U.S. History I.S.75 Practice Regent 2022

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*Sorry for no image 31. The trend indicated in the chart would most directly lead to (A) Increasing sectional or regional differences (B) Increasing industry in the south (C) Increasing westward migration (D) Increasing industry in the north

(A) Increasing sectional or regional differences

*Sorry for no image 21. Following the American Revolution, many Founding Fathers believed which of the following? A. Slavery would gradually disappear in the United States B. The freeing of slaves should be outlawed C. Slavery would be the foundation of the American economy D. Freed slaves deserved government reparations for their suffering

A. Slavery would gradually disappear in the United States

*Sorry for no Image 6. The advertisement most directly reflects which of the following? A. The growing prosperity and leisure of Americans in the 1950s B. The materialistic excesses of the rich in the 1950s C. A push for social conformity in the 1950s D. The recreational limits imposed by a poor economy in the 1950s

A. The growing prosperity and leisure of Americans in the 1950s

15. The consumer economy of the 1920s most directly shows the influence of which of the following? A. Manifest destiny and territorial expansion. B. The Industrial Revolution and a spirit of entrepreneurship. C. Reconstruction and the "Redemption" of the South. D. World War I and international cooperation

B. The Industrial Revolution and a spirit of entrepreneurship.

*Sorry for no image 19. Which of the following best reflects the perspective of the above image? A. Slaves represent a public health threat B. The importation of slaves is a legitimate enterprise C. The importation of slaves needs to be halted D. Smallpox is a major danger to Charleston

B. The importation of slaves is a legitimate enterprise

*Sorry for no image 20. During the 1780s, which of the following was the most widespread crop cultivated by slaves in North America? A. Wheat B. Sugar C. Tobacco D. Cotton

C. Tobacco

Questions 4-8 refer to the following information. "Whereas the laws and treaties of the United States, without interfering with the free expression of opinion and sympathy, or with the commercial manufacture or sale of arms or munitions of war, nevertheless impose upon all persons who may be within their territory and jurisdiction the duty of an impartial neutrality during the existence of the contest; And Whereas it is the duty of a neutral government not to permit or suffer the making of its waters subservient to the purposes of war; "Now, Therefore, I, Woodrow Wilson, President of the United States of America, in order to preserve the neutrality of the United States...do hereby declare and proclaim.... "That the statutes and the treaties of the United States and the law of nations alike require that no person, within the territory and jurisdiction of the United States, shall take part, directly or indirectly, in the said wars, but shall remain at peace with all of the said belligerents, and shall maintain a strict and impartial neutrality...." -Woodrow Wilson, 1914 7. Which of the following statements about the Treaty of Versailles is true? A. The United States Senate rejected it because it treated Germany too leniently B. The United States Senate rejected it because it required increased American involvement in European affairs C. The United States Senate approved it, with reservations concerning the division of Eastern Europe D. It was never voted on by the United States Senate

B. The United States Senate rejected it because it required increased American involvement in European affairs

Questions 9-11 refer to the following information. "Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That in all cases where any tribe or band of Indians has been, or shall hereafter be, located upon any reservation created for their use, either by treaty stipulation or by virtue of an act of Congress or executive order . . . , the President of the United States [is] hereby . . . authorized, whenever in his opinion any reservation or any part thereof of such Indians is advantageous for agricultural and grazing purposes, to cause said reservation, or any part thereof, to be surveyed ... , and to allot the lands in said reservation in severalty [separate plots of land, individually owned] to any Indian located thereon in quantities as follows: . . ." —Dawes Severalty Act (excerpt), 1887 11. Which of the following developments was similar to the Dawes Severalty Act in that they both had the same goal for the future of American Indians? A. The formation of the Ghost Dance movement B. The establishment of Indian Boarding Schools C. The passage of the Indian Reorganization Act D. The founding of the American Indian Movement

B. The establishment of Indian Boarding Schools

*Sorry for no IMage 24. Which of the following reflects a main point of the political cartoon? A. The United States used excessive violence in suppressing independence movements in its recently acquired territories B. The inhabitants of America's newly acquired colonial holdings might not initially be able to handle self-government and would require some degree of long-term American control C. American expansionist efforts were misguided and costly; the United States would be well-advised to abandon its experiment in imperialism D. The United States should extend citizenship rights to inhabitants of its newly acquired colonies; the Constitution should follow the flag

B. The inhabitants of America's newly acquired colonial holdings might not initially be able to handle self-government and would require some degree of long-term American control

Questions 16-18 refer to the following information. "SECTION 1. "Be it enacted by the Senate and the House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That it shall be lawful for the President of the United States at any time during the continuance of this act, to order all such aliens as he shall judge dangerous to the peace and safety of the United States, or shall have reasonable grounds to suspect are concerned in any treasonable or secret machinations against the government thereof, to depart out of the territory of the United Slates, within such time as shall be expressed in such order, which order shall be served on such alien by delivering him a copy thereof, or leaving the same at his usual abode, and returned to the office of the Secretary of State, by the marshal or other person to whom the same shall be directed." —An Act Concerning Aliens (excerpt), 1798. 18. The governmental action allowed for in the excerpt is similar to government actions taken A. against Mexican-Americans during the Mexican-American War (1846-1848) B. during the "Red Scare" following World War I C. in the aftermath of the sit-in strikes of the 1930s D. as part of the COINTELPRO program, initiated by the Federal Bureau of Investigation against protest movements in the 1960

B. during the "Red Scare" following World War I

Questions 12-14 refer to the following information. "I am but one of many victims of Rockefeller's colossal combination," said Mr. [George] Rice, "and my story is not essentially different from the rest. . . . I established what was known as the Ohio Oil Works. . . . I found to my surprise at first, though I afterward understood it perfectly, that the Standard Oil Company was offering the same quality of oil at much lower prices than I could do—from one to three cents a gallon less than I could possibly sell it for. "I sought for the reason and found that the railroads were in league with the Standard Oil concern at every point, giving it discriminating rates and privileges of all kinds as against myself and all outside competitors." —George Rice, "How I Was Ruined by Rockefeller," New York World, October 16, 1898. 12. The business model described by George Rice could best be described as A. global distribution B. horizontal integration C. regional planning D. vertical consolidation

B. horizontal integration

The following is an excerpt from a speech expressing what came to be known as the Monroe Doctrine, delivered by President James Monroe in his seventh annual message to Congress, December 2, 1823. We owe it, therefore, to candor and to the amicable relations existing between the United States and those [European] powers to declare that we should consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety. With the existing colonies or dependencies of any European power we have not interfered and shall not interfere. But with the Governments who have declared their independence and maintain it, and whose independence we have, on great consideration and on just principles, acknowledged, we could not view any interposition for the purpose of oppressing them, or controlling in any other manner their destiny, by any European power in any other light than as the manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the United States. James Monroe, Address to Congress, 1823 55. Which statement best expresses the purpose of President Monroe's speech? (A) to declare war against European powers who have intervened in the Western hemisphere (B) to strengthen alliances with European powers to suppress independence movements in the Western hemisphere (C) to warn European powers not to interfere with independence movements in their former colonies in the Western hemisphere (D) to gather support from Congress members for war with Europe

C) to warn European powers not to interfere with independence movements in their former colonies in the Western hemisphere

Questions 4-8 refer to the following information. "Whereas the laws and treaties of the United States, without interfering with the free expression of opinion and sympathy, or with the commercial manufacture or sale of arms or munitions of war, nevertheless impose upon all persons who may be within their territory and jurisdiction the duty of an impartial neutrality during the existence of the contest; And Whereas it is the duty of a neutral government not to permit or suffer the making of its waters subservient to the purposes of war; "Now, Therefore, I, Woodrow Wilson, President of the United States of America, in order to preserve the neutrality of the United States...do hereby declare and proclaim.... "That the statutes and the treaties of the United States and the law of nations alike require that no person, within the territory and jurisdiction of the United States, shall take part, directly or indirectly, in the said wars, but shall remain at peace with all of the said belligerents, and shall maintain a strict and impartial neutrality...." -Woodrow Wilson, 1914 4. The statement above was most likely prompted by which of the following world events? A. Cuban revolt against Spanish control B. Adolph Hitler's invasion of Poland C. Austria-Hungary's declaration of war against Serbia D. Mussolini's invasion of Ethiopia

C. Austria-Hungary's declaration of war against Serbia

* Sorry for no Image 5.Which of the following best expresses the message of the advertisement? A. Ford cars are for the well-off B. Ford cars are great work vehicles C. Ford cars are for the whole family D. Ford cars are for the lower classes

C. Ford cars are for the whole family

Questions 1-3 refer to the following information. "The Opposition tells us that we ought not to govern a people without their consent. I answer, the rule of liberty that all just government derives its authority from the consent of the governed, applies only to those who are capable of self-government. We govern the Indians without their consent, we govern our territories without their consent, we govern our children without their consent. How do they know that our government would be without their consent? Would not the people of the Philippines prefer the just, human, civilizing government of this Republic to the savage, bloody rule of pillage and extortion from which we have rescued them? And, regardless of this formula of words made only for enlightened, self-governing people, do we owe no duty to the world? Shall we turn these peoples back to the reeking hands from which we have taken them? Shall we abandon them, with Germany, England, Japan, hungering for them? Shall we save them from those nations, to give them a self-rule of tragedy?...Then, like men and not like children, let us on to our tasks, our mission, and our destiny." -Albert J. Beveridge, "The March of the Flag," 1898 3. Which of the following rationales does Beveridge employ in his argument? A. The closing of the western frontier impels the United States to expand its territory overseas B. Governing territories confers economic benefits to both European and nonwhite nations C. Powerful nations have a moral duty to govern less developed nations D. Racial superiority confers responsibility to the United States and Europe over the affairs of developing nations

C. Powerful nations have a moral duty to govern less developed nations

One of the rights which the freeman has always guarded with most jealous care is that of enjoying the rewards of his own industry. Realizing that the power to tax is the power to destroy and that the power to take a certain amount of property or of income is only another way of saying that for a certain proportion of his time a citizen must work for the government, the authority to impose a tax on the people has been most carefully guarded.... A government which lays taxes on the people not required by urgent necessity and sound public policy is not a protector of liberty, but an instrument of tyranny. It condemns the citizen to tyranny. One of the first signs of the breaking down of free government is a disregard by the taxing power of the right of the people to their own property.... Unless the people can enjoy that reasonable security in the possession of their property, which is guaranteed by the Constitution, against unreasonable taxation, freedom is at an end.... With us economy is imperative. It is a full test of our national character.... It is always the people who toil that pay. 2. Which of the following presidents would be most likely to share Coolidge's sentiments? A. Franklin D. Roosevelt B. Lyndon B. Johnson C. Ronald Reagan D. Barack Obama

C. Ronald Reagan

Questions 1-3 refer to the following information. "The Opposition tells us that we ought not to govern a people without their consent. I answer, the rule of liberty that all just government derives its authority from the consent of the governed, applies only to those who are capable of self-government. We govern the Indians without their consent, we govern our territories without their consent, we govern our children without their consent. How do they know that our government would be without their consent? Would not the people of the Philippines prefer the just, human, civilizing government of this Republic to the savage, bloody rule of pillage and extortion from which we have rescued them? And, regardless of this formula of words made only for enlightened, self-governing people, do we owe no duty to the world? Shall we turn these peoples back to the reeking hands from which we have taken them? Shall we abandon them, with Germany, England, Japan, hungering for them? Shall we save them from those nations, to give them a self-rule of tragedy?...Then, like men and not like children, let us on to our tasks, our mission, and our destiny." -Albert J. Beveridge, "The March of the Flag," 1898 2. The United States became politically engaged with the Philippines after what military conflict? A. Mexican-American War B. World War II C. Spanish-American War D. The Boxer Rebellion

