U.S. History for MTEL (73)

economic military violent revolutions

During William Howard Taft's presidency, Taft instituted "Dollar Diplomacy." This approach was America's effort to influence Latin America and East Asia through _______ rather than ________ means. Taft saw past efforts in these areas to be political and warlike, while his efforts focused on peaceful economic goals. His justification of the policy was to protect the Panama Canal, which was vital to US trade interests. In spite of Taft's assurance that Dollar Diplomacy was a peaceful approach, many interventions proved -------. During Latin American revolts, such as those in Nicaragua, the US sent troops to settle the ________. (1899 to Present)

Republican secede Fort Sumter

During the 1860 presidential election, Abraham Lincoln won both the popular and electoral election. He ran as a member of the anti-slavery ______ Party Southern states, who had sworn to _______ from the Union if Lincoln was elected, did so, led by South Carolina. Shortly thereafter, the Civil War began when Confederate shots were fired on ______ ______ in Charleston. (American History 1790 to 1898)

North American France's Native American Costs

The French and Indian War was fought largely in the _______ ________territory and resulted in the end of ________ reign as a colonial power in North America. Although the French held many advantages, including more cooperative colonists and numerous _______ _______ allies, the strong leadership of William Pitt eventually led the British to victory. _________ incurred during the wars eventually led to discontent in the colonies and helped spark the American Revolution. (Pre-Columbian to 1789)

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia

Cuba US refused Spanish troops

Spain had controlled ______ since the 15th century. Over the centuries, the Spanish had quashed a variety of revolts. In the meantime, the _______ had expressed interest in Cuba, offering Spain $130 million for the island in 1853, during Franklin Pierce's presidency. In 1898, the Cuban revolt was underway. In spite of various factions supporting the Cubans, the US President, William McKinley, _________ to recognize the rebellion, preferring negotiation over involvement in war. Then, the Maine, a US battleship in Havana Harbor, was blown up, killing 266 crew members. The US declared war two months later, and the war ended with a _______ surrender in less than four months. America gained territory in the Philippines, PR, and Guam and annexed Hawaii. Cuba was originally occupied by US ______, but became an independent country in 1902. (American History 1790 to 1898)

freed did not Union Army 13th amendment

The Emancipation Proclamation, issued by President Lincoln on January 1, 1863, _______ all slaves in Confederate states that were still in rebellion against the Union. While the original proclamation (did/did not) free any slaves in the states actually under Union control, it did set a precedent for the emancipation of slaves as the war progressed. The Emancipation Proclamation worked in the Union's favor, as many freed slaves and other black troops joined the ______ _____ By the end of the war, over 4 million slaves had been freed, and in 1865 slavery was abolished in the ________ _______ to the Constitution. (American History 1790 to 1898)

farmers political Populist People's elitism common

A major recession struck the United States during the 1890s, with crop prices falling dramatically. Drought compounded the problems, leaving many American ________ in crippling debt. The Farmers' Alliance formed in 1875, drawing the rural poor into a single ________ entity. Recession also affected the more industrial parts of the country. The Knights of Labor, formed in 1869 by Uriah Stephens, was able to unite workers into a union to protect their rights. Dissatisfied by views espoused by industrialists, the Farmers Alliance and the Knights of Labor, joined to form the ______ or ______ Party in 1892. They were in favor of decreasing _______ and making the voice of the ______ man more easily heard in the political process. (American History 1790 to 1898)

central delegates states ineffective

A precursor to the Constitution, the Articles of Confederation represented the first attempt of the newly independent colonies to establish the basics of government. The Continental Congress approved the Articles in 1777. They went into effect in 1781, following ratification by the thirteen states. The articles prevented a ________ government from gaining too much power, instead giving power to a congressional body made up of ________ from all thirteen states. However, the individual ______ retained final authority. Without a strong central executive, though, this weak alliance among the new states proved (effective/ineffective) in settling disputes or enforcing laws. Recognition of these weaknesses eventually led to the drafting of a new document, the Constitution. (Pre-Columbian to 1789)

slave free free free man US citizen sue unconstitutional

Abolitionist factions coalesced around the case of Dred Scott, using his case to test the country's laws regarding slavery. Scott, a slave, had been taken by his owner from Missouri, which was a (slave/free) state to Illinois, a (slave/free) state, then on to the Minnesota Territory, also (slave/free) based on the Missouri Compromise. After several years, he returned to Missouri, and his owner subsequently died. Abolitionists took Scott's case to court, stating that Scott was a ______ _____, since he had lived in free territory. The Supreme Court stated that, because Scott, as a slave, was not a _____ _______, his time in free states did not change his status. He also did not have the right to _____. In addition, the Court determined that the Missouri Compromise was (constitutional/unconstitutional), stating that Congress had overstepped its bounds by outlawing slavery in the territories. (American History 1790 to 1898)

income religious

British colonists arrived with various goals. Some were simply looking for additional ________, while others were fleeing Britain to escape ________ persecution. (Pre-Columbian to 1789)

slave free slave free immigration would never

By 1819, the United States had developed a tenuous balance between slave and free states, with exactly 22 senators in Congress from each faction. However, Missouri was ready to join the union. As a (free/slave) state, it would tip the balance in Congress. To prevent this imbalance, the Missouri Compromise brought the northern part of Massachusetts into the union as Maine, establishing it as a (free/slave) state to balance the admission of Missouri as a (free/slave) state. In addition, the remaining portion of the Louisiana Purchase was to remain (free/slave) north of latitude 36°30'. Since cotton did not grow well this far north, this limitation was acceptable to congressmen representing the slave states. However, the proposed Missouri constitution presented a problem, as it outlawed _________ of free blacks into the state. According to another compromise, Missouri (would/would never) never pass a law that prevented anyone from entering the state. (American History 1790 to 1898)

representatives taxes tax representation

During the Constitutional Convention, a disagreement arose between the Northern and Southern states involving how slaves should be counted when determining a state's quota of representatives. In the South, large numbers of slaves were commonly used to run plantations. Delegates wanted slaves to be counted to determine the number of _____________ but not counted to determine the amount of ______ the states would pay. The Northern states wanted exactly the opposite arrangement. The final decision was to count three fifths of the slave population for _____ purposes and to determine ________. This was called the Three-fifths Compromise. (Pre-Columbian to 1789)

population equal bicameral

During the Constitutional Convention: James Madison and Edmund Randolph (the governor of Virginia) proposed the Virginia Plan that argued representation in Congress should be based on state ________. The New Jersey Plan, presented by William Paterson from New Jersey, proposed that each state should have ______ representation. Finally, Roger Sherman from Connecticut formulated the Connecticut Compromise, also called the Great Compromise. The result was the ___________ structure we have today. (Pre-Columbian to 1789)

