopt several strongly worded resolutions that denied Parliament's right to tax the colonies. Known as the Virginia Resolves, these resolutions persuaded many other colonial legislatures to adopt similar positions.

Crispus Attucks

A free black man who was the first person killed in the Revolution at the Boston Massacre.

Sons of Liberty

A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. They enforced the "nonimportation agreement", boycotting the English produts. The Sons leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere.

The French and Indian War

A war with the French and Indians versus the British and other Indian tribes over the Ohio River Valley. Known as William's War & Queen Anne's War England gains Nova Scotia, New Foundland, and Hudson Bay Territory,

William Pitt

Aids enemies of France in Europe and opens up a European front. France forced to flight on two fronts and split their forces Takes direct control of war in Americas , The Prime Minister of England during the French and Indian War. He increased the British troops and military supplies in the colonies, and this is why England won the war.

Tea Act of 1773

Allowed East India Company to avoid navigation taxes when exporting tea to American colonies and gave them power to monopolize tea trade; this angered colonists and threatened merchants and the colonial economy. (This will decrease the tea price for Americans).

What ends the Stamp Act Crisis?

Americans stop buying certain British goods. (boycott) British manufacturers don't like this because we're not buying their stuff. They can't collect their tax, they are being hammered, and they depend on the colonists to pay them.

Constitutional Government and America

Americans wanted rules written down and for them to stay that way, unlike the English who had flexible rules that could be changed at any instant.

Committees of correspondence

Committees of Correspondence, organized by patriot leader Samuel Adams, was a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies. They provided the organization necessary to unite the colonies in opposition to Parliament. The committees sent delegates to the First Continental Congress.

nonimportation agreement

An act signed by 200 merchants pledging not ro buy any British goods until Parliament repeals the Stamp Act, colonial merchants and planters signed these agreements to promise to stop importing goods taxed by the townshed acts. "92" was an important number because 92 men stood up for it. This was enforced by Sons of Liberty.

Sugar Act of 1764

An act that raised tax revenue in the colonies for the crown. It also increased the duty on foreign sugar imported from the West Indies. Increased duty on sugar Lowered duty on molasses, hurting an American product Created Vice-Admiralty Courts

Privy Council

An honarary council appointed by the Crown of the UK. The central administrative agency for the government. A body of some thirty to forty advisers appointed by and responsible solely to the king. The Privy Council became the first agency of colonial supervision.

What angers Americans with colinization?

Quebec is expanding which is filled with French catholics.

Boston Tea Party

Boston patriots organized the Boston Tea Party to protest the 1773 Tea Act. In December 1773, Samuel Adams warned Boston residents of the consequences of the Tea Act. Boston was boycotting the tea in protest of the Tea Act and would not let the ships bring the tea ashore. Finally, on the night of December 16, 1773, colonials disguised as Indians boarded the ships and threw the tea overboard. It's not exactly a move to destroy tea, it's more of a symbolic move that tells "we don't like what your doing" to the British.

Jeffrey Amherst

Brilliant British commander who helps capture French stronghold of Louisbourg he conquers Montreal during the War

Robert Walpole

Britain's first prime minister who refrained from strict enforcement on Navigation Acts. Ignoring trading restrictions would stimulate commerce.

John Stuart

British Indian agent for the Soutern colonies negotiated the surrender of Fort Loudon, he became an Indian agent. He and Sir William Johnson were two men who actually nagotiated a smooth peace with Native Americans

Proclamation of 1763

British came up with this which banned expansion west, now territory under direct control of London. Not too good of a policy., A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

Thomas Hutchinson

British governor who privately opposed Stamp Act but felt obliged to enforce it. HIs house is pillaged and basically destroyed.

George Grenville

British prime minister who decided the colonists should help with the taxes. His brother was William Pitt. British ships ordered to search for smugglers and patrol American waters. Manufacturing to be restricted so that growing American industries would not compete with British manufacturers.