C. Spanish-American War

Questions 9-12 refer to the following information. Here is the case of a woman employed in the manufacturing department of a Broadway house. It stands for a hundred like her own. She averages three dollars a week. Pay is $1.50 for her room; for breakfast she has a cup of coffee; lunch she cannot afford. One meal a day is her allowance. This woman is young, she is pretty. She has "the world before her." Is it anything less than a miracle if she is guilty of nothing less than the "early and improvident marriage," against which moralists exclaim as one of the prolific causes of the distresses of the poor? Almost any door might seem to offer a welcome escape from such slavery as this. "I feel so much healthier since I got three square meals a day," said a lodger in one of the Girls' Homes. Two young sewing-girls came in seeking domestic service, so that they might get enough to eat. They had been only half-fed for some time, and starvation had driven them to the one door at which the pride of the American-born girl will not permit her to knock, though poverty be the price of her independence. —Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives, 1890 12. Riis's work as an investigator of the lives of the poor can most directly be associated with which of the following? A. Yellow Journalism B. Abolitionism C. The muckrakers D. Socialism

C. The muckrakers

*Sorry for no image 25. In the period following the events depicted in the cartoon, the United States A. formed multilateral agreements and regional alliances with developing nations B. withdrew from global affairs in the face of opposition at home and abroad to imperialistic ventures C. expanded its economic and military presence in the Caribbean, Latin America, and Asia D. insisted that the countries referred to in the cartoon improve their human rights records or suffer a reduction of foreign

C. expanded its economic and military presence in the Caribbean, Latin America, and Asia

C. putting forth the theory of state nullification of federal legislation

*Sorry for no Image 23. The circumstances depicted in the cartoon suggest that the cartoon was published in the immediate aftermath of A. the War of 1812 B. the Mexican-American War C. the Spanish-American War D. World War I

C. the Spanish-American War

*Sorry for no image 26. The 1899 cartoon shown above makes the point that A. insurgents in Cuba were being manipulated by Spain into resisting the presence of American troops B. native Hawaiians behaved in a childlike manner when the Hawaiian islands were annexed by the United States C. the United States misread the reaction of the Filipino people when it acquired the Philippines following the Spanish-American War D. the task of completing the Panama Canal was more time consuming, and more costly, than the United States had originally anticipated

C. the United States misread the reaction of the Filipino people when it acquired the Philippines following the Spanish-American War

*Sorry for no Image 7. The American embrace of the automobile in the twentieth century most directly reflects which continuity in U.S. history? A. A desire for social justice B. A desire for economic equality C. A desire for higher social status D. A desire for more personal freedom

D. A desire for more personal freedom

*Sorry for no image 22. Which of the following was a reference to slavery in the Constitution? A. The banning of slavery in the Northwest Territory B. Slavery was outlawed above the Mason-Dixon Line C. Slavery could not be outlawed D. A prohibition for 20 years of any law banning the importation of slaves

D. A prohibition for 20 years of any law banning the importation of slaves

Questions 4-8 refer to the following information. "Whereas the laws and treaties of the United States, without interfering with the free expression of opinion and sympathy, or with the commercial manufacture or sale of arms or munitions of war, nevertheless impose upon all persons who may be within their territory and jurisdiction the duty of an impartial neutrality during the existence of the contest; And Whereas it is the duty of a neutral government not to permit or suffer the making of its waters subservient to the purposes of war; "Now, Therefore, I, Woodrow Wilson, President of the United States of America, in order to preserve the neutrality of the United States...do hereby declare and proclaim.... "That the statutes and the treaties of the United States and the law of nations alike require that no person, within the territory and jurisdiction of the United States, shall take part, directly or indirectly, in the said wars, but shall remain at peace with all of the said belligerents, and shall maintain a strict and impartial neutrality...." -Woodrow Wilson, 1914 6. All of the following increased federal government power during World War I EXCEPT the A. War Industries Board B. Food Administration C. Espionage Act D. Dawes Plan

D. Dawes Plan

Questions 9-12 refer to the following information. Here is the case of a woman employed in the manufacturing department of a Broadway house. It stands for a hundred like her own. She averages three dollars a week. Pay is $1.50 for her room; for breakfast she has a cup of coffee; lunch she cannot afford. One meal a day is her allowance. This woman is young, she is pretty. She has "the world before her." Is it anything less than a miracle if she is guilty of nothing less than the "early and improvident marriage," against which moralists exclaim as one of the prolific causes of the distresses of the poor? Almost any door might seem to offer a welcome escape from such slavery as this. "I feel so much healthier since I got three square meals a day," said a lodger in one of the Girls' Homes. Two young sewing-girls came in seeking domestic service, so that they might get enough to eat. They had been only half-fed for some time, and starvation had driven them to the one door at which the pride of the American-born girl will not permit her to knock, though poverty be the price of her independence. —Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives, 1890 10. The situation faced by the young women in the passage above is most directly comparable to which of the following? A. American revolutionaries in the 1770s B. Slaves in the antebellum South C. Populist farmers in the 1890s D. Detroit autoworkers in the 1930s

D. Detroit autoworkers in the 1930s

Question 15 refers to the following information. "It is the sentiment around which all their actions, all their arguments, circle, from which all their propositions radiate. They look upon it as being a moral, social, and political wrong; and while they contemplate it as such, they nevertheless have due regard for its actual existence among us, and the difficulties of getting rid of it in any satisfactory way and to all the constitutional obligations thrown about it. Yet, having a due regard for these, they desire a policy in regard to it that looks to its not creating any more danger. They insist that it should, as far as may be, be treated as a wrong; and one of the methods of treating it as a wrong is to make provision that it shall grow no larger." —Abraham Lincoln, from debate with Stephen Douglas, October 1858 15. The position of Abraham Lincoln in the above passage emerged most directly in response to which of the following mid-nineteenth century trends? A. Large-scale immigration from Ireland. B. The spread of the ideas of Romanticism C. Violent slave rebellions in the South D. Territorial growth of the United States

D. Territorial growth of the United States

*Sorry for no Image 28. The event depicted in the cartoon represents which of the following? A. A shift in American foreign policy from "gunboat diplomacy" to "dollar diplomacy" B. The beginning of a period of isolation from world affairs C. A shift from "brinksmanship" to détente D. The beginning of a period of imperialistic activities by the United States

D. The beginning of a period of imperialistic activities by the United States

—Calvin Coolidge, "Economy in the Interest of All," June 30, 1924One of the rights which the freeman has always guarded with most jealous care is that of enjoying the rewards of his own industry. Realizing that the power to tax is the power to destroy and that the power to take a certain amount of property or of income is only another way of saying that for a certain proportion of his time a citizen must work for the government, the authority to impose a tax on the people has been most carefully guarded.... A government which lays taxes on the people not required by urgent necessity and sound public policy is not a protector of liberty, but an instrument of tyranny. It condemns the citizen to tyranny. One of the first signs of the breaking down of free government is a disregard by the taxing power of the right of the people to their own property.... Unless the people can enjoy that reasonable security in the possession of their property, which is guaranteed by the Constitution, against unreasonable taxation, freedom is at an end.... With us economy is imperative. It is a full test of our national character.... It is always the people who toil that pay. —Calvin Coolidge, "Economy in the Interest of All," June 30, 1924 4. In the passage above Coolidge is reacting against which of the following? A. The economic policies of his predecessor Warren G. Harding B. The growing strength of radical politics in America following the Russian Revolution C. Populist agitation in the West D. The governmental policies of the Progressive Era

D. The governmental policies of the Progressive Era

Questions 16-18 refer to the following information. "SECTION 1. "Be it enacted by the Senate and the House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That it shall be lawful for the President of the United States at any time during the continuance of this act, to order all such aliens as he shall judge dangerous to the peace and safety of the United States, or shall have reasonable grounds to suspect are concerned in any treasonable or secret machinations against the government thereof, to depart out of the territory of the United Slates, within such time as shall be expressed in such order, which order shall be served on such alien by delivering him a copy thereof, or leaving the same at his usual abode, and returned to the office of the Secretary of State, by the marshal or other person to whom the same shall be directed." —An Act Concerning Aliens (excerpt), 1798. 16. The legislative act, excerpted above, enjoyed widespread public support, despite opposition from Democratic-Republican leaders, because, in part, A. President John Adams was extremely popular; any opposition to him was seen as treasonous B. Irish immigration was changing the composition of many American cities; many Americans wondered if the United States could retain its Anglo-Saxon heritage without limiting immigration C. federal authorities had uncovered and thwarted a plot by disgruntled North Carolina farmers to assassinate President John Adams; desperate times, it seemed, called for desperate measures D. large numbers of Americans had become intensely critical of the revolutionary French government during the Quasi-War with France; restricting the ability of French immigrants to participate in American politics seemed reasonable

D. large numbers of Americans had become intensely critical of the revolutionary French government during the Quasi-War with France; restricting the ability of French immigrants to participate in American politics seemed reasonable

Questions 9-11 refer to the following information. "Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That in all cases where any tribe or band of Indians has been, or shall hereafter be, located upon any reservation created for their use, either by treaty stipulation or by virtue of an act of Congress or executive order . . . , the President of the United States [is] hereby . . . authorized, whenever in his opinion any reservation or any part thereof of such Indians is advantageous for agricultural and grazing purposes, to cause said reservation, or any part thereof, to be surveyed ... , and to allot the lands in said reservation in severalty [separate plots of land, individually owned] to any Indian located thereon in quantities as follows: . . ." —Dawes Severalty Act (excerpt), 1887 10. An important impetus for the passage of the Dawes Severalty Act was A. the Supreme Court decision in the case of Worcester v. Georgia B. a nonviolent protest movement against existing policies led by Crazy Horse C. the success of the Freedmen's Bureau in addressing the problems of African Americans in the South D. the depiction of mistreatment of American Indians in Helen Hunt Jackson's book, A Century of Dishonor

D. the depiction of mistreatment of American Indians in Helen Hunt Jackson's book, A Century of Dishonor

Questions 12-14 refer to the following information. "I am but one of many victims of Rockefeller's colossal combination," said Mr. [George] Rice, "and my story is not essentially different from the rest. . . . I established what was known as the Ohio Oil Works. . . . I found to my surprise at first, though I afterward understood it perfectly, that the Standard Oil Company was offering the same quality of oil at much lower prices than I could do—from one to three cents a gallon less than I could possibly sell it for. "I sought for the reason and found that the railroads were in league with the Standard Oil concern at every point, giving it discriminating rates and privileges of all kinds as against myself and all outside competitors." —George Rice, "How I Was Ruined by Rockefeller," New York World, October 16, 1898. 13. Attempts to rein in the power of corporations, such as the Standard Oil Company, in the 1890s and 1900s A. were frequently approved by Congress but were stymied by presidential vetoes B. were largely successful, as a coalition of reformers, political leaders, and labor leaders collaborated on realigning the American economy C. were discussed by radical groups but were rejected by the vast majority of Americans as communistic and "anti-American" D. were often hindered by Supreme Court decisions that upheld the rights of business to operate without excessive government regulation

D. were often hindered by Supreme Court decisions that upheld the rights of business to operate without excessive government regulation

*Sorry for not Image 6. What British law most directly affected the trade depicted on the map? (A) The Navigation Acts (B) The Woolen Act (C) The Molasses Act (D) The Barbados Slave Code

(A) The Navigation Acts

Questions 16-19 refer to the excerpt below. "The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States...Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons... The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the legislature thereof, for six Years; and each Senator shall have one Vote." - United States Constitution, 1787 19. Someone arguing that the Constitution was influenced by John Locke could support his or her argument with which of the following pieces of evidence from the excerpt? (A) The election method for the House of Representatives (B) The election method for the Senate (C) The method of apportioning taxes (D) The method of determining population

(A) The election method for the House of Representatives

*Sorry for no image 40. The cartoon was intended to (A) express colonial resentment of British imperial attempts to reassert control over its colonies (B) warn Americans of the dangers of divisive political parties and permanent foreign alliances (C) safeguard the United States' borders and promote its economic interests (D) depict regional differences among the British American colonies

(A) express colonial resentment of British imperial attempts to reassert control over its colonies

*Sorry for no image 71. The map most directly depicts the (A) inland expansion of the colonial population (B) effects of industrialization (C) pattern of American Indian resistance (D) decline of tobacco production

(A) inland expansion of the colonial population

*Sorry for no image 34. Which of the following represents a later example of the development highlighted in the painting? (A) the creation of the Transcontinental Railroad (B) the expansion of slavery to western territories (C) the Second Great Awakening (D) industrialization and urbanization in 19th Century American cities Questions 35-36 refer to the political cartoon below.