Union equal Pacific Native United States; the British had remained present in the area until the end of the War of 1812

Enacted in 1787, the Northwest Ordinance is considered one of the most significant achievements of the Articles of Confederation. It established a system for setting up governments in the western territories so they could eventually join the _____ on an ______ footing with the original 13 states. This also entailed plan that would allow the U.S. to expand its boundaries to the __________—which would result in the taking of lands from hundreds of _______ tribes and make them part of the ______ ______ (American History 1790 to 1898)

Lee's Grant did not Union

Following ________'s defeat at the Appomattox Courthouse, General _________ accepted his surrender in the home of Wilmer McLean in Appomattox, Virginia on April 9, 1865. Five days later, Lincoln went to the play at the Ford Theater. John Wilkes Booth, who (did/did not) know that the war was over, did his part in a plot to help the Confederacy by shooting Lincoln. He was carried from the theater to a nearby house, where he died the next morning. Booth was tracked down and killed by _____ soldiers twelve days later. (American History 1790 to 1898)

Progressives workers' rights government Muckrakers policies

From the 1890s to the end of the First World War, ________ set forth an ideology that drove many levels of society and politics. They were in favor of _______ ________ and wanted measures taken against waste and corruption. They felt science could help improve society and that the ___________ could—and should—provide answers to a variety of social problems. ________ was a term used to identify aggressive investigative journalists who exposed scandals, corruption, and many other wrongs in line with the Progressive Movement. Through the work of these journalists, many new ___________ came into being, including workmen's compensation, child labor laws, and trust-busting. (American History 1790 to 1898)

Atlantic Pacific

Initial work began on the Panama Canal in 1881, though the idea had been discussed since the 1500s. The canal greatly reduces the length and time needed to sail from one ocean to the other by connecting the _______ to the _______ through the Isthmus of Panama, which joins South America to North America. The French began the work but it eventually went bankrupt. The US purchased the holdings, and the first ship sailed through the canal in 1914. (1899 to Present)

Protestant evangelical personal responsibility

Led by _________ ________ leaders, the Second Great Awakening occurred between 1800 and 1830. Several missionary groups grew out of the movement, including the American Home Missionary Society, which formed in 1826. The ideas behind the Second Great Awakening focused on _______ _______, both as an individual and in response to injustice and suffering. The American Bible Society and the American Tract Society provided literature, while various traveling preachers spread the word. New denominations arose, including the Latter-day Saints and Seventh-day Adventists. (American History 1790 to 1898)

first France Battle of Yorktown Treaty of Paris Mississippi River Spain African Caribbean

Lexington and Concord were the ______ battles of the American Revolution The surrender of the Battle of Saratoga led _________ joining the war as allies of the Americans On October 19, 1781, General Cornwallis surrendered after a defeat in the __________ ____ ________, ending the Revolutionary War. The _______ _____ _______ was signed on September 3, 1783, bringing an official end to the Revolutionary War. In this document, Britain officially recognized the United States of America as an independent nation. The treaty established the _______ ______as the country's western border. The treaty also restored Florida to ________, while France reclaimed ________ and ______ colonies seized by the British in 1763. (Pre-Columbian to 1789)

boarding schools abused culture lands Indian Citizenship Act

Reformers also forced Native American children to attend _______ _______, where they were not allowed to speak their native language and were immersed into a Euro-American culture and religion. Children were often _________ in these schools and were indoctrinated to abandon their identity as Native Americans. In 1890, the massacre of Native Americans at Wounded Knee, led them to work to preserve their ________ rather than fight for their ______. In 1924, Native Americans were finally granted official citizenship by the _______ _______ _______. (American History 1790 to 1898)

lenient Black Americans civil rights military readmitted

The three phases of Reconstruction are: Presidential Reconstruction—largely driven by President Andrew Johnson's policies, the presidential phase of Reconstruction was (harsh/lenient) on the South and allowed continued discrimination against and control over ________ __________. Congressional Reconstruction: Congress, controlled largely by Radical Republicans, took a different stance, providing a wider range of ______ ______for blacks and greater control over Southern government. Congressional Reconstruction is marked by ______ control of the former Confederate States. Redemption: gradually, the Confederate states were ________ into the Union. During this time, white Democrats took over the government of most of the South. In 1877, President Rutherford Hayes withdrew the last federal troops from the South. (American History 1790 to 1898)

Algonquians

tribe who lived in the eastern part of the United States lived in wigwams. The northern tribes subsisted on hunting and gathering, while those who were farther south grew crops such as corn. (Pre-Columbian to 1789)

mapped explored Lewis Clark exploration settlement

President Thomas Jefferson wanted to have the newly acquired Lousiana Territory area ________ and _______, since much of the territory was wilderness. He chose Meriwether ______ and William _______ to head an expedition into the Louisiana Territory. After two years, Lewis and Clark returned, having traveled all the way to the Pacific Ocean. They brought maps, detailed journals, and a multitude of information. The Lewis and Clark Expedition opened up the west in the Louisiana Territory and beyond for further _______ and _______. (American History 1790 to 1898)

colonies North America permanent internal War of 1812 Industrial Revolution

The three major ideas driving American foreign policy during its early years were: Isolationism: the early US government did not intend to establish ________, though they did plan to grow larger within the bounds of ______ _____. No entangling alliances: both George Washington and Thomas Jefferson were opposed to forming any _________ alliances with other countries or becoming involved in other countries' _______ issues Nationalism: a positive patriotic feeling about the United States blossomed quickly among its citizens, particularly after the ______ __ _______, when the US once again defeated Britain. The _______ ________ also sparked increased nationalism by allowing even the most far-flung areas of the US to communicate with each other via telegraph and the expanding railroad. (American History 1790 to 1898)