Boston Massacre

British soldiers are competing with Boston citizens for jobs. One of the jobs they could get is the ship building jobs. It gets ugly at one of the ship yards, fights break out etc. , British soldiers fired into a crowd of colonists who were teasing and taunting them. Five colonists were killed. The colonists blamed the British and the Sons of Liberty and used this incident as an excuse to promote the Revolution.

James Otis

Calls a mass meeting called the Stap Act of Congress, which meets in New York. Decide to petition the king & Parliament Americans owe Parliament "all due subordination" but stated that only their own assemblies could levy taxes.

Rene Robert Cavelier

Claims land in Mississippi Delta for France and names it Louisianna. Later movement by French settlers will expand French claims to include most of the interior of North America.

What is an empire? What are some challenges?

Combination of different cultures, unified by force very often and consists of many regions. Challenges: Twice as much land now Who should be in charge? What should the land be used for? (Fur trade, farming, etc) Who should be responsible for the costs?

General Thomas Gage

Commander of the British garrison in Boston. He knew of American preparations so he wanted reionforcements before attacking them. He got an order to arrest Sam Adams and John Hancock. Doesn't move until he is sure that the Americans are stockpiling munitions.

New Orleans

Controls all trade in major portion of North America. , Important to USA because this was the port city for Western farmers. The Mississippi River was the highway for these farmers and their products.

What was the Albany Plan? Who was its prime mover? Why did it fail?

Delegates from Pennsylvania, Maryland, New York, and New England met up in Albany to negotiate a treaty with the Iroquois, just as the British government had told them to do. They wanted to form a colonial federation for defense against the Indians. Ben Franklin proposed a plan by which they would set up "one general government" for all the colonies. Each colony would retrain its present constitution, but would grant to the new general government as the authority to govern all relations with the Indians. No one approved this. Failed because

Peace of Paris 1763

Ended the Seven Year's War, England gains from France. 1. All of Canada not already under its control 2. All french land east of the Mississippi River England gains from Spain, France's ally Florida. France is no longer presence in Americas because they feel English colonies appear ready to revolt.

John Locke

English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.

Benign Neglect

English policy of leaving colonies alone as long as they were making money --> colonists became more independent and gained experience in self-government.

General Wolfe

Finds unguarded path up the cliffs protecting the city of Quebec. Plains of Abraham- Location where British force the French to surrender, Wolfe died the day of the battle from a bullet wound, Montcalm the day ofter. commander of a British fleet sailed to Quebec and defeated French Troops that were defending the city, British seized Quebec and took control of New France

Louis Joliet

French explorer (with Jacques Marquette) of the upper Mississippi River valley (1645-1700). They think it's going to get them to China, but instead they discover all this wide open land owned by Spanish. *Might be on test* The name "Joliet" is a city in Illinois.

Father Jacques Marquette

French navigator who explored the upper Mississippi River in 1673 with Louis Jolliet

Conflict

French vs Dutch (William II vs Louis XIV) French/Spanish vs. English (Catholic vs Protestant) Native Americans vs Everybody and eachother (Iroquois vs Huron)

Regulator Movement

It was a movement during the 1760's by western North Carolinians, mainly Scots-Irish, that resented the way that the Eastern part of the state dominated political affairs. They believed that the tax money was being unevenly distributed. Many of its members joined the American Revolutionists.

King George III

King of England, stubborn, stupid, levied taxes even though he knew colonist would hate it, poor ruler, passed Quartering Act, hated colonists, wanted to show who's in charge. Wanted war to end

Mercy Otis Warren

New England woman who wrote many works. These included a history of the revolution, a play, and poems One of America's first writers. Many of the works were pointing at men to tell them what to do.

Mutiny Act of 1765

Made colonists provide food, shelter, and other supplies to maintain the British soldiers permanently stationed in America. If there were not enough British forts, they would stay in local buildings

Patrick Henry

Outspoken member of House of Burgesses; inspired colonial patriotism with "Give me liberty or give me death" speech

Declaratory Act

Passed in 1766 just after the repeal of the Stamp Act, the Declaratory Act stated that Parliament could legislate for the colonies in all cases. Most colonists interpreted the act as a face-saving mechanism and nothing more. Parliament, however, continually interpreted the act in its broadest sense in order to legislate in and control the colonies. .