(A) the creation of the Transcontinental Railroad

"With the [cotton gin], a single operator could clean as much cotton in a few hours as a group of workers had once needed a whole day to do . . . Soon cotton growing spread into the upland South and beyond, within a decade the total crop increased eightfold . . . The cotton gin not only changed the economy of the South, it also helped transform the North. The large supply of domestically produced fiber was a strong incentive to entrepreneurs in New England and elsewhere to develop an American textile industry." -Alan Brinkley, American History: Connecting with the Past, 2014 69. Which of the following was a direct effect of the invention of the cotton gin? (A) The invention of the steel plow (B) The spread of the plantation system into Northern states (C) The development of the Lowell factory system in New England (D) The introduction of the factory system in the South

*Sorry for no image 72. The pattern of colonial settlement up to 1700 resulted most directly from which of the following factors? (A) The large size of British colonial populations relative to American Indian populations (B) British recognition of Native American sovereignty (C) The orientation of the British colonies toward producing commodities for export to Europe (D) British government attempts to impose greater control over the colonies in the late 1600s

*Sorry for no image 41. The ideas expressed in the cartoon most directly led to (A) renewed efforts to consolidate imperial control over North American markets (B) English population growth and expansion into the interior of North America (C) the emergence of an independence movement that rested on arguments over the rights of British subjects and the rights of the individual (D) new state constitutions reflecting republican fears of excessive popular influence

(C) the emergence of an independence movement that rested on arguments over the rights of British subjects and the rights of the individual

*Sorry for no Image 7. Which of the following was a significant cause of the Native American population changes depicted in the graph? (A) European diseases such as smallpox (B) The trade of guns from Europeans to American Indians (C) Wars between Europeans and American Indians and between different tribes of American Indians (D) All of the above

(D) All of the above

20. The method of apportioning the number of representatives each state would receive in the House of Representatives and the Senate most directly relates to (A) Conflict between northern and southern states during the Constitutional Convention (B) Conflict between agricultural and industrial states during the Constitutional Convention (C) Conflict between states' rights and federal power during the Constitutional Convention (D) Conflict between large and small states during the Constitutional Convention

(D) Conflict between large and small states during the Constitutional Convention

*Sorry for no image 42. Which of the following groups would have most likely challenged the views of the cartoonist? (A) Patriots (B) Enlightenment philosophers (C) Federalists and Republicans (D) Loyalists

(D) Loyalists

*Sorry for no image 28. Lewis and Clark's map most directly fueled which of the following nineteenth century ideas? (A) Transcendentalism (B) White superiority (C) Belief in the "common man" (D) Manifest Destiny

(D) Manifest Destiny

*Sorry for no image 90. Andrew Jackson saw himself as a champion of which of the following continuities in United States history? (A) The struggle for civil rights for all (B. Government assistance for the underprivileged (C) The cooperation of government and big business (D) The democratization of American life

(D) The democratization of American life

*Sorry for no Image 8. In the 1950s the widespread availability of the automobile most directly helped make possible which of the following? A. The rise of international corporations B. The rapid growth of suburbs C. The prevalence of stay-at-home moms D. The baby boom generation

B. The rapid growth of suburbs

*Sorry for no Image 13. What does the above image reflect about the decade of the 1920s? A. Consumer safety was the primary concern of leading manufacturing companies. B. Automobiles were a rare commodity and therefore extremely expensive. C. New technologies such as automobiles were unproven and unsafe, requiring extensive propaganda in order to make consumers interested in them. D. Consumer products were increasingly affordable and highly desired by the public as a sign of status.

D. Consumer products were increasingly affordable and highly desired by the public as a sign of status.

*Sorry for no image 14. The relationship depicted on the map between France and America would most directly lead to (A) An awkward position for America during the French Revolution and the XYZ Affair (B) Jay's Treaty in 1794 (C) The United States poor relationship with France under President Jefferson (D) A decrease in trade between France and American in the post-revolution period

(A) An awkward position for America during the French Revolution and the XYZ Affair

Questions 10-12 refer to the excerpts below. "Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, That if any person shall write, print, utter, or publish, or shall cause or procure to be written, printed, uttered or published, or shall knowingly and willingly assist or aid in writing, printing, uttering or publishing any false, scandalous and malicious writing or writings against the government of the United States...then such person, being thereof convicted before any court of the United States...shall be punished by a fine not exceeding two thousand dollars, and by imprisonment not exceeding two years." - The Sedition Act (14 July 1798) "...the Constitution, which expressly declares, that 'Congress shall make no laws respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press'...therefore the act of the Congress of the United States, passed on the 14th of July, 1798...which does abridge the freedom of the press, is not law, but is altogether void, and of no force." - Kentucky Resolution of 1798 and 1799 11. The Kentucky Resolution of 1798 and 1799 serves as evidence of which of the following developments in the United States during this time period? (A) Continuing arguments over states' rights in relation to federal law (B) Continuing arguments regarding the nation's alliance with France (C) A general consensus about the supremacy of federal law within the states (D) A general consensus between Federalists and Republicans regarding foreign relations with France and Britain

(A) Continuing arguments over states' rights in relation to federal law

Questions 21-23 refer to the excerpt below. "Nothing was more characteristic of Antifederalist thinking than this obsession with aristocracy. Although to a European, American society may have appeared remarkably egalitarian, to many Americans, especially those who aspired to places of consequence but were made to feel their inferiority in innumerable, often subtle, ways, American society was distinguished by its inequality...In all communities...there were pressures...demarcating an aristocracy whose influence was difficult to resist. Such influence was difficult to resist because, to the continual annoyance of the Antifederalists, the great body of the people willingly submitted to it." -Gordon S. Wood, historian, The Creation of the American Republic, 1776- 1787 23. Which of the following evidence would best support Gordon's argument? (A) Data showing the greater wealth of political leaders compared to the general population (B) Data showing the wealth of the Federalists and the wealth of the Anti Federalists (C) A collection of the Federalist Papers (D) The language of the Declaration of Independence and U.S. Constitution

(A) Data showing the greater wealth of political leaders compared to the general population

A Poor Unhappy Transported Felon's Sorrowful Account of His Fourteen Years' Transportation at Virginia, in America (1680) by James Revel At last to my new master's house I came, To the town of Wicowoco called by name, Here my European cloaths were took from me, Which never after I could see. A canvas shirt and trowsers me they gave, A hop-sack frock, in which I was a slave, No shoes or stockings had I for to wear, Nor hat, nor cap, my hands and feet went bare. Thus dress'd unto the field I next did go, Among tobacco plants all day to hoe. At day break in the morn our work begun, And lasted till the setting of the sun. My fellow slaves were five transports more, With eighteen negroes, which is twenty-four... 1. Revel's poem suggests what about his identity? (A) He was a Negro who was captured into slavery (B) He was a prisoner who likely became an indentured servant (C) He was a slave master (D) He was a British ship captain who mostly transported slaves

(A) He was a Negro who was captured into slavery

*Sorry for no image 8. Which of the following was a direct effect of the white population changes depicted in the graph? (A) Increased environmental pressure on the land (B) Increased immigration and better health among colonists (C) The importation of significantly greater numbers of African slaves to New England (D) A growing independence movement against the British government

(A) Increased environmental pressure on the land

A Poor Unhappy Transported Felon's Sorrowful Account of His Fourteen Years' Transportation at Virginia, in America (1680) by James Revel At last to my new master's house I came, To the town of Wicowoco called by name, Here my European cloaths were took from me, Which never after I could see. A canvas shirt and trowsers me they gave, A hop-sack frock, in which I was a slave, No shoes or stockings had I for to wear, Nor hat, nor cap, my hands and feet went bare. Thus dress'd unto the field I next did go, Among tobacco plants all day to hoe. At day break in the morn our work begun, And lasted till the setting of the sun. My fellow slaves were five transports more, With eighteen negroes, which is twenty-four... 2. What is the most likely reason Revel would have been needed in Virginia in 1680? (A) Increased need for labor for cash crops such as tobacco (B) Ship masters were needed to fish for cod (C) There was a call for laborers on small family farms (D) Due to a large number of slaves, there was an increased need for slave masters

(A) Increased need for labor for cash crops such as tobacco

Questions 24-27 refer to the excerpts below. "It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is. Those who apply the rule to particular cases, must of necessity expound and interpret that rule. If two laws conflict with each other, the courts must decide on the operation of each. So if a law be in opposition to the constitution: if both the law and the constitution apply to a particular case, so that the court must either decide that case conformably to the law, disregarding the constitution, or conformably to the constitution, disregarding the law: the court must determine which of these conflicting rules governs the case...If then the courts are to regard the constitution; and the constitution is superior to any ordinary act of the legislature; the constitution, and not such ordinary act, must govern the case to which they both apply." -Chief Justice John Marshall, Marbury v. Madison, 1803 "The government of the United State, then, though limited in its powers, is supreme; and its laws, when made in pursuance of the constitution form the supreme law of the land, 'any thing in the constitution or laws of the any State to the contrary notwithstanding.'...Among the enumerated powers [in the Constitution], we do not find that of establishing a bank or creating a corporation. But there is no phrase in the instrument which, like the articles of confederation, excludes incidental or implied powers; and which requires that every thing granted shall be expressly and minutely described...[A constitution's] nature, therefore, requires that only its great outlines should be marked, its important objects designated, and the minor ingredients which compose those objects be deduced from the nature of the objects themselves." -Chief Justice John Marshall, McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819 24. Marshall's opinion in Marbury v. Madison would most directly lead to (A) Increased power of the judicial branch because of judicial review (B) Loose construction of the Constitution (C) The Supremacy Clause in the Constitution (D) The doctrines of nullification and interposition

(A) Increased power of the judicial branch because of judicial review

. . . I long to hear that you have declared an independency -- and by the way in the new Code of Laws which I suppose it will be necessary for you to make I desire you would Remember the Ladies, and be more generous and favourable to them than your ancestors. Do not put such unlimited power into the hands of the Husbands. Remember all Men would be tyrants if they could. If perticuliar care and attention is not paid to the Ladies we are determined to foment a Rebellion, and will not hold ourselves bound by any Laws in which we have no voice, or Representation. Source: Abigail Adams, Letter to John Adams, March 31, 1776 45. Based on the letter, what problem is being discussed? (A) Inequality between men and women (B) British tyranny (C) Slavery (D) The Intolerable Acts

(A) Inequality between men and women

*Sorry for no image 32. The trend indicated in the chart had what effect on the abolition movement? (A) It led to the abandonment of gradualism and the embrace of active anti-slavery tactics (B) It led to the abandonment of active anti-slavery tactics and the embrace of gradualism (C) It led to the deportation of millions of slaves to Liberia (D) It led to abolitionists abandoning their cause in the face of increasing numbers of slaves

(A) It led to the abandonment of gradualism and the embrace of active anti-slavery tactics

*Sorry for no image 36. Which of the following best describes the artist's point of view as expressed through the image? (A) Jackson was a war hero and defender of the common man against the elite (B) Jackson was a bully who frequently violated the U.S. Constitution (C) Jackson was a weak president who could not solve the nation's problems (D) Jackson was a defender of loose construction of the Constitution and the rights of American Indians