Civil War (1860-1865) First World War (1914-1918) agricultural industrial department Cities immigrants

The time period from the end of the _____ ___ to the beginning of the _____ ______ ______ is often referred to as the Gilded Age, or the Second Industrial Revolution. The US was changing from an ___________-based economy to an ________ economy, with rapid growth accompanying the shift. This time period saw the beginning of banks, _________ stores, chain stores, and trusts—all familiar features of the modern-day landscape. ________ also grew rapidly, and large numbers of ________ arrived in the country, swelling the urban ranks. (American History 1790 to 1898)

National Woman Suffrage Association vote careers legal Sentiments abolition World War I

The women's rights movement began in the 1840s, with leaders including Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Sojourner Truth, Ernestine Rose, and Lucretia Mott. In 1869, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony formed the _________ _________ ________ ________, fighting for women's right to vote. In 1848, the first women's rights convention was held. The two-day Seneca Falls Convention discussed the rights of women to _______ as well as equal treatment in ________, _____ proceedings, etc. The convention produced a "Declaration of ________," which outlined a plan for women to attain the rights they deserved. Frederick Douglas supported the women's rights movement, as well as the ________ movement. In fact, women's rights and this movement often went hand-in-hand during this time period. The suffragette movement continued until after _______ _____ ______ when women won the right to vote in the 19th Ammendment in 1920 (American History 1790 to 1898)

Latin America European obligated First Second

Theodore Roosevelt expanded involvement in foreign affairs during his tenure as President. The US military was deployed to protect American interests in ________ ________. Roosevelt also worked to maintain an equal or greater influence in this region than those held by ________ interests. As a result, the US Navy grew larger, and the US generally became more involved in foreign affairs. Roosevelt felt that if any country was left vulnerable to control by the second blank due to economic issues or political instability, the US had not only a right to intervene but was ________ to do so. This led to US involvement in Cuba, Nicaragua, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic over several decades leading into the _______ and _______ World Wars. (1899 to Present)

Whigs Democrats industrial Republican anti-slavery two-party

Thomas Jefferson was elected president and the Federalist Party began to decline, virtually disappearing by 1816. After 1824, the Democratic-Republican Party suffered a split into the _______ and ________. The first blank rose, backing John Quincy Adams and _______ growth. The second blank formed in opposition and their candidate, Andrew Jackson, was elected as president in 1828. By the 1850s, issues regarding slavery led to the formation of the _________ Party, which was _______-________, while the Democratic Party, with a larger interest in the South, favored it. This Republican/Democrat division formed the basis of today's ______-______ system. (American History 1790 to 1898)

rum gold slaves West Indies sugar or molasses did not

Triangular trade began in the colonies with ships setting off for Africa, carrying ______. In Africa, the first blank was traded for _____ or ______. Ships then went from Africa to the _______ ________, trading slaves for sugar, molasses, or money. To complete the triangle, the ships returned to the colonies with _____________ or __________ to make more rum, as well as stores of gold and silver. This trade triangle violated the Molasses Act of 1733, which required the colonists to pay high duties to Britain on molasses acquired from French, Dutch, and Spanish colonies, but the British government (did/did not) enforce it. (Pre-Columbian to 1789)

British French government citizen repealed

When John Adams became president, the French Revolution was in full swing. Britain was trying to tamper the uprising. While Adams and the Federalists backed the (Bristih/French) for their preference of a highly centralized government. Thomas Jefferson and the Republican Party supported the (British/French) for their revolutionary, dispersed power. The United States nearly went to war with France during this time period. They captured ships in the Caribbean under the leadership of Napoleon Bonaparte. The Alien and Sedition Acts grew out of this conflict and made it illegal to speak in a hostile fashion against the existing _______. They also allowed the president to deport anyone in the US who was not a _______ and who was suspected of treason or treasonous activity. When Jefferson became the third president in 1800, he _______ these four laws and pardoned anyone who had been convicted under them. (American History 1790 to 1898)

Pueblo tribes

included the Zuni, Hopi, and Acoma. They lived in the Southwest deserts in homes made of stone or adobe. They domesticated animals and cultivated corn and beans. (Pre-Columbian to 1789)

city-state

is essentially an independently sovereign city that does not depend on another government. (Pre-Columbian to 1789)

empires

larger sovereign states with multiple territories, though they are usually governed centrally by a monarch or emperor. (Pre-Columbian to 1789)

Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull

led Sioux and Cheyenne troops in the Battle of the Little Bighorn in 1876, soundly defeating George Armstrong Custer. (Pre-Columbian to 1789)

Wilmot Proviso state popular sovereignty free slave trade capture decide

the _____ _______ stated that slavery was prohibited in any territory the US acquired from Mexico as a result of the Mexican-American War. In addition to the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions, a third group rose, who felt that each individual ________ should decide whether to allow or permit slavery within its borders. This idea was referred to as _______ _______ The Compromise of 1850, resulting from California's application to join the union, introduced a group of laws meant to bring an end to the conflict: California's admittance as a ______ state The outlaw of the ______ ______ in Washington, DC An increase in efforts to ________ escaped slaves The right of New Mexico and Utah territories to ________ individually whether to allow slavery In spite of these measures, debate raged each time a new state prepared to enter the union. (American History 1790 to 1898)

fur trade plantations

Initial French colonies were focused on expanding the _____ ______. Later, French colonization led to the growth of ________ in Louisiana, which brought numerous African slaves to the New World. (Pre-Columbian to 1789)

United States denied slave false: Mexico informed the US that annexation would be grounds for war. border California Mexican American Texas California western citizenship