Samuel Adams

Samuel Adams played a key role in the defense of colonial rights. He had been a leader of the Sons of Liberty and suggested the formation of the Committees of Correspondence. Adams was crucial in spreading the principle of colonial rights throughout New England and is credited with provoking the Boston Tea Party..

How and why did the British policy of "benign neglect" inform the relationship with the North American colonies"

The English didn't know much about the American colonies because they almost never went there. The English had a weak administration and the policy of benign neglect further weakened the relationship with American colonies. The characteristics of the leaders aswell.

First Continental Congress

The First Continental Congress: (12 colonies) except Georgia 1. rejected a plan for colonial union under British authority 2. Endorsed an unclear statement of grievances which called for the repeal of oppressive legislation 3. prepared for British attacks in Boston 4. Agreed to stop trade with Britain 5. Agreed to meet that following spring

Lexington and Concord

The first battle of the Revolution in which British general Thomas Gage went after the stockpiled weapons of the colonists in Concord, Massachusetts.

The Start of the War

The french move down toward Ohio valley territory and force English traders out of there. They setup Fort Duquesne, which was locaed off the Ohio river leading down and connecting to the Mississippi river and flowing down into the gulf coast. Which gave the French the advantage of trading.

Marquis De Montcalm

The leader of the French forces at Quebec who saw Quebec fall under smaller forces under the command of Gen. Wolfe. Marquis died during the Battle of Quebec.

Daughters Of Liberty

This orginization supported the boycott of British goods. They urged Americans to wear homemade fabrics and produce other goods that were previously available only from Britain. They believed that way, the American colonies would become economically independent.

Coercive Acts

This series of laws were very harsh laws that intended to make Massachusetts pay for its resistance. It also closed down the Boston Harbor until the Massachusetts colonists paid for the ruined tea. Also forced Bostonians to shelter soilders in their own homes.

*Question on last test* What was the role of the tavern in revolutionary Massachusetts

The tavern was a place for the people of Massachusetts to socialize with other members of the colony. Mostly men came here. These taverns became the central meeting places for discussions of the ideas that fueled resistance to British policies. Many men who could not read would listen to these educated men and often learn political concepts that were circulating through the colony. These taverns were also the best way of spreading info before newspapers. Taverns were also settings for public events.

Reason for colinization

To expand trade and obtain land, which is very valuable and may contain valuable resources.

George Washington

Virginia militia was led by him and were defeaed after attacking French at Fort Duquesne, eventually all are captured and released. Washington is able to prove that the French are allied with the Native Americans and are a real threat to the English. He was known as the strongest leader and people feared him.

Virtual Representation

Virtual representation means that a representative is not elected by his constituents, but he resembles them in his political beliefs and goals. Actual representation mean that a representative is elected by his constituents. The colonies only had virtual representation in the British government.

Conciliatory Acts

William Pitt was trying to remove British troops from America. Edmund Burke wants repeal of the Coercive Acts. , A resolution passed by the British Parliament in an attempt to reach a peaceful settlement with the Thirteen Colonies immediately prior to the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War.

Quebec Act

created a civil government for Quebec and Illinois territory. It extended Quebec's border to include the French communities in Ohio. It had some positive effects: Granted political rights to Roman Catholics. It was an over-due and common sense piece of legislation.

Pontiac

famous chief of the Ottawa(Ohio tribes) who led an unsuccessful rebellion against the British colonial expansion. (1715-1769). Native Americans captured most British forts in Ohio. The British gave them smallpox blankets however, which broke the resistance.

Charles Townshend

government official, close to the king, likeable, sponsored taxes, "Champagne Charlie", sponsored taxes for: lead, glass, paper, paint & tea, Brilliant, but reckless man Works hard to stop smuggling

The Treaty of Utrecht

this treaty helped to end the war of Spanish succession by making peace between the French and the English in 1713.