(A) Jackson was a war hero and defender of the common man against the elite

(A) Limited power for the federal government

Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate—we can not consecrate—we can not hallow— this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. Source: President Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address, November 19, 1863 (adapted) 63. Which key event influenced the writing of the document above? (A) Mass casualties at the Battle of Gettysburg (B) Confederate victory at the Second Battle of Bull Run (C) Mass casualties at the Battle at Antietam (D) The surrender of Confederate General Robert E. Lee

(A) Mass casualties at the Battle of Gettysburg

...The clause of the constitution, which authorizes the suspension of the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus, is in the 9th section of the first article. This article is devoted to the legislative department of the United States, and has not the slightest reference to the executive department. It begins by providing "that all legislative powers therein granted, shall be vested in a congress of the United States, which shall consist of a senate and house of representatives." And after prescribing the manner in which these two branches of the legislative department shall be chosen, it proceeds to enumerate specifically the legislative powers which it thereby grants [and legislative powers which it expressly prohibits]; and at the conclusion of this specification, a clause is inserted giving congress "the power to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or office thereof." ... Source: Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, Ex Parte Merryman, May 1861 (adapted) 65. Which key event influenced the writing of this document? (A) President Lincoln's suspension of the writ of habeas corpus at the start of the Civil War (B) The Supreme Court's decision in the case Dred Scott vs. Sandford (1857) (C) South Carolina's secession from the Union in December of 1860 (D) Abraham Lincoln's election to the presidency in November of 1860

(A) President Lincoln's suspension of the writ of habeas corpus at the start of the Civil War

Questions 84-87 refer to the following information. "On the 4th of March next this party [the Republican party] will take possession of the government. It has announced that the South shall be excluded from the common territory, that the judicial tribunal shall be made sectional, and that a war must be waged against slavery until it shall cease throughout the United States. The guarantees of the Constitution will then no longer exist; the equal rights of the states will be lost. The slaveholding states will no longer have the power of self-government or self-protection, and the federal government will have become their enemy. "We, therefore, the people of South Carolina, by our delegates in convention assembled, have solemnly declared that the Union heretofore existing between this state and the other states of North America is dissolved; and that the state of South Carolina has resumed her position among the nations of the world, as [a] separate and independent state, with full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which independent states may of right do." -South Carolina defines the causes of secession, 1860 85. The sentiments above are most consistent with which of the following ideologies? (A) States' Rights (B) Nullification (C) Neutrality (D) Civil disobedience

(A) States' Rights

... There is on the globe one single spot, the possessor of which is our natural and habitual enemy. It is New Orleans, through which the produce of three-eighths of our territory must pass to market, and from its fertility it will ere [before] long yield more than half of our whole produce and contain more than half our inhabitants. France, placing herself in that door, assumes to us the attitude of defiance.... Source: President Thomas Jefferson, Letter to Robert Livingston, 1802 54. A historian would find Document 1 most useful for (A) Studying President Jefferson's motivations for making the Louisiana Purchase (B) Studying Robert Livingston's motivations for making the Louisiana Purchase (C) Proving President Jefferson did not believe in expansion of executive powers (D) Proving the French government did not want to sell the Louisiana Territory to the United States

(A) Studying President Jefferson's motivations for making the Louisiana Purchase

*Sorry for no image 89. The cartoon most likely refers to which of the following policies of Andrew Jackson? (A) The "war" against the Bank of the United States (B) Opposition to nullification threats in South Carolina (C) Indian removal (D) Support for the spoils system

(A) The "war" against the Bank of the United States

*Sorry for no image 35. Within the context of Jackson's presidency, the many-headed monster most likely represents (A) The Bank of the United States (B) The Federalists (C) Northern industrialists (D) All of the above

(A) The Bank of the United States

... The third story [of Dred Scott] is about the politics of slavery and the coming of the Civil War. The Supreme Court decision sparked enormous political reaction, particularly in the North. It destroyed any chance of agreement between the North and the South over slavery in the territories. It would be an exaggeration to say that the Dred Scott decision caused the Civil War. But it certainly pushed the nation far closer to that war. The decision played a decisive role in the emergence of Abraham Lincoln as the Republican Party's presidential candidate in 1860 and his election later that year. That in turn set the stage for secession and civil war.... Source: Paul Finkelman, Dred Scott v. Sandford [Sanford]: A Brief History with Documents, Bedford Books, 1997 60. According to the author, the Dred Scott decision was a turning point in American politics because (A) The decision further divided the North and the South in the debate over slavery (B) The decision forced the North and the South to compromise on slavery (C) The decision changed the Republican party's stance on slavery (D) The decision encouraged Americans to vote against Lincoln in the election of 1860

(A) The decision further divided the North and the South in the debate over slavery

Questions 16-19 refer to the excerpt below. "The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States...Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons... The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the legislature thereof, for six Years; and each Senator shall have one Vote." - United States Constitution, 1787 16. The phrase "all other Persons" demonstrates which of the following aspects of the Constitutional Convention? (A) The deliberate attempt to downplay or minimize the role of slavery in the young nation (B) The deliberate attempt to downplay or minimize the role of women in the young nation (C) The delicate balance between pleasing the northern states and pleasing the southern states ('D) The establishment of a method which would be used to count the population in each state

(A) The deliberate attempt to downplay or minimize the role of slavery in the young nation

*Sorry for no Image 9. The main trends shown in the graph were most directly associated with which of the following processes occurring in New England at the time? (A) The gradual expansion of British colonists' landholdings (B) The increasing importation of guns and other metal goods (C) The spread of Enlightenment ideas (D) The development and growth of cash crop agriculture

(A) The gradual expansion of British colonists' landholdings

...The clause of the constitution, which authorizes the suspension of the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus, is in the 9th section of the first article. This article is devoted to the legislative department of the United States, and has not the slightest reference to the executive department. It begins by providing "that all legislative powers therein granted, shall be vested in a congress of the United States, which shall consist of a senate and house of representatives." And after prescribing the manner in which these two branches of the legislative department shall be chosen, it proceeds to enumerate specifically the legislative powers which it thereby grants [and legislative powers which it expressly prohibits]; and at the conclusion of this specification, a clause is inserted giving congress "the power to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or office thereof." ... Source: Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, Ex Parte Merryman, May 1861 (adapted) 66. Which statement best describes the author's purpose in writing the document excerpted above? (A) To argue that President Lincoln did not have the authority to suspend the writ of habeas corpus (B) To argue that the Constitution does not clearly outline how to suspend the writ of habeas corpus (C) To suggest that suspending the writ of habeas corpus is a power that belongs to the executive branch (D) To suggest that the legislative branch has no check on the President's power

(A) To argue that President Lincoln did not have the authority to suspend the writ of habeas corpus

Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate—we can not consecrate—we can not hallow— this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. Source: President Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address, November 19, 1863 (adapted) 64. According to President Lincoln, what is the great task remaining for the living? (A) To support a new birth of freedom across the United States (B) Ensure that the Confederacy wins the Civil War (C) To grant women the right to vote in elections (D) Ensure that the government maintains its power

(A) To support a new birth of freedom across the United States

. . The great rule of conduct for us in regard to foreign nations is, in extending our commercial relations to have with them as little political connection as possible. So far as we have already formed engagements let them be fulfilled with perfect good faith. Here let us stop. Europe has a set of primary interests which to us have none or a very remote relation. Hence she must be engaged in frequent controversies, the causes of which are essentially foreign to our concerns. Hence, therefore, it must be unwise in us to implicate ourselves by artificial ties in the ordinary vicissitudes [shifts] of her politics or the ordinary combinations and collisions of her friendships or enmities. Our detached and distant situation invites and enables us to pursue a different course. If we remain one people, under an efficient government, the period is not far off when we may defy material injury from external annoyance; when we may take such an attitude as will cause the neutrality we may at any time resolve upon to be scrupulously [completely] respected; when belligerent nations, under the impossibility of making acquisitions upon us, will not lightly hazard the giving us provocation; when we may choose peace or war, as our interest, guided by justice, shall counsel. . . . Source: President George Washington, Farewell Address, September 19, 1796 50. This speech is an example of (A) a precedent established by Washington (B) Washington's expansion of presidential power (C) Washington's interpretation of the Constitution (D) Debates between Federalists and Anti-Federalists

(A) a precedent established by Washington

. . We admit, as all must admit, that the powers of the government are limited, and that its limits are not to be transcended. But we think the sound construction of the constitution must allow to the national legislature that discretion, with respect to the means by which the powers it confers are to be carried into execution, which will enable that body to perform the high duties assigned to it, in the manner most beneficial to the people. Let the end be legitimate, let it be within the scope of the constitution, and all means which are appropriate, which are plainly adapted to that end, which are not prohibited, but consist with the letter and spirit of the constitution, are constitutional. . . . Source: Chief Justice John Marshall, McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819 47. Critics feared that this decision would result in (A) a stronger federal government that would limit state powers (B) states being able to nullify federal laws (C) elimination of the amendment process (D) congressional actions that would limit the federal courts

(A) a stronger federal government that would limit state powers

Questions 81-83 refer to the excerpt below. "The colonizers brought along plants and animals new to the Americas, some by design and others by accident. Determined to farm in a European manner, the colonists introduced their domesticated livestock—honeybees, pigs, horses, mules, sheep, and cattle—and their domesticated plants, including wheat, barley, rye, oats, grasses, and grapevines. But the colonists also inadvertently carried pathogens, weeds, and rats. . . . In sum, the remaking of the Americas was a team effort by a set of interdependent species led and partially managed (but never fully controlled) by European people." -Alan Taylor, historian, American Colonies, 2001 81. The export of New World crops to the Old World transformed European society mostly by (A) improving diets and thereby stimulating population growth (B) encouraging enclosure of open lands and pushing workers off of farms (C) promoting greater exploration of the interior of the American continents (D) fostering conflicts among major powers over access to new food supplies

(A) improving diets and thereby stimulating population growth

The Secretary respectfully reports:. . . That a National Bank is an Institution of primary importance to the prosperous administration of the Finances, and would be of the greatest utility in the operations connected with the support of the Public Credit . . . There is nothing in the Acts of Congress, which imply an exclusive right in the institution, to which they relate, except during the term of the war. There is therefore nothing, if the public good requires it, which prevents the establishment of another . . . This is a strong argument for a new institution, or for a renovation of the old, to restore it to the situation in which it originally stood, in the view of the United States. Source: Alexander Hamilton, Report to Congress, December 14, 1790 I consider the foundation of the Constitution as laid on this ground: That "all powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States or to the people." [10th amendment.] To take a single step beyond the boundaries thus specially drawn around the powers of Congress, is to take possession of a boundless field of power, no longer susceptible of any definition. The incorporation of a bank, and the powers assumed by this bill, have not, in my opinion, been delegated to the United States by the Constitution. Source: Thomas Jefferson letter to George Washington on the bill for establishing a national bank, February 15, 1791 50. The event referenced in the documents represented a turning point in history because (A) it expanded the powers of the federal government. (B) it led to anti-trust laws (C) it led to Hamilton becoming president. (D)it led to the southern states seceding

(A) it expanded the powers of the federal government.