After independence, Texas quickly decided it wanted to join the _____ _____. This request was _______ however, because Texas wanted to enter as a (slave/non-slave) state which would disrupt the balance. In 1845, however, the US Senate ratified the treaty and Texas became the country's 28th state on December 29 of that year. t/f: Mexico was fine with Texas' annexation. Tensions also rose over Texas' _______ and because Polk wanted to acquire _______, but Mexico said no. Eventually, Polk sent troops that provoked Mexican soldiers into attacking and the _______-_______War started. Eventually, the peace treaty, Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed in 1848 whereby Mexico confirmed the annexation of ______ and further ceded ______ and other ________ territories that would later become states. The US paid Mexico $15 million and guaranteed __________ to Mexicans now in the US. (American History 1790 to 1898)

accommodations supplies Appalachians

After the French and Indian Wars, the British Parliament passed four major acts. One of them was The Quartering Act. This act required colonists to provide __________ and __________ for British troops. In addition, colonists were prohibited from settling west of the ___________ until given permission by Britain. (Pre-Columbian to 1789)

printed govern

After the French and Indian Wars, the British Parliament passed four major acts. One of them was The Stamp Act. This act taxed ________ materials such as newspapers and legal documents. Protests led the Stamp Act to be repealed in 1766, but the repeal also included the Declaratory Act, which stated that Parliament had the right to ________ the colonies. With the passage of the Stamp Act, nine colonies met in New York to demand its repeal. These protests sometimes escalated into violence, often targeting ruling British officials. (Pre-Columbian to 1789)

boycotts Samuel John Adams firing Boston Massacre

After the French and Indian Wars, the British Parliament passed four major acts. One of them was The Townshend Acts. These acts taxed paper, paint, lead, and tea that came into the colonies. Colonists led ______ in protest, and in Massachusetts leaders like ______ and _______ _______ (same last name) began to organize resistance against British rule. The passage of the Townshend Acts in 1767 led to additional tension in the colonies. The British sent troops to New York City and Boston. On March 5, 1770, protesters began to taunt the British troops, throwing snowballs. The soldiers responded by _______ into the crowd. This clash between protesters and soldiers led to five deaths and eight injuries, and was christened the ________ _______. Shortly thereafter, Britain repealed the majority of the Townshend Acts. (Pre-Columbian to 1789)

brought into search

After the French and Indian Wars, the British Parliament passed four major acts. One of them was the Sugar Act. This act not only required taxes to be collected on molasses (brought into/shipped out of) the colonies but gave British officials the right to ______ the homes of anyone suspected of violating it. (Pre-Columbian to 1789)

Native Americans conquered treaties west

After the Revolutionary War, the Treaty of Paris, which outlined the terms of surrender of the British to the Americans, granted large parcels of land to the US that were occupied by ______ ______ The new government attempted to claim the land, treating the natives as a ________ people. This approach proved unenforceable. Next, the government tried purchasing the land from the Native Americans via a series of ________ as the country expanded westward. In practice, however, these treaties were not honored, and Native Americans were simply dislocated and forced to move farther and farther _______, often with military action, as American expansion continued. (Pre-Columbian to 1789)

Battle of Little Bighorn reservations assimilation separation citizenship lot

America's westward expansion led to conflict and violent confrontations with Native Americans such as the ______ ___ _____ _______ where In 1876, Indian leaders Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse defeated Custer's troops who tried to force them off of western land. In 1876, the American government ordered all Native Americans to relocate to _________. Lack of compliance led to the Dawes Act in 1887, which ordered (assimilation/separation) rather than (assimilation/separation). Native Americans were offered American _________ and a piece of their tribal land if they would accept the ______ chosen by the government and live on it separately from the tribe. This act remained in effect until 1934. (American History 1790 to 1898)

The Iroquois

An east coast tribe who spoke a different language from the Algonquians and lived in rectangular longhouses. (Pre-Columbian to 1789)

alcohol

Another movement associated with the Second Great Awakening was the tempereance movement, focused on ending the production and use of ________. One major organization behind the temperance movement was the Society for the Promotion of Temperance, formed in 1826 in Boston. (American History 1790 to 1898)

factories immigrants cotton gin

During the 18th century, goods were often manufactured in houses or small shops. With increased technology allowing for the use of machines, _________ began to develop. In factories, a large volume of salable goods could be produced in a much shorter amount of time. Many Americans, including increasing numbers of _________, found jobs in these factories, which were in constant need of labor. Another major invention was the ________ ______, which significantly decreased the processing time of cotton and was a major factor in the rapid expansion of cotton production in the South. (American History 1790 to 1898)

constitution Nine individual too much more

Delegates met in Philadelphia in 1787, initially intending to revise the Articles of Confederation, but it quickly became evident an entire overhaul was needed. The resulting document was the first draft of the _______. This meeting is known as the Constitutional Convention. Once the Constitution was drafted, it was presented for approval by the states. ______ states needed to approve the document for it to become official. However, debate and discussion continued. Major concerns included: There was no bill of rights to protect _______ freedoms States felt (too much/too little) power was being handed over to the central government Voters wanted (more/less) control over their elected representatives. (Pre-Columbian to 1789)

Federalists Federalist Papers ratify Anti-Federalissts Anti-Federalist Papers Bill of Rights

Discussion about necessary changes to the Constitution was divided into two camps: Federalists and Anti-Federalists. ________ wanted a strong central government. Major leaders included Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison. They wrote a series of letters, called the _______ _______, aimed at convincing the states to _______ the Constitution. These were published in New York papers. _______-_______wanted to prevent a tyrannical government from developing if a central government held too much power. Major leaders included Thomas Jefferson and Patrick Henry. They argued against the Constitution as it was originally drafted in a series of _______-_______ ______ The final compromise produced a strong central government controlled by checks and balances. A _____ ____ _____ was also added, becoming the first ten amendments to the Constitution. (Pre-Columbian to 1789)

schools unified literacy free

Horace Mann, among others, felt that __________ could help children become better citizens, keep them away from crime, prevent poverty, and help American society become more ______. His Common School Journal brought his ideas of the importance of education into the public consciousness and proposed his suggestions for an improved American education system. Increased _________ led to increased awareness of current events, Western expansion, and other major developments of the time period. Public interest and participation in the arts and literature also increased. By the end of the 19th century, all children had access to a ________ public elementary education. (American History 1790 to 1898)