Questions 37-39 refer to the excerpts below. Elastic Clause: "The Congress shall have Power ... To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof..." Supremacy Clause: "This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof; and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land; and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby, anything in the constitution or laws of any state to the contrary notwithstanding." -Constitution of the U.S. 37. The ideas about government expressed in the Elastic Clause are most consistent with which of the following? (A) the opinions of Alexander Hamilton and the Federalist Party in the 1787- 1800 period (B) the opinions of Thomas Jefferson and the Democratic-Republican Party in the 1787-1800 period (C) the opinions of the Anti-federalists during the debate over ratification of the Constitution (D) states' rights advocates in the lead-up to the Civil War

(A) the opinions of Alexander Hamilton and the Federalist Party in the 1787- 1800 period

. . . Stowe is often credited with infl uencing the country to think differently about slavery. But what do we know about how Stowe influenced Lincoln? A decade earlier, Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852) had been a publishing and propaganda phenomenon. Using stories to illustrate the human impact of slavery, Stowe's blistering pen lit the world on fire. The statistics remain record-breaking: 10,000 copies sold in the first week; a million and a half British copies in a year. The book was so successful it was immediately dramatized for the stage, where it became a theatrical icon. Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner, leader of the radical Republicans, said, "Had there been no Uncle Tom's Cabin, there would have been no Lincoln in the White House." . . . But pro-slavery critics charged that Stowe had made it all up and that slavery was a humane system. So Stowe wrote a nonfiction retort, The Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin (1853), compiling the real-life evidence that had informed her fictional stories. . . . 58. According to Document 2, what was a major effect of the publication of Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel Uncle Tom's Cabin? (A) More Americans learned how to read in order to read the book (B) Abraham Lincoln was elected president of the United States (C) The Abolitionist movement began across the United States (D) Harriet Beecher Stowe became a figure in the women's suffrage movement

(B) Abraham Lincoln was elected president of the United States

... The third story [of Dred Scott] is about the politics of slavery and the coming of the Civil War. The Supreme Court decision sparked enormous political reaction, particularly in the North. It destroyed any chance of agreement between the North and the South over slavery in the territories. It would be an exaggeration to say that the Dred Scott decision caused the Civil War. But it certainly pushed the nation far closer to that war. The decision played a decisive role in the emergence of Abraham Lincoln as the Republican Party's presidential candidate in 1860 and his election later that year. That in turn set the stage for secession and civil war.... Source: Paul Finkelman, Dred Scott v. Sandford [Sanford]: A Brief History with Documents, Bedford Books, 1997 59. According to the author, which of these was the most direct result of the Dred Scott decision? (A) The Civil War between the Union and the Confederacy (B) Abraham Lincoln's election to the Presidency in 1860 (C) The Supreme Court overturning the Dred Scott decision (D) The Abolition movement was sparked in the Southern states

(B) Abraham Lincoln's election to the Presidency in 1860

*Sorry for no image 73. The change in settlement patterns from 1700 to 1775 had which of the following effects? (A) A decrease in the coastal population (B) An increase in conflicts between British settlers and American Indians (C) A decrease in the economic importance of slavery and other forms of coerced labor (D) An increase in trade with French Canada

(B) An increase in conflicts between British settlers and American Indians

Questions 24-27 refer to the excerpts below. "It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is. Those who apply the rule to particular cases, must of necessity expound and interpret that rule. If two laws conflict with each other, the courts must decide on the operation of each. So if a law be in opposition to the constitution: if both the law and the constitution apply to a particular case, so that the court must either decide that case conformably to the law, disregarding the constitution, or conformably to the constitution, disregarding the law: the court must determine which of these conflicting rules governs the case...If then the courts are to regard the constitution; and the constitution is superior to any ordinary act of the legislature; the constitution, and not such ordinary act, must govern the case to which they both apply." -Chief Justice John Marshall, Marbury v. Madison, 1803 "The government of the United State, then, though limited in its powers, is supreme; and its laws, when made in pursuance of the constitution form the supreme law of the land, 'any thing in the constitution or laws of the any State to the contrary notwithstanding.'...Among the enumerated powers [in the Constitution], we do not find that of establishing a bank or creating a corporation. But there is no phrase in the instrument which, like the articles of confederation, excludes incidental or implied powers; and which requires that every thing granted shall be expressly and minutely described...[A constitution's] nature, therefore, requires that only its great outlines should be marked, its important objects designated, and the minor ingredients which compose those objects be deduced from the nature of the objects themselves." -Chief Justice John Marshall, McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819 27. Jackson's reasons for vetoing the charter of the Bank of the United States most directly challenged which of the following ideas from McCulloch v. Maryland? (A) Strict construction of the Constitution (B) Loose construction of the Constitution (C) The supremacy of federal law (D) The power of judicial review

(B) Loose construction of the Constitution

*Sorry for no image 43. The cartoon would be most useful to historians as a source of information about which of the following? (A) The formation of early political parties within the United States (B) Loyalist opposition during the revolutionary war (C) The creation of a grassroots movement supporting independence (D) White-Indian conflicts after the Seven Years' War

(B) Loyalist opposition during the revolutionary war

Questions 75-77 refer to the excerpt below. "[T]he condition of the African race throughout all the States where the ancient relation between the two [races] has been retained enjoys a degree of health and comfort which may well compare with that of the laboring population of any country in Christendom; and, it may be added that in no other condition, or in any other age or country, has the Negro race ever attained so high an elevation in morals, intelligence, or civilization." -John C. Calhoun, political leader, 1844 76. Which of the following most directly undermines Calhoun's assertions? (A) Many slaves adopted elements of Christianity (B) Many slaves engaged in forms of resistance to slavery (C) Abolitionist societies encountered difficulty organizing in Southern states (D) A majority of White Southerners were not slaveholders

(B) Many slaves engaged in forms of resistance to slavery

. . The great rule of conduct for us in regard to foreign nations is, in extending our commercial relations to have with them as little political connection as possible. So far as we have already formed engagements let them be fulfilled with perfect good faith. Here let us stop. Europe has a set of primary interests which to us have none or a very remote relation. Hence she must be engaged in frequent controversies, the causes of which are essentially foreign to our concerns. Hence, therefore, it must be unwise in us to implicate ourselves by artificial ties in the ordinary vicissitudes [shifts] of her politics or the ordinary combinations and collisions of her friendships or enmities. Our detached and distant situation invites and enables us to pursue a different course. If we remain one people, under an efficient government, the period is not far off when we may defy material injury from external annoyance; when we may take such an attitude as will cause the neutrality we may at any time resolve upon to be scrupulously [completely] respected; when belligerent nations, under the impossibility of making acquisitions upon us, will not lightly hazard the giving us provocation; when we may choose peace or war, as our interest, guided by justice, shall counsel. . . . Source: President George Washington, Farewell Address, September 19, 1796 49. Based on the speech, what course of action is Washington recommending? (A) Expanding international trade (B) Remaining neutral in foreign affairs (C) Taking an active role in foreign affairs (D) Gaining more international allies

(B) Remaining neutral in foreign affairs

The following is an excerpt from a speech expressing what came to be known as the Monroe Doctrine, delivered by President James Monroe in his seventh annual message to Congress, December 2, 1823. We owe it, therefore, to candor and to the amicable relations existing between the United States and those [European] powers to declare that we should consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety. With the existing colonies or dependencies of any European power we have not interfered and shall not interfere. But with the Governments who have declared their independence and maintain it, and whose independence we have, on great consideration and on just principles, acknowledged, we could not view any interposition for the purpose of oppressing them, or controlling in any other manner their destiny, by any European power in any other light than as the manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the United States. James Monroe, Address to Congress, 1823 56. Which foreign policy is most closely related to the Monroe Doctrine? (A) FDR's Lend Lease policy (B) Roosevelt Corollary (C) Containment of communism (D) The war on terror

(B) Roosevelt Corollary

*Sorry for no image 62. A historian would find this document most useful for (A) Attempting to prove that the South had an economic advantage over the North at the start of the Civil War (B) Studying the economic and social differences between the North and South at the start of the Civil War (C) Investigating the outcomes and impact of the American Civil War on both the North and the South (D) Predicting whether the North or the South would lose the first battle of the Civil War

(B) Studying the economic and social differences between the North and South at the start of the Civil War

Questions 37-39 refer to the excerpts below. Elastic Clause: "The Congress shall have Power ... To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof..." Supremacy Clause: "This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof; and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land; and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby, anything in the constitution or laws of any state to the contrary notwithstanding." -Constitution of the U.S. 39. The Supremacy Clause was most directly challenged by (A) The power of judicial review (B) The doctrine of nullification (C) The creation of the National Bank (D) The political philosophy of Abraham Lincoln

(B) The doctrine of nullification

Questions 16-19 refer to the excerpt below. "The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States...Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons... The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the legislature thereof, for six Years; and each Senator shall have one Vote." - United States Constitution, 1787 18. Someone arguing that the Constitution was influenced by Thomas Hobbes could support his or her argument with which of the following pieces of evidence from the excerpt? (A) The election method for the House of Representatives (B) The election method for the Senate (C) The method of apportioning taxes (D) The method of determining population

(B) The election method for the Senate

Questions 78-80 refer to the excerpt below. "There is, at present, no danger of another insurrection against the authority of the United States on a large scale, and the people are willing to reconstruct their State governments, and to send their senators and representatives to Congress. But as to the moral value of these results, we must not indulge in any delusions. . . . [T]here is, as yet, among the southern people an utter absence of national feeling. . . . "Aside from the assumption that the Negro will not work without physical compulsion, there appears to be another popular notion . . . that the Negro exists for the special object of raising cotton, rice and sugar for the whites, and that it is illegitimate for him to indulge, like other people, in the pursuit of his own happiness in his own way." -Carl Schurz, Report on the Condition of the South, 1865 79. The attitudes of White Southerners described by Schurz contributed to which of the following developments in the last quarter of the nineteenth century? (A) The sale of most plantations to African Americans to keep them in the South (B) The establishment of sharecropping throughout the South (C) The Nullification Crisis caused by Southern resistance to federal policy (D) The rise of the Whig Party in the South

(B) The establishment of sharecropping throughout the South

*Sorry for no image 30. Which of the following most directly led to the increase shown in the chart? (A) The banning of the slave trade in 1808 (B) The invention of the cotton gin in 1793 (C) The decreasing competition in worldwide cotton production (D) The use of slavery in Midwestern food farming

(B) The invention of the cotton gin in 1793

*No Illustration 4. The above map illustrates which of the following trends in the development of colonial societies? (A) The Americans were increasingly dependent upon raw materials from Europe and Africa (B) The northern and southern colonies were divergent in their economic development (C) The escalated role of Dutch merchants in the Atlantic slave trade (D) The growing neglect of the British government towards its American colonies

(B) The northern and southern colonies were divergent in their economic development

Questions 81-83 refer to the excerpt below. "The colonizers brought along plants and animals new to the Americas, some by design and others by accident. Determined to farm in a European manner, the colonists introduced their domesticated livestock—honeybees, pigs, horses, mules, sheep, and cattle—and their domesticated plants, including wheat, barley, rye, oats, grasses, and grapevines. But the colonists also inadvertently carried pathogens, weeds, and rats. . . . In sum, the remaking of the Americas was a team effort by a set of interdependent species led and partially managed (but never fully controlled) by European people." -Alan Taylor, historian, American Colonies, 2001 82. The patterns described in the excerpt most directly foreshadowed which of the following developments? (A) The spread of maize cultivation northward from present-day Mexico into the American Southwest (B) The population decline in Native American societies (C) The gradual shift of European economies from feudalism to capitalism (D) The emergence of racially mixed populations in the Americas

(B) The population decline in Native American societies

*Sorry for no image 88. Which of the following groups would be most likely to support the perspective of the cartoon? (A) Democrat supporters of Jackson (B) Whig opponents of Andrew Jackson (C) Know-Nothing opponents of immigration (D) Anti-Masonic opponents of special privilege

(B) Whig opponents of Andrew Jackson

. . We admit, as all must admit, that the powers of the government are limited, and that its limits are not to be transcended. But we think the sound construction of the constitution must allow to the national legislature that discretion, with respect to the means by which the powers it confers are to be carried into execution, which will enable that body to perform the high duties assigned to it, in the manner most beneficial to the people. Let the end be legitimate, let it be within the scope of the constitution, and all means which are appropriate, which are plainly adapted to that end, which are not prohibited, but consist with the letter and spirit of the constitution, are constitutional. . . . Source: Chief Justice John Marshall, McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819 46. Which constitutional provision was used by Chief Justice Marshall to reach this conclusion? (A) electoral college clause (B) elastic clause (C) due process clause (D) equal protection clause