Gettysburg defeated Atlanta Savannah

Important Civil War Battles: The Battle of ________ (July 1-3, 1863): often seen as the turning point of the war, this battle also saw the largest number of casualties of the war, with over 50,000 dead, wounded, or missing. Robert E. Lee was __________, and the Confederate army, significantly crippled, withdrew. Sherman's March to the Sea: William Tecumseh Sherman, in May of 1864, conquered _______. He then continued to ________, destroying vast amounts of property as he went. (American History 1790 to 1898)

baking bread length

In 1751, a group of bakers held a protest in which they stopped _______ _______. This was technically the first American labor strike. In the 1830s and 1840s, labor movements began in earnest. Boston's masons, carpenters, and stoneworkers protested the _______ of the workday, fighting to reduce it to ten hours. In 1844, a group of women in the textile industry also fought to reduce their workday to ten hours, forming the Lowell Female Labor Reform Association. Many other protests occurred and organizations developed through this time period with the same goal in mind. (American History 1790 to 1898)

Gadsden Purchase (purchased land that grew arizona and new Mexico from Mexico) modern outline

In 1854, the ______ ______ was finalized, providing even more territory to aid in the building of the transcontinental railroad. This purchase added what would eventually become the southernmost regions of Arizona and New Mexico to the growing nation. This created the present day US-Mexico border and nearly completed the ______ ______of the United States. (American History 1790 to 1898)

military secession ratify basic necessities employment enslavers Ku Klux Klan

In 1866, Congress passed the Reconstruction Acts, placing former Confederate states under ________ rule and stating the grounds for readmission into the Union: repeal the ordinances of ______ and ______ the Thirteenth Amendment. In a Congressional Act, The Freedmen's Bureau was formed to help freedmen both with ______ ______ like food and clothing and also with _______ and finding of family members who had been separated during the war. Many in the South felt the Freedmen's Bureau worked to set freed slaves against their former ________. The Bureau was intended to help former slaves become self-sufficient, and to keep them from falling prey to those who would take advantage of them. It eventually closed due to lack of funding and to violence from the ___ _____ _____. (American History 1790 to 1898)

whites African Chinese taxed numerical stricter permanent Russian Revolution

In 1870, the Naturalization Act put limits on US citizenship, allowing full citizenship only to ______ and those of _____ descent. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 put limits on ______ immigration. The railroad was completed in 1869. The Immigration Act of 1882 ______ immigrants, charging 50 cents per person. These funds helped pay administrative costs for regulating immigration. Ellis Island opened in 1892 as a processing center for those arriving in New York. The Emergency Quota Act of 1921 established the nation's first ________ limits on the number of immigrants who could enter the United States. The Immigration Act of 1924, also known as the National Origins Act, made the quotas _______ and _______. Some of the impetus behind the National Origins Act came as a result of paranoia following the ________ ______. Fear of communist influences in the US led to a general fear of immigrants. (American History 1790 to 1898)

White House Ghent tariffs federal bank

In a British attack during the War of 1812, the British invaded Washington, DC and burned the ______ ______. On Christmas Eve, 1814, the Treaty of ______ officially ended the war. This victory improved American morale and led to a new wave of national pride and support known as the "Era of Good Feelings." Spurred by the trade conflicts of the War of 1812 and supported by Henry Clay among others, the American System set up _______ to help protect American interests from competition with overseas products. Reducing competition led to growth in employment and an overall increase in American industry. The higher tariffs also provided funds for the government to pay for various improvements. Congress passed high tariffs in 1816 and also chartered a _____ _______. The Second Bank of the United States was given the job of regulating America's money supply. (American History 1790 to 1898)

Protestantism Spanish Armada British French

In the 1530s, Henry VIII separated the Church of England from Rome. ________ became the primary religion in England. In 1588, The British defeat of the ______ _______ who sought to overthrow the Queen and restore Catholicism in England led to the decline of Spanish power in Europe. This, in turn, weakened Spain's army making it harder for them, to maintain control over its colonies. This encouraged the _______ and ________ to assert their dominance on the world stage and ended up in battles with each other several times. (Pre-Columbian to 1789)

business owners workers agriculture agricultural

In the Northeast, the economy mostly depended on manufacturing, industry, and industrial development. This led to a dichotomy between rich _______ _______and and the much poorer ________ who supported their businesses. The South continued to depend on _________, especially on large-scale farms or plantations worked mostly by slaves and indentured servants. In the West, where new settlements had begun to develop, the land was largely wild. Growing communities were essentially _________, raising crops and livestock. The differences between regions led each to support different interests both politically and economically. (American History 1790 to 1898)

Aleuts Inuit

In the far north, the _______ and _____ lived in skin tents or igloos. Talented fishermen, they built kayaks and umiaks and also hunted caribou, seals, whales, and walrus. (Pre-Columbian to 1789)

wealthy common man property owners patronage (placing your amigos in government positions and removing people who don't agree) laissez-faire Southeast charter federal law

Jacksonian Democracy is largely seen as a shift from politics favoring the _________ to politics favoring the ________ ______. The right to vote was given to all free white males, not just _________ _________, as had been the case previously. Jackson's approach favored the _________ system, ________-__________ economics, and relocation of the Native American tribes from the _________ portion of the country. Jackson opposed the formation of a federal bank and allowed the Second Bank of the United States to collapse by vetoing a bill to renew the ________. Jackson also faced the challenge of the Nullification Crisis when South Carolina claimed that it could ignore or nullify any ________ _______ it considered unconstitutional. Jackson sent troops to the state to enforce the protested tariff laws, and a compromise engineered by Henry Clay in 1833 settled the matter for the time being. (American History 1790 to 1898)

runaway slave slave rebellion

John Brown and other abolitionists banded together to pool their funds and build a _______ ______ colony. In 1859, Brown seized a federal arsenal in Harper's Ferry, located in what is now West Virginia. Brown intended to seize guns and ammunition and lead a ______ ______. Robert E. Lee captured Brown and 21 followers, who were subsequently tried and hanged. (American History 1790 to 1898)

Second Bank of the United States including tax was federal

Judicial review was further exercised by the Supreme Court in McCulloch v. Maryland. When Congress chartered a national bank, the ______ ______ ___ ___ _________ ______ Maryland voted to tax any bank business dealing with banks chartered outside the state, (including/excluding) the federally chartered bank. Andrew McCulloch, an employee of the Second Bank of the US in Baltimore, refused to pay this _______. The resulting lawsuit from the State of Maryland went to the Supreme Court for judgment. John Marshall, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, stated that Congress (was/was not) within its rights to charter a national bank. In cases where state and federal governments collided, precedent was set for the _________ government to prevail. (American History 1790 to 1898)

The Plains tribes

Lived between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains. These nomadic tribes lived in teepees and followed the buffalo herds. they included the Sioux, Cheyenne, Comanche, and Blackfoot. (Pre-Columbian to 1789)

political parties Federalists Democratic-Republicans

Many in the US were against _______ ________ after seeing the way parties, or factions, functioned in Britain. The factions in Britain were more interested in personal profit than the overall good of the country, and they did not want this to happen in the US. However, the differences of opinion between Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton led to the formation of political parties. Hamilton backers began to call themselves ________, while those supporting Jefferson became identified as _________-________. (American History 1790 to 1898)

local government domestic international more representative property owners country classes

More and more colonists were born on American soil, decreasing any sense of kinship with the far-away British rulers. Their new environment had led to new ideas of ________ _________ and a strong view of the colonies as a separate entity from Britain. Colonists were allowed to self-govern in (domestic/international) issues, but Britain controlled (domestic/international) issues. In fact, the American colonies were largely left to form their own local government bodies, giving them (more/less) than any other colonial territory. As new towns and other legislative districts developed in America, the colonists began to practice _________ government. Colonial legislative bodies were made up of elected representatives chosen by male ______ _______ in the districts. By contrast, in Britain, the Parliament represented the entire _______. Parliament was not elected to represent individual districts. Instead, they represented specific ________. Because of this drastically different approach to government, the British did not understand the colonists' statement that they had no representation in the British Parliament. (Pre-Columbian to 1789)

colonies European

On December 2, 1823, President Monroe delivered a message to Congress in which he introduced the Monroe Doctrine. In this address, he stated that any attempts by European powers to establish new ________ on the North American continent would be considered interference in American politics. The US would stay out of _______ matters, and expected Europe to offer America the same courtesy. This approach to foreign policy stated in no uncertain terms that America would not tolerate any new European colonies in the New World, and that events occurring in Europe would no longer influence the policies and doctrines of the US. (American History 1790 to 1898)

Pacific

On the _______ coast, tribes such as the Tlingit, Chinook,and Salish lived on fish, deer, native berries, and roots. Their rectangular homes housed large family groups, and they used totem poles. (Pre-Columbian to 1789)

Carnegie Steel Gunfire American Railroad mail delivery child labor

One of the first large, well-organized strikes occurred in 1892. Called the Homestead Strike, it occurred when the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers struck against the _____ _______ Company. _______ ensued, and Carnegie was able to eliminate the plant's union. In 1894, workers in the ________ ________ Union, led by Eugene Debs, initiated the Pullman Strike after the Pullman Palace Car Co. cut their wages by 28 percent. President Grover Cleveland called in troops to break up the strike on the grounds that it interfered with ______ _____. Mary Harris "Mother" Jones organized the Children's Crusade to protest ______ ______. A protest march proceeded to the home of President Theodore Roosevelt in 1903. Jones also worked with the United Mine Workers of America and helped found the Industrial Workers of the World. (American History 1790 to 1898)

state equal separate equal

Plessy v. Ferguson was a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized ______ ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were _____. It created the prevailing doctrine _____ but _____

Mexico land American Americans annulled immigraiton slaves outlawed Mexican Texans independence

Spain had held colonial interests in America since the 1540s—earlier even than Great Britain. In 1810, ________ revolted against Spain, becoming a free nation in 1821. After independence, this country tried to increase its profit earnings by selling off ________ to the Austin family. The Austin family sold smaller parcels to "_________ _________" and their population grew substantially. This rapid growth quickly made Mexico uncomfortable, so they ______ the land contracts and banned further ______ into Texas Before annulment, Austin's people had been bringing _______ with them into their new lands even though slavery was _______ in Mexico This launched a full scale independence movement. In 1836, the (Mexican/Texans) army defeated the (Mexican/Texans) at the Alamo. Swearing to 'remember the Alamo' Texans came back, defeated Mexico, and gained _______ in 1836. (American History 1790 to 1898)

wealth Christianity gold

Spanish colonists came to look for _______ and to convert the natives to _________. For some, the desire for _______ led to mining in the New World, while others established large ranches. (Pre-Columbian to 1789)

navigation map European Portugal Spain France England colonization

The Age of Exploration is generally considered to have begun in the early 15th century and continued into the 17th century. Major developments of this period include technological advances in __________, ______ making, and shipbuilding. These advances led to expanded ________ exploration of the rest of the world. Explorers set out from several countries, including ________, ________, ________, and _________, seeking new routes to Asia. These efforts led to the discovery of new lands, as well as ___________ in India, Asia, Africa, and North America. (Pre-Columbian to 1789)

exports trade trade slaves twenty years limited

The Commerce Compromise also resulted from a North/South disagreement. In the North, the economy was centered on industry and trade. The Southern economy was largely agricultural. The Northern states wanted to give the new government the ability to regulate ______ as well as ______ between the states. The South opposed this plan. In the end, Congress received regulatory power over all ______, including the ability to collect tariffs on exported goods. In the South, this raised another red flag regarding the slave trade, as they were concerned about the effect on their economy if tariffs were levied on ______. The final agreement allowed importing slaves to continue for _______ years without government intervention. Import taxes on slaves were ________, and after the year 1808, Congress could decide whether to allow continued imports of slaves. (Pre-Columbian to 1789)

fur trade slaves

The Dutch were also involved in the _____ ______ and imported _______ as the need for laborers increased. (Pre-Columbian to 1789)

debt expanding colonies taxes violence

The French and Indian War created circumstances for which the British desperately needed more revenue. These needs included: Paying off the war ______ Defending the _______ empire Governing Britain's 33 far-flung ______, including the American ones. To meet these needs, the British passed additional laws, increasing revenues from the colonies. Because they had spent so much money to defend the American colonies, the British felt it was appropriate to collect considerably higher _______ from them. The colonists felt this was unfair, and many were led to protest the increasing taxes. Eventually, protest led to ________. (Pre-Columbian to 1789)