(B) elastic clause

Questions 75-77 refer to the excerpt below. "[T]he condition of the African race throughout all the States where the ancient relation between the two [races] has been retained enjoys a degree of health and comfort which may well compare with that of the laboring population of any country in Christendom; and, it may be added that in no other condition, or in any other age or country, has the Negro race ever attained so high an elevation in morals, intelligence, or civilization." -John C. Calhoun, political leader, 1844 77. In the 1840s and 1850s, the views expressed by Calhoun most directly contributed to (A) the United States acquisition of new territory in the West (B) increased sectional divisions between the North and the South (C) the development of sharecropping and tenant farming in the South (D) the rise of voluntary organizations to promote religious reform

(B) increased sectional divisions between the North and the South

(B) the telegraph

. . . I long to hear that you have declared an independency -- and by the way in the new Code of Laws which I suppose it will be necessary for you to make I desire you would Remember the Ladies, and be more generous and favourable to them than your ancestors. Do not put such unlimited power into the hands of the Husbands. Remember all Men would be tyrants if they could. If perticuliar care and attention is not paid to the Ladies we are determined to foment a Rebellion, and will not hold ourselves bound by any Laws in which we have no voice, or Representation. Source: Abigail Adams, Letter to John Adams, March 31, 1776 44. Which document most directly addressed the concerns expressed by Abigail Adams in this passage? (A) Federalist Papers (B) Monroe Doctrine (C) Declaration of Sentiments (D) Emancipation Proclamation

Questions 16-19 refer to the excerpt below. "The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States...Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons... The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the legislature thereof, for six Years; and each Senator shall have one Vote." - United States Constitution, 1787 17. The position of Indians as described in the excerpt most directly challenges which of the following statements? (A) Indians were largely ignored by the writers of the Constitution, who mentioned Indians only to establish that they would not be considered part of the American population (B) Indians were not considered American citizens (C) Indians were incorporated into the new government structure, and all potential conflicts with American Indians were solved by the writers of the Constitution (D) Indians were not represented in either house in Congress and therefore did not have to pay taxes that they had no part in creating

(C) Indians were incorporated into the new government structure, and all potential conflicts with American Indians were solved by the writers of the Constitution

Questions 37-39 refer to the excerpts below. Elastic Clause: "The Congress shall have Power ... To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof..." Supremacy Clause: "This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof; and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land; and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby, anything in the constitution or laws of any state to the contrary notwithstanding." -Constitution of the U.S. 38. Which Supreme Court decision marked a turning point in the interpretation of both clauses? (A) Marbury v. Madison (B) Worcester v. Georgia (C) McCulloch v. Maryland (D) Dred Scott v. Sanford

Questions 84-87 refer to the following information. "On the 4th of March next this party [the Republican party] will take possession of the government. It has announced that the South shall be excluded from the common territory, that the judicial tribunal shall be made sectional, and that a war must be waged against slavery until it shall cease throughout the United States. The guarantees of the Constitution will then no longer exist; the equal rights of the states will be lost. The slaveholding states will no longer have the power of self-government or self-protection, and the federal government will have become their enemy. "We, therefore, the people of South Carolina, by our delegates in convention assembled, have solemnly declared that the Union heretofore existing between this state and the other states of North America is dissolved; and that the state of South Carolina has resumed her position among the nations of the world, as [a] separate and independent state, with full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which independent states may of right do." -South Carolina defines the causes of secession, 1860 84. Which of the following was an immediate consequence of the secession of South Carolina? (A) Southern Democrats appealed to the powers of Congress to stop military action against South Carolina (B) Abraham Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation (C) Other Southern states seceded from the Union, forming the Confederacy (D) Jefferson Davis drafted Confederate soldiers into war, defending the siege on Fort Sumter

Questions 10-12 refer to the excerpts below. "Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, That if any person shall write, print, utter, or publish, or shall cause or procure to be written, printed, uttered or published, or shall knowingly and willingly assist or aid in writing, printing, uttering or publishing any false, scandalous and malicious writing or writings against the government of the United States...then such person, being thereof convicted before any court of the United States...shall be punished by a fine not exceeding two thousand dollars, and by imprisonment not exceeding two years." - The Sedition Act (14 July 1798) "...the Constitution, which expressly declares, that 'Congress shall make no laws respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press'...therefore the act of the Congress of the United States, passed on the 14th of July, 1798...which does abridge the freedom of the press, is not law, but is altogether void, and of no force." - Kentucky Resolution of 1798 and 1799 10. Which of the following events most directly caused the creation of the Sedition Act? (A) Federalist criticism of Thomas Jefferson during the Election of 1800 (B) The Anti-Federalists' criticism of the United States Constitution during the ratification process (C) Republican criticism of the undeclared naval war between France and the United States (D) Federalist support of the British during the Napoleonic Wars

Questions 78-80 refer to the excerpt below. "There is, at present, no danger of another insurrection against the authority of the United States on a large scale, and the people are willing to reconstruct their State governments, and to send their senators and representatives to Congress. But as to the moral value of these results, we must not indulge in any delusions. . . . [T]here is, as yet, among the southern people an utter absence of national feeling. . . . "Aside from the assumption that the Negro will not work without physical compulsion, there appears to be another popular notion . . . that the Negro exists for the special object of raising cotton, rice and sugar for the whites, and that it is illegitimate for him to indulge, like other people, in the pursuit of his own happiness in his own way." -Carl Schurz, Report on the Condition of the South, 1865 80. Efforts by Republicans such as Schurz to establish a base for their party in the South after the Civil War ultimately failed because (A) Republicans feared the South would secede again if the party became too successful (B) Republican opposition to African American rights alienated many White Southerners (C) Republicans grew weary of pressing their Reconstruction agenda in a hostile environment (D) Republicans believed it better to withdraw from the South than to become corrupted by Southern politics

Questions 75-77 refer to the excerpt below. "[T]he condition of the African race throughout all the States where the ancient relation between the two [races] has been retained enjoys a degree of health and comfort which may well compare with that of the laboring population of any country in Christendom; and, it may be added that in no other condition, or in any other age or country, has the Negro race ever attained so high an elevation in morals, intelligence, or civilization." -John C. Calhoun, political leader, 1844 75. Which of the following groups would have been most likely to support Calhoun's views expressed in the excerpt? (A) Members of nativist political parties (B) Members of the Whig Party (C) Southern landowners (D) Northern industrialists

... There is on the globe one single spot, the possessor of which is our natural and habitual enemy. It is New Orleans, through which the produce of three-eighths of our territory must pass to market, and from its fertility it will ere [before] long yield more than half of our whole produce and contain more than half our inhabitants. France, placing herself in that door, assumes to us the attitude of defiance.... Source: President Thomas Jefferson, Letter to Robert Livingston, 1802 53. The Louisiana Purchase led to a turning point in history because (A) The Louisiana Purchase allowed the United States to defeat France in a war (B) The Louisiana Purchase tripled the American population (C) The Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the United States and accelerated its westward expansion (D) The Louisiana Purchase led to an alliance between France and the United States

"With the [cotton gin], a single operator could clean as much cotton in a few hours as a group of workers had once needed a whole day to do . . . Soon cotton growing spread into the upland South and beyond, within a decade the total crop increased eightfold . . . The cotton gin not only changed the economy of the South, it also helped transform the North. The large supply of domestically produced fiber was a strong incentive to entrepreneurs in New England and elsewhere to develop an American textile industry." -Alan Brinkley, American History: Connecting with the Past, 2014 67. Based on this analysis, which of the following best describes the political and economic developments of the North and the South in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries? (A) The North and the South cooperated politically and economically to develop a successful textile industry. (B) Both the North and the South depended upon legislation supporting slavery. (C) The North and the South further separated because of rapid industrialization in the North and heavy dependence on agriculture in the South. (D) As the South began to develop industrially, it became politically and economically independent of the North.

(C) The North and the South further separated because of rapid industrialization in the North and heavy dependence on agriculture in the South.

*Sorry for no image 61. Which generalization is supported by the information in the chart? (A) The South exported more manufactured goods than the North (B) The North would have more difficulty supplying an army than the South (C) The North had greater economic strength than the South (D) The South would be better able to transport an army than the North

Questions 24-27 refer to the excerpts below. "It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is. Those who apply the rule to particular cases, must of necessity expound and interpret that rule. If two laws conflict with each other, the courts must decide on the operation of each. So if a law be in opposition to the constitution: if both the law and the constitution apply to a particular case, so that the court must either decide that case conformably to the law, disregarding the constitution, or conformably to the constitution, disregarding the law: the court must determine which of these conflicting rules governs the case...If then the courts are to regard the constitution; and the constitution is superior to any ordinary act of the legislature; the constitution, and not such ordinary act, must govern the case to which they both apply." -Chief Justice John Marshall, Marbury v. Madison, 1803 "The government of the United State, then, though limited in its powers, is supreme; and its laws, when made in pursuance of the constitution form the supreme law of the land, 'any thing in the constitution or laws of the any State to the contrary notwithstanding.'...Among the enumerated powers [in the Constitution], we do not find that of establishing a bank or creating a corporation. But there is no phrase in the instrument which, like the articles of confederation, excludes incidental or implied powers; and which requires that every thing granted shall be expressly and minutely described...[A constitution's] nature, therefore, requires that only its great outlines should be marked, its important objects designated, and the minor ingredients which compose those objects be deduced from the nature of the objects themselves." -Chief Justice John Marshall, McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819 25. Marshall's opinion in McCulloch v. Maryland serves as evidence of (A) The lack of clarity in the Constitution regarding state versus federal law (B) The Supreme Court's belief in strict construction of the Constitution (C) The Supreme Court's belief in loose construction of the Constitution (D) Andrew Jackson's disregard for the Supreme Court

... There is on the globe one single spot, the possessor of which is our natural and habitual enemy. It is New Orleans, through which the produce of three-eighths of our territory must pass to market, and from its fertility it will ere [before] long yield more than half of our whole produce and contain more than half our inhabitants. France, placing herself in that door, assumes to us the attitude of defiance.... Source: President Thomas Jefferson, Letter to Robert Livingston, 1802 52. Based on Document 1, why would the acquisition of New Orleans be significant to the United States? (A) New Orleans was owned by France before the Louisiana Purchase (B) New Orleans connected the United States to Spanish Mexico (C) The United States needed the Port of New Orleans to transport produce (D) France would no longer be an American enemy

*Sorry for no image 13. The number and position of nations' soldiers on the map most directly challenges which of the following statements? (A) The French were very useful to American efforts during the American Revolution (B) The French helped to defeat the British at Yorktown in 1783 (C) The alliance between France and America was not important during the American Revolution (D) The British were besieged by French and American troops on all sides

A Poor Unhappy Transported Felon's Sorrowful Account of His Fourteen Years' Transportation at Virginia, in America (1680) by James Revel At last to my new master's house I came, To the town of Wicowoco called by name, Here my European cloaths were took from me, Which never after I could see. A canvas shirt and trowsers me they gave, A hop-sack frock, in which I was a slave, No shoes or stockings had I for to wear, Nor hat, nor cap, my hands and feet went bare. Thus dress'd unto the field I next did go, Among tobacco plants all day to hoe. At day break in the morn our work begun, And lasted till the setting of the sun. My fellow slaves were five transports more, With eighteen negroes, which is twenty-four... 3. What do the demographics described in Revel's poem reflect about the overall composition of Virginia's population? (A) Males were only the acceptable servants for the slave master's family (B) The majority of forced laborers were white indentured servants or debtors (C) The majority of forced laborers in Virginia at the time consisted of slaves of African descent (D) White land owning masters vastly outnumbered the enslaved population of Virginia