Pocahontas

an Algonquian who became famous as a liaison with John Smith's Jamestown colony in 1607. (Pre-Columbian to 1789)

treaties east west

The Indian Removal Act of 1830 gave the new American government power to form _________ with Native Americans. In theory, America would claim land (east/west) of the Mississippi in exchange for land (east/west) of the Mississippi, to which the natives would relocate voluntarily. In practice, many tribal leaders were forced into signing the treaties, and relocation at times occurred by force. (American History 1790 to 1898)

superiority independence France's competitor seize

The War of 1812 has been called the Second American Revolution. It established the (weakness/superiority) of the US naval forces and reestablished US ___________ from Britain and Europe. The British had two major objections to America's continued trade with France. First, they saw the US as helping ______ war effort by providing supplies and goods. Second, the United States had grown into a _________, taking trade and money away from British ships and tradesmen. In its attempts to end American trade with France, the British made all French-owned ports off-limits to American ships. They also began to _________ American ships and conscript their crews. (American History 1790 to 1898)

Squanto,

an Algonquian who helped early English settlers survive the hard winter by teaching them the native methods of planting corn, squash, and pumpkins. (Pre-Columbian to 1789)

Netherlands Sweden crops

The Middle or Middle Atlantic Colonies were New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware. Unlike the New England colonies, where most colonists were from England and Scotland, the Middle Colonies founders were from various countries, including the __________ and _______. Various factors led these colonists to America. More fertile than New England, the Middle Colonies became major producers of ________, including rye, oats, potatoes, wheat, and barley. (Pre-Columbian to 1789)

international trade British Britain colonists American

The Navigation Acts, enacted in 1651, were an attempt by Britain to dominate ________ ________. Aimed largely at the Dutch, the acts banned foreign ships from transporting goods to the ________ colonies and from transporting goods to ________ from elsewhere in Europe. this brought money to the _________ as well as Britain By the time the French and Indian War had ended, one-third of British merchant ships were built in the _________ colonies. Many colonists amassed fortunes in the shipbuilding trade. (Pre-Columbian to 1789)

Black Codes segregated arrested Civil Rights Act law impeach

The ______ ______ were state level propositions to control freed slaves. They would not be allowed to bear arms, assemble, serve on juries, or testify against whites. Schools would be _______, and unemployed Black people could be ________ and forced to work. The _______ _______ _______ countered these codes, providing much wider rights for the freed slaves. Andrew Johnson, who became president after Lincoln's death, supported the Black Codes and vetoed the Civil Rights Act in 1865 and again in 1866. The second time, Congress overrode his veto, and it became _____. Two years later, Congress voted to _________ Johnson, the culmination of tensions between Congress and the president. He was tried and came within a single vote of being convicted, but ultimately was acquitted and finished his term in office. (American History 1790 to 1898)

defense local independence George Washington Declaration of Independence

The Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia on May 10, 1775, a month after Lexington and Concord. Their discussions centered on the _________ of the American colonies and how to conduct the growing war, as well as _______ government. The delegates also discussed declaring ___________ from Britain, with many members in favor of this drastic move. They established an army, and on June 15, named ________ ________ as its commander in chief. By 1776, it was obvious that there was no turning back from full-scale war with Britain. The colonial delegates of the Continental Congress signed the __________ ___ _________ on July 4, 1776. (Pre-Columbian to 1789)

English agriculture plantations cash crops (a crop produced for its commercial value rather than for use by the grower) indentured servants Virginia

The Southern Colonies were Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina,and Georgia. Of the Southern Colonies, Virginia was the first permanent ________ colony and Georgia the last. The warm climate and rich soil of the south encouraged _________, and the growing season was long. As a result, economy in the south was based largely on labor-intensive _________. Crops included tobacco, rice,and indigo, all of which became valuable ______ _______. Most land in the south was controlled by wealthy plantation owners and farmers. Labor on the farms was initially completed by _______ _____. Gradually, a shift began to using enslaved African labor. The first of these African slaves arrived in _______ in 1619. (Pre-Columbian to 1789)

slavery born naturalized equal vote

The Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments were all passed shortly after the end of the Civil War: The Thirteenth Amendment was ratified by the states on December 6, 1865. This amendment prohibited _______ in the United States. The Fourteenth Amendment overturned the Dred Scott decision and was ratified July 9, 1868. American citienship was redefined. A citizen was any person ______ or _______ in the US, with all citizens guaranteed ______ legal protection by all states. It also guaranteed citizens of any race the right to file a lawsuit or serve on a jury. The Fifteenth Amendment was ratified on February 3, 1870. It states that no citizen of the United States can be denied the right to _____ based on race, color, or previous status as a slave. (American History 1790 to 1898)

New Echota was Trail of Tears

The Treaty of _____ ______ in 1835 was supposedly a treaty between the US government and Cherokee tribes in Georgia. However, the treaty (was/was not) not signed by tribal leaders but rather by a small portion of the represented people. The leaders protested and refused to leave, but President Martin Van Buren enforced the treaty by sending soldiers. During their forced relocation, more than 4,000 Cherokees died on what became known as the ______ ___ _______. (American History 1790 to 1898)

France Great Britain trade England

The War of 1812 grew out of the continuing tension between ______ and ______ ______. Napoleon tried conquer the second blank, while the US continued trade with both countries but favored the first blank and its colonies. Because of what Great Britain saw as an alliance between America and France, they determined to bring an end to______ between the two nations. The French quickly wanted the US to stop with Great Britain. James Madison's presidency introduced acts to regulate international trade. If either Britain or France removed their restrictions, America would not trade with the other country. Napoleon acted first, and Madison prohibited trade with _______. England saw this as the US formally siding with the French, and war ensued in 1812. (American History 1790 to 1898)