Questions 81-83 refer to the excerpt below. "The colonizers brought along plants and animals new to the Americas, some by design and others by accident. Determined to farm in a European manner, the colonists introduced their domesticated livestock—honeybees, pigs, horses, mules, sheep, and cattle—and their domesticated plants, including wheat, barley, rye, oats, grasses, and grapevines. But the colonists also inadvertently carried pathogens, weeds, and rats. . . . In sum, the remaking of the Americas was a team effort by a set of interdependent species led and partially managed (but never fully controlled) by European people." -Alan Taylor, historian, American Colonies, 2001 83. The trends described by Taylor most directly illustrate which of the following major historical developments in the Atlantic world? (A) The growth of mercantile empires that stretched across the Atlantic (B) The increasing Anglicization of the English colonies (C) The phenomenon known as the Columbian Exchange (D) The rise of the trans-Atlantic slave trade

Questions 78-80 refer to the excerpt below. "There is, at present, no danger of another insurrection against the authority of the United States on a large scale, and the people are willing to reconstruct their State governments, and to send their senators and representatives to Congress. But as to the moral value of these results, we must not indulge in any delusions. . . . [T]here is, as yet, among the southern people an utter absence of national feeling. . . . "Aside from the assumption that the Negro will not work without physical compulsion, there appears to be another popular notion . . . that the Negro exists for the special object of raising cotton, rice and sugar for the whites, and that it is illegitimate for him to indulge, like other people, in the pursuit of his own happiness in his own way." -Carl Schurz, Report on the Condition of the South, 1865 78. Schurz's analysis most directly illustrated the debates about which of the following issues in the South? (A) The industrialization of the South (B) The issuing of the Emancipation Proclamation (C) The process of readmitting Confederate states (D) The extent of federal legislative power

Questions 24-27 refer to the excerpts below. "It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is. Those who apply the rule to particular cases, must of necessity expound and interpret that rule. If two laws conflict with each other, the courts must decide on the operation of each. So if a law be in opposition to the constitution: if both the law and the constitution apply to a particular case, so that the court must either decide that case conformably to the law, disregarding the constitution, or conformably to the constitution, disregarding the law: the court must determine which of these conflicting rules governs the case...If then the courts are to regard the constitution; and the constitution is superior to any ordinary act of the legislature; the constitution, and not such ordinary act, must govern the case to which they both apply." -Chief Justice John Marshall, Marbury v. Madison, 1803 "The government of the United State, then, though limited in its powers, is supreme; and its laws, when made in pursuance of the constitution form the supreme law of the land, 'any thing in the constitution or laws of the any State to the contrary notwithstanding.'...Among the enumerated powers [in the Constitution], we do not find that of establishing a bank or creating a corporation. But there is no phrase in the instrument which, like the articles of confederation, excludes incidental or implied powers; and which requires that every thing granted shall be expressly and minutely described...[A constitution's] nature, therefore, requires that only its great outlines should be marked, its important objects designated, and the minor ingredients which compose those objects be deduced from the nature of the objects themselves." -Chief Justice John Marshall, McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819 26. South Carolina's Ordinance of Nullification most directly challenged which of the following ideas from McCulloch v. Maryland? (A) Strict construction of the Constitution (B) Loose construction of the Constitution (C) The supremacy of federal law (D) The power of judicial review

. . We admit, as all must admit, that the powers of the government are limited, and that its limits are not to be transcended. But we think the sound construction of the constitution must allow to the national legislature that discretion, with respect to the means by which the powers it confers are to be carried into execution, which will enable that body to perform the high duties assigned to it, in the manner most beneficial to the people. Let the end be legitimate, let it be within the scope of the constitution, and all means which are appropriate, which are plainly adapted to that end, which are not prohibited, but consist with the letter and spirit of the constitution, are constitutional. . . . Source: Chief Justice John Marshall, McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819 48. The precedent set in this case was later used by Congress to (A) declare war against Spain in 1898 (B) reject the Treaty of Versailles following World War II (C) establish New Deal programs during the Great Depression (D) confirm the appointment of Earl Warren to the Supreme Court

Use the following excerpt to answer question 70. "At the time the first Europeans arrived, the Indians of the Great Plains between the Rocky Mountains and the forested areas bordering on the Mississippi lived partly by corn culture but mostly by the buffalo on foot with bow and arrow. Although Europeans regarded all Indians as nomads (a convenient excuse for denying them the land they occupied), only the Plains Indian really were nomadic. Even they did not become so until about A.D. 1550, when they began to break wild mustangs, offspring of European horses turned loose by the Spaniards." —"The Oxford History of the American People" by Samuel Eliot Morison, Oxford University Press, New York City, 1965 70. The excerpt suggests that Europeans used the lifestyle of American Indian tribes to justify (A) warfare and eradication of the native population (B) the creation of an extensive trade network (C) expansion into native lands (D) the creation of the encomienda system

The Secretary respectfully reports:. . . That a National Bank is an Institution of primary importance to the prosperous administration of the Finances, and would be of the greatest utility in the operations connected with the support of the Public Credit . . . There is nothing in the Acts of Congress, which imply an exclusive right in the institution, to which they relate, except during the term of the war. There is therefore nothing, if the public good requires it, which prevents the establishment of another . . . This is a strong argument for a new institution, or for a renovation of the old, to restore it to the situation in which it originally stood, in the view of the United States. Source: Alexander Hamilton, Report to Congress, December 14, 1790 I consider the foundation of the Constitution as laid on this ground: That "all powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States or to the people." [10th amendment.] To take a single step beyond the boundaries thus specially drawn around the powers of Congress, is to take possession of a boundless field of power, no longer susceptible of any definition. The incorporation of a bank, and the powers assumed by this bill, have not, in my opinion, been delegated to the United States by the Constitution. Source: Thomas Jefferson letter to George Washington on the bill for establishing a national bank, February 15, 1791 51. According to these documents, a key difference in Hamilton and Jefferson's beliefs centered around (A) the necessity of a Bill of Rights (B) the constitutionality of the Louisiana Purchase (C) the division of power between federal and state governments (D) interstate commerce

*Sorry for no image 33. The painting most directly reflects (A) the dangers and fears associated with westward migration (B) the arguments over whether slavery would be allowed in western territories (C) the idea of Manifest Destiny (D) the triumph of the railroad and other advanced technology

*Sorry for no image 29. Lewis and Clark's expedition demonstrated which of the following dangers, faced by thousands of future migrants? (A) Conflict with American Indians (B) Extreme cold weather (C) Difficult mountainous terrain (D) All of the above

(D) All of the above

Questions 10-12 refer to the excerpts below. "Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, That if any person shall write, print, utter, or publish, or shall cause or procure to be written, printed, uttered or published, or shall knowingly and willingly assist or aid in writing, printing, uttering or publishing any false, scandalous and malicious writing or writings against the government of the United States...then such person, being thereof convicted before any court of the United States...shall be punished by a fine not exceeding two thousand dollars, and by imprisonment not exceeding two years." - The Sedition Act (14 July 1798) "...the Constitution, which expressly declares, that 'Congress shall make no laws respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press'...therefore the act of the Congress of the United States, passed on the 14th of July, 1798...which does abridge the freedom of the press, is not law, but is altogether void, and of no force." - Kentucky Resolution of 1798 and 1799 12. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions propose the Doctrines of Nullification and Interposition, stating that (A) individual states have a responsibility to protect their citizens from unconstitutional federal laws (B) individual states can consider federal laws void if those laws violate the Constitution (C) the determination of a federal law's constitutionality lies with the states (D) All of the above

(D) All of the above

Questions 84-87 refer to the following information. "On the 4th of March next this party [the Republican party] will take possession of the government. It has announced that the South shall be excluded from the common territory, that the judicial tribunal shall be made sectional, and that a war must be waged against slavery until it shall cease throughout the United States. The guarantees of the Constitution will then no longer exist; the equal rights of the states will be lost. The slaveholding states will no longer have the power of self-government or self-protection, and the federal government will have become their enemy. "We, therefore, the people of South Carolina, by our delegates in convention assembled, have solemnly declared that the Union heretofore existing between this state and the other states of North America is dissolved; and that the state of South Carolina has resumed her position among the nations of the world, as [a] separate and independent state, with full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which independent states may of right do." -South Carolina defines the causes of secession, 1860 86. In the excerpt above, the reference to "the sanctions of a more erroneous religious belief" most probably refers to (A) Southern Baptist justification of slavery on the grounds of white racial superiority (B) the Puritan abolition of slavery in New England states (C) Jewish acceptance of slavery in the Torah (D) Christian abolitionist rejection of slavery on moral grounds

(D) Christian abolitionist rejection of slavery on moral grounds

. . . Stowe is often credited with infl uencing the country to think differently about slavery. But what do we know about how Stowe influenced Lincoln? A decade earlier, Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852) had been a publishing and propaganda phenomenon. Using stories to illustrate the human impact of slavery, Stowe's blistering pen lit the world on fire. The statistics remain record-breaking: 10,000 copies sold in the first week; a million and a half British copies in a year. The book was so successful it was immediately dramatized for the stage, where it became a theatrical icon. Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner, leader of the radical Republicans, said, "Had there been no Uncle Tom's Cabin, there would have been no Lincoln in the White House." . . . But pro-slavery critics charged that Stowe had made it all up and that slavery was a humane system. So Stowe wrote a nonfiction retort, The Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin (1853), compiling the real-life evidence that had informed her fictional stories. . . . 57. Which claim is supported by both Documents 1 and 2? (A) Uncle Tom's Cabin painted an inaccurate picture of slavery (B) Uncle Tom's Cabin scared pro-slavery critics (C) Harriet Beecher Stowe influenced President Lincoln (D) Harriet Beecher Stowe was an influential abolitionist

(D) Harriet Beecher Stowe was an influential abolitionist

Questions 84-87 refer to the following information. "On the 4th of March next this party [the Republican party] will take possession of the government. It has announced that the South shall be excluded from the common territory, that the judicial tribunal shall be made sectional, and that a war must be waged against slavery until it shall cease throughout the United States. The guarantees of the Constitution will then no longer exist; the equal rights of the states will be lost. The slaveholding states will no longer have the power of self-government or self-protection, and the federal government will have become their enemy. "We, therefore, the people of South Carolina, by our delegates in convention assembled, have solemnly declared that the Union heretofore existing between this state and the other states of North America is dissolved; and that the state of South Carolina has resumed her position among the nations of the world, as [a] separate and independent state, with full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which independent states may of right do." -South Carolina defines the causes of secession, 1860 87. Which of the following best explains why South Carolina chose to secede from the Union in 1860? (A) The failures of the Compromise of 1850 hindered South Carolina's trade relationships with Western states, leading to severe economic recession (B) The Battle of Fort Sumter occurred in Charleston, prompting public outrage over Union aggression (C) President Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation, thus undermining slavery in the South (D) Lincoln's election on a Free-Soil platform led Southern politicians to conclude that secession was necessary

(D) Lincoln's election on a Free-Soil platform led Southern politicians to conclude that secession was necessary

Questions 21-23 refer to the excerpt below. "Nothing was more characteristic of Antifederalist thinking than this obsession with aristocracy. Although to a European, American society may have appeared remarkably egalitarian, to many Americans, especially those who aspired to places of consequence but were made to feel their inferiority in innumerable, often subtle, ways, American society was distinguished by its inequality...In all communities...there were pressures...demarcating an aristocracy whose influence was difficult to resist. Such influence was difficult to resist because, to the continual annoyance of the Antifederalists, the great body of the people willingly submitted to it." -Gordon S. Wood, historian, The Creation of the American Republic, 1776- 1787 21. The ideas expressed in the excerpt most directly challenge which prevailing idea regarding the founding of the United States? (A) The American Revolution led to the creation a limited democracy that did not alter the underlying social structure of the colonies (B) The Declaration of Independence overstated Americans' commitment to social and political equality, especially in regards to the poor, women, and African Americans (C) From the British-American system of slavery to the political leadership of Puritan ministers, American society before and after the American Revolution was not truly equitable (D) The American Revolution ushered in an age of equality by leading to the creation of a thoroughly democratic form of government