Coercive ports governor lodging First Continental Congress

The _______ Acts passed by Britain in 1774 were meant to punish Massachusetts for defying British authority in the Boston Tea Party. The following were also known as the Intolerable Acts: Shut down ______ in Boston until the city paid back the value of the tea destroyed during the Boston Tea Party Required that local government officials in Massachusetts be appointed by the _________ (a position appointed by the King) rather than being elected by the people Allowed trials of British soldiers to be transferred to Britain rather than being held in Massachusetts Required locals to provide __________ for British soldiers any time there was a disturbance, even if lodging required them to stay in private homes These acts led to the assembly of the _________ ________ ________ in Philadelphia on September 5, 1774. Fifty-five delegates met, representing 12 of the American colonies. They sought compromise with England over England's increasingly harsh efforts to control the colonies. (Pre-Columbian to 1789)

compass astrolabe caravelin Europe Asia

The _______ and _______ were particularly important advancements for long ocean journeys during the Age of Exploration. The Portuguese developed a ship called a ________ the 1400s that incorporated navigational advancements with the ability to make long sea journeys. Equipped with this advanced vessel, the Portuguese achieved a major goal of the Age of Exploration by discovering a sea route from _________ to ______ in 1498 (Pre-Columbian to 1789)

Radical Republicans territories vote Confederacy literate served vote

The __________ _____________ wished to treat the South quite harshly after the war. Thaddeus Stevens, the House Leader, suggested that the Confederate states be treated as if they were _______ again, with ten years of military rule and territorial government before they would be readmitted. He also wanted to give all black men the right to ______. Former Confederate soldiers would be required to swear they had never supported the ______ (know as the "Ironclad Oath") in order to be granted full rights as American citizens. In contrast, the moderate Republicans wanted only black men who were ________ or who had _______ as Union troops to be able to vote. All Confederate soldiers except troop leaders would also be able to _______. Before his death, Lincoln had favored a more moderate approach to Reconstruction, hoping this approach might bring some states back into the Union before the end of the war. (American History 1790 to 1898)

Puritans towns cities merchants England

The beliefs of the __________, who migrated to America in the 1600s, significantly influenced the development of the New England colonies (New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island and Massachusetts). Although some groups congregated in small farms, life centered mainly in _______ and ______ where _______ largely controlled the trade economy. Coastal cities such as Boston grew and thrived. Most colonists in this region were from ________ (Pre-Columbian to 1789)

whites freedmen oath (Ironclad Oath) Northerners South money

The chaos in the South attracted a number of people seeking to fill the power vacuums and take advantage of the economic disruption. Scalawags were southern ______ who aligned with ______ to take over local governments. Many in the South who could have filled political offices refused to take the necessary ______ required to grant them the right to vote, leaving many opportunities for Scalawags and others. Carpetbaggers were _________ who traveled to the _______ for various reasons. Some provided assistance, while others sought to make _______ or to acquire political power during this chaotic period. (American History 1790 to 1898)

peaceful Britain delegates affirmed Intolerable embargo militias Lexington Concord

The goal of the First Continental Congress was to achieve a ______ agreement with ______. Made up of _______ from 12 of the 13 colonies, the Congress (affirmed/dismissed) loyalty to Britain and the power of Parliament to dictate foreign affairs in the colonies. However, they demanded that the _________ Acts be repealed, and instituted a trade __________ with Britain until this came to pass. In response, George III of England declared that the American colonies must submit or face military action. These assemblies gathered weapons and began to form ________. On April 19, 1775, the British military was ordered to disperse a meeting of the Massachusetts Assembly. A battle ensued on Lexington Common as the armed colonists resisted. The resulting battles became the Battle of ___________ and ___________, the first battles of the American Revolution (Pre-Columbian to 1789)

President Vice President State Treasury

The individuals who formed the first administration of the new United States government were: George Washington: elected as the first _____ of the United States in 1789 John Adams: finished second in the election and became the first _____ ______ Thomas Jefferson: appointed by Washington as Secretary of ______ Alexander Hamilton: appointed Secretary of the _______ (Pre-Columbian to 1789)

judicial review judges payment Constitution nullify

The main duty of the Supreme Court today is _______ _______. This power was largely established by Marbury v. Madison. The final days before he was voted out of office, John Adams appointed ______ holding opposing views to the incumbent, Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson retaliated by withholding ________ to Marbury, a newly appointed judge. Marbury sued saying that the Judiciary Act of 1789 made it so he had to be paid. Even though Chief Justice Marshall wrote Jefferson and Maddison were in the wrong for withholding commission, he could not side against them because the law Marbury was suing under was illegal. It exceeded the original jurisdiction given to the courts in the ____________. This case set precedent for the Supreme Court to _______ laws it found to be unconstitutional. (American History 1790 to 1898)

tea American Boston Tea Party

The majority of the Townshend Acts were repealed after the Boston Massacre in 1770, but Britain kept the tax on _______. In 1773, the ______ Act was passed (same blank). This allowed the East India Company to sell tea for much lower prices and also allowed them to bypass _________ distributors, selling directly to shopkeepers instead. Colonial tea merchants saw this as a direct assault on their business. In December of 1773, the Sons of Liberty boarded ships in Boston Harbor and dumped 342 chests of tea into the sea in protest of the new laws. This act of protest came to be known as the ________ ______ ______. (Pre-Columbian to 1789)

Louisiana Territory doubled federalists slavery

With tension still high between France and Britain, Napoleon was in need of money to support his continuing war efforts. To secure necessary funds, he decided to sell the _______ ________ to the US. Purchasing this territory more than __________ the size of the United States. (Federalists/Anti-Federalists) in Congress were opposed to the purchase. They feared that the Louisiana Purchase would extend _________, and that further western growth would weaken the power of the northern states. (American History 1790 to 1898)

half Mexican-American War Britain

With the Northwest Ordinance and the Louisiana Purchase, over ______ of the continent became American. One result of "Manifest Destiny" was the ______-________ _____ from 1846 to 1848. By the end of the war, Texas, California, and a large portion of what is now the American Southwest joined the growing nation. Conflict also arose over the Oregon Territory, shared by the US and --------. In 1846, President James Polk resolved this problem by compromising with these people, establishing a US boundary south of the 49th parallel. (American History 1790 to 1898)

Sacagawea

a Shoshone who served a vital role in the Lewis and Clark expedition when the two explorers hired her as their guide in 1805. (Pre-Columbian to 1789)

civilization

a human society that has established complex means of surviving as a group. (Pre-Columbian to 1789)

Chief Joseph,

a leader of the Nez Perce who supported peaceful interaction with white settlers, attempted to relocate his tribe to Canada rather than move them to a reservation. (Pre-Columbian to 1789)