(D) The American Revolution ushered in an age of equality by leading to the creation of a thoroughly democratic form of government

*Sorry for no image 15. The siege at Yorktown best illustrates which of the following statements about the American Revolution? (A) The British had an enormous advantage because of their superior navy (B) The Americans quickly and easily defeated the strongest empire on earth (C) The Americans used guerrilla warfare very effectively (D) The British were at a disadvantage because they relied on supplies from across the Atlantic Ocean

(D) The British were at a disadvantage because they relied on supplies from across the Atlantic Ocean

*Sorry for no image 5. The Atlantic trade in the early 18th century most directly contributed to (A) the social distinctions between the coastal and backcountry settlers (B) a surge of colonial independence against the British empire (C) a sense of unification and economic self-sufficiency within the colonies (D) an increase in the southern agrarian economic cash crop system

(D) an increase in the southern agrarian economic cash crop system

* Sorry for no image 74. The change in settlement patterns from 1700 to 1775 best explains the (A) development of economic differences between the northern and southern colonies (B) colonists' difficulties in effectively resisting the British military during the American Revolution (C) significant proportion of colonists who remained loyal to Great Britain during the American Revolution (D) growth of social tensions between backcountry settlers and coastal elites

(D) growth of social tensions between backcountry settlers and coastal elites

Questions 4-8 refer to the following information. "Whereas the laws and treaties of the United States, without interfering with the free expression of opinion and sympathy, or with the commercial manufacture or sale of arms or munitions of war, nevertheless impose upon all persons who may be within their territory and jurisdiction the duty of an impartial neutrality during the existence of the contest; And Whereas it is the duty of a neutral government not to permit or suffer the making of its waters subservient to the purposes of war; "Now, Therefore, I, Woodrow Wilson, President of the United States of America, in order to preserve the neutrality of the United States...do hereby declare and proclaim.... "That the statutes and the treaties of the United States and the law of nations alike require that no person, within the territory and jurisdiction of the United States, shall take part, directly or indirectly, in the said wars, but shall remain at peace with all of the said belligerents, and shall maintain a strict and impartial neutrality...." -Woodrow Wilson, 1914 8. Which of the following statements is most accurate? A. After World War I, debates intensified over American involvement overseas B. After World War I, Americans generally favored the new era of American involvement overseas C. American involvement in World War I was an extension of a long tradition of involvement overseas D. American involvement in World War I was a direct result of "dollar diplomacy"

A. After World War I, debates intensified over American involvement overseas

Questions 12-14 refer to the following information. "I am but one of many victims of Rockefeller's colossal combination," said Mr. [George] Rice, "and my story is not essentially different from the rest. . . . I established what was known as the Ohio Oil Works. . . . I found to my surprise at first, though I afterward understood it perfectly, that the Standard Oil Company was offering the same quality of oil at much lower prices than I could do—from one to three cents a gallon less than I could possibly sell it for. "I sought for the reason and found that the railroads were in league with the Standard Oil concern at every point, giving it discriminating rates and privileges of all kinds as against myself and all outside competitors." —George Rice, "How I Was Ruined by Rockefeller," New York World, October 16, 1898. 14. Defenders of corporate actions, such as the ones described in the passage above, would find support in A. Herbert Spencer and the ideas of social Darwinism B. Henry George's proposal for a "single tax" on land C. the Omaha Platform of the Populist Platform D. Upton Sinclair's novel, The Jungle

A. Herbert Spencer and the ideas of social Darwinism

Questions 1-3 refer to the following information. "The Opposition tells us that we ought not to govern a people without their consent. I answer, the rule of liberty that all just government derives its authority from the consent of the governed, applies only to those who are capable of self-government. We govern the Indians without their consent, we govern our territories without their consent, we govern our children without their consent. How do they know that our government would be without their consent? Would not the people of the Philippines prefer the just, human, civilizing government of this Republic to the savage, bloody rule of pillage and extortion from which we have rescued them? And, regardless of this formula of words made only for enlightened, self-governing people, do we owe no duty to the world? Shall we turn these peoples back to the reeking hands from which we have taken them? Shall we abandon them, with Germany, England, Japan, hungering for them? Shall we save them from those nations, to give them a self-rule of tragedy?...Then, like men and not like children, let us on to our tasks, our mission, and our destiny." -Albert J. Beveridge, "The March of the Flag," 1898 1. The sentiment expressed by Beveridge best exemplifies which of the following? A. Imperialism B. Anti-imperialism C. Isolationism D. Manifest Destiny

A. Imperialism

Questions 9-12 refer to the following information. Here is the case of a woman employed in the manufacturing department of a Broadway house. It stands for a hundred like her own. She averages three dollars a week. Pay is $1.50 for her room; for breakfast she has a cup of coffee; lunch she cannot afford. One meal a day is her allowance. This woman is young, she is pretty. She has "the world before her." Is it anything less than a miracle if she is guilty of nothing less than the "early and improvident marriage," against which moralists exclaim as one of the prolific causes of the distresses of the poor? Almost any door might seem to offer a welcome escape from such slavery as this. "I feel so much healthier since I got three square meals a day," said a lodger in one of the Girls' Homes. Two young sewing-girls came in seeking domestic service, so that they might get enough to eat. They had been only half-fed for some time, and starvation had driven them to the one door at which the pride of the American-born girl will not permit her to knock, though poverty be the price of her independence. —Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives, 1890 11. Concerns like those expressed by Riis in the passage above led most directly to which of the following? A. Laws regulating the working conditions of women B. Restrictions on immigration C. Women's suffrage D. Antitrust legislation

A. Laws regulating the working conditions of women

Questions 4-8 refer to the following information. "Whereas the laws and treaties of the United States, without interfering with the free expression of opinion and sympathy, or with the commercial manufacture or sale of arms or munitions of war, nevertheless impose upon all persons who may be within their territory and jurisdiction the duty of an impartial neutrality during the existence of the contest; And Whereas it is the duty of a neutral government not to permit or suffer the making of its waters subservient to the purposes of war; "Now, Therefore, I, Woodrow Wilson, President of the United States of America, in order to preserve the neutrality of the United States...do hereby declare and proclaim.... "That the statutes and the treaties of the United States and the law of nations alike require that no person, within the territory and jurisdiction of the United States, shall take part, directly or indirectly, in the said wars, but shall remain at peace with all of the said belligerents, and shall maintain a strict and impartial neutrality...." -Woodrow Wilson, 1914 5. The statement above is most in harmony with the sentiments in which of the following speeches? A. Washington's Farewell Address B. George H. W. Bush's "A Thousand Points of Light" C. Lincoln's Gettysburg Address D. Franklin D. Roosevelt's "Day of Infamy"

A. Washington's Farewell Address

One of the rights which the freeman has always guarded with most jealous care is that of enjoying the rewards of his own industry. Realizing that the power to tax is the power to destroy and that the power to take a certain amount of property or of income is only another way of saying that for a certain proportion of his time a citizen must work for the government, the authority to impose a tax on the people has been most carefully guarded.... A government which lays taxes on the people not required by urgent necessity and sound public policy is not a protector of liberty, but an instrument of tyranny. It condemns the citizen to tyranny. One of the first signs of the breaking down of free government is a disregard by the taxing power of the right of the people to their own property.... Unless the people can enjoy that reasonable security in the possession of their property, which is guaranteed by the Constitution, against unreasonable taxation, freedom is at an end.... With us economy is imperative. It is a full test of our national character.... It is always the people who toil that pay. —Calvin Coolidge, "Economy in the Interest of All," June 30, 1924 3. The ideas expressed above were influenced by which of the following? A. Widespread prosperity in the 1920s B. Widespread economic hardship in the 1920s C. The rapid growth of the welfare state in the 1920s D. Highly publicized antitrust prosecutions

A. Widespread prosperity in the 1920s

*Sorry for no IMage 14. Like other consumer products such as radios and home electric appliances, automobiles were often offered to consumers through A. payment plans, which allowed consumers to spread full payment over time. B. self-manufacturing kits, which reduced the costs for the companies selling the products. C. exclusive retail stores, which prevented consumers from buying products at the lowest possible price. D. incentives such as rebates, which consumers could acquire by agreeing to sell products for the manufacturer.

A. payment plans, which allowed consumers to spread full payment over time.

Questions 9-11 refer to the following information. "Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That in all cases where any tribe or band of Indians has been, or shall hereafter be, located upon any reservation created for their use, either by treaty stipulation or by virtue of an act of Congress or executive order . . . , the President of the United States [is] hereby . . . authorized, whenever in his opinion any reservation or any part thereof of such Indians is advantageous for agricultural and grazing purposes, to cause said reservation, or any part thereof, to be surveyed ... , and to allot the lands in said reservation in severalty [separate plots of land, individually owned] to any Indian located thereon in quantities as follows: . . ." —Dawes Severalty Act (excerpt), 1887 9. A primary goal of the Dawes Severalty Act (1887) was to A. turn American Indians into property-owning, profit-oriented, individual farmers B. keep alive traditional practices and languages C. open up American Indian lands in Georgia, South Carolina, and Alabama to mining and cotton production D. compensate American Indian tribes for lands that had been taken through fraudulent treaties

A. turn American Indians into property-owning, profit-oriented, individual farmers

Questions 9-12 refer to the following information. Here is the case of a woman employed in the manufacturing department of a Broadway house. It stands for a hundred like her own. She averages three dollars a week. Pay is $1.50 for her room; for breakfast she has a cup of coffee; lunch she cannot afford. One meal a day is her allowance. This woman is young, she is pretty. She has "the world before her." Is it anything less than a miracle if she is guilty of nothing less than the "early and improvident marriage," against which moralists exclaim as one of the prolific causes of the distresses of the poor? Almost any door might seem to offer a welcome escape from such slavery as this. "I feel so much healthier since I got three square meals a day," said a lodger in one of the Girls' Homes. Two young sewing-girls came in seeking domestic service, so that they might get enough to eat. They had been only half-fed for some time, and starvation had driven them to the one door at which the pride of the American-born girl will not permit her to knock, though poverty be the price of her independence. —Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives, 1890 9. Which of the following would be most likely to support the perspective expressed by Riis in the passage above? A. A supporter of Social Darwinism B. A Progressive C. A businessman D. An opponent of immigration

B. A Progressive

*Sorry for no Image 27. The cartoon reflects which of the following continuities in U.S. history? A. Debates over extending constitutional rights to peoples in territories acquired by the United States B. Debates over the wisdom of asserting American control over foreign possessions C. Debates over the morality of tactics used by the United States in wars of colonial independence D. Debates over allowing the Central Intelligence

B. Debates over the wisdom of asserting American control over foreign possessions

One of the rights which the freeman has always guarded with most jealous care is that of enjoying the rewards of his own industry. Realizing that the power to tax is the power to destroy and that the power to take a certain amount of property or of income is only another way of saying that for a certain proportion of his time a citizen must work for the government, the authority to impose a tax on the people has been most carefully guarded.... A government which lays taxes on the people not required by urgent necessity and sound public policy is not a protector of liberty, but an instrument of tyranny. It condemns the citizen to tyranny. One of the first signs of the breaking down of free government is a disregard by the taxing power of the right of the people to their own property.... Unless the people can enjoy that reasonable security in the possession of their property, which is guaranteed by the Constitution, against unreasonable taxation, freedom is at an end.... With us economy is imperative. It is a full test of our national character.... It is always the people who toil that pay. —Calvin Coolidge, "Economy in the Interest of All," June 30, 1924 1. Which of the following political ideas best reflects the perspective of Calvin Coolidge in the passage above? A. Taxation is an effective means of redistributing wealth. B. Government should be limited. C. A bigger government can ensure social justice. D. Government has the final say on what people do with their property.

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