US History Since 1865

As President, Calvin Coolidge signed into law the Immigration Act of 1924, which

Established quotas that restricted the inflow of Southern and Eastern European immigrants

"This, then, is held to be the duty of the man of wealth: first, to set an example of modest, unostentatious living, shunning display or extravagance; to provide moderately for the legitimate wants of those dependent upon him; and after doing so to consider all surplus revenues which come to him simply as trust funds which he is called upon to administer, and strictly bound as a matter of duty to administer in the manner which, in his judgment, is best calculated to produce the most beneficial results for the community—the man of wealth thus becoming the mere agent and trustee for his poorer brethren, bringing to their service his superior wisdom, experience, and ability to administer, doing for them better than they would or could do for themselves." -- Andrew Carnegie, 1899 Which of the following statement's most closely aligns with Andrew Carnegie's Gospel of Wealth?

"The man who dies rich, dies disgraced."

What proportion of Americans were of foreign birth or were children of foreigners at the time of World War I?

1/3

Which was a common goal of the Populist and Progressive movements?

A more active role for government in addressing the nation's social and economic problems

Which of the following statements about the US acquisition of Hawaii is FALSE?

A popular vote in 1893 indicated that the majority of Hawaiians wanted to become part of the United States

Which of the following statements about the German war strategy in World War I is CORRECT?

All of the above. Germany believed that its ability to win the war depended on a quick victory Germany's war plan involved an invasion of France through Belgium, a neutral country and therefore a violation of international law Fierce resistance by Belgium slowed Germany's advance sufficiently to allow Britain and France to mobilize their forces To break a military deadlock, Germany adopted submarine warfare, poison gas, and incendiary bombs

Which of the following statements about the League of Nations is FALSE?

After World War II, the League was renamed the United Nations

Which of the following event can be concluded from chart?

All answers can be concluded from the chart.

A progressive federal income tax

All of the Above. was only adopted in 1913 and required a Constitutional amendment was an ideal way to replace the tariff, which the Democratic Party regarded as a tax on consumers for the benefit of rich industrialists, because the wealthy would be a higher proportion of their income than poorer individuals was necessary because revenue from the tariff was declining while government spending was rising

Bill Clinton described himself as a New Democrat who would offer a centrist approach to government between the extremes of left and right. Which of his actions BEST fit that self-description?

All of the above

Why did some South Vietnamese resent U.S. military involvement in the Vietnam war?

All of the above

World War II

All of the above

"I do not believe that the power and duty of the [federal] Government ought to be extended to the relief of individual suffering... The lesson should be constantly enforced that though the people support the Government the Government should not support the people." - President Herbert Hoover Drawing upon the quotation, which of the following statements was Herbert Hoover most likely to agree with?

Americans should fend for themselves and not rely on government

To weaken the power of political machines, Progressives did all the following EXCEPT:

Appointed special counsels who were responsible for investigating and prosecuting corrupt city officials

Which of the following statements about the Holocaust is FALSE?

As a result of the horrors of the Holocaust, there have been no further attempts at ethnic cleansing or mass killings based on race or ethnicity

Germany turned to Hitler for all but one of the following reasons. Select the EXCEPTION.

Because he was mistakenly viewed as a moderate who could negotiate a reduction in reparation payments

The MAIN reason why Prohibition was adopted in 1920 was:

Because of a belief among Progressives that drinking was detrimental to people's health and well-being

I walked the floor of the White House night after night until midnight; and I am not ashamed to tell you, gentlemen, that I went down on my knees and prayed to Almighty God for light and guidance more than one night. And one night late it came to me this way-I don't know how it was, but it came: (1) That we could not give them back to Spain-that would be cowardly and dishonorable; (2) That we could not turn them over to France or Germany, our commercial rivals in the Orient-that would be bad business and discreditable; (3) That we could not leave them to themselves--they were unfit for self-government, and they would soon have anarchy and misrule worse then Spain's was; and (4) That there was nothing left for us to do but to take them all, and to educate the Filipinos, and uplift and civilize and Christianize them and by God's grace do the very best we could by them, as our fellow men for whom Christ also died. -- President William McKinley, 1899 President McKinley recommended that the United States the Philippines for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:

Because the Filipinos had conveyed a strong desire to be annexed to the United States

...Communist aggression in Korea is part of a worldwide strategy of the Kremlin to destroy freedom. It has shown men all over the world that Communist imperialism may strike anywhere, anytime. The defense of Korea is part of the worldwide effort of all free nations to maintain freedom. It has shown free men that if they stand together, and pool their strength, Communist aggression cannot succeed.... -President Harry Truman, Address at a dinner of the Civil Defense Conference, May 7, 1951. Which of the following statements is INCONSISTENT with President Truman's words? The United States intervened in Korea:

Because the United States had promised to protect South Korea under a formal treaty.

The United States has always protested against the doctrine of international law which permits the subjugation of the weak by the strong. A self-governing state cannot accept sovereignty over an unwilling people. The United States cannot act upon the ancient heresy that might makes right. When the white man governs himself, that is self-government, but when he governs himself and governs another man, that is more than self-government - that is despotism. -- The Anti-Imperialist League, 1899 According to the quote, why does the Anti-Imperialist League oppose American imperialism?

Because the United States has always opposed the subjugation of the weak by the strong.

"I am not going to lose Vietnam. I am not going to be the president who saw Southeast Asia go the way China went." —Newly inaugurated President Lyndon Johnson at a White House meeting on November 24, 1963 Based on the readings, which of the following was NOT a reason that President Johnson felt he had to prevail in Vietnam?

Because the loss of Southeast Asia would harm the US economy by depriving it of essential resources

The wonderful group of buildings, with their marvelous, beautiful surroundings of land and water, created as if by magic, cannot adequately be described or portrayed by either pen or pencil. The eminent architects and artists to whom all this is due laid under tribute the traditions and models of historic art, and all the ripe experience of the distant and the past were combined with the present to form the most beautiful and remarkable collection of architectural monuments that this world has ever witnessed. New-York Daily Tribune, October 22, 1893 Which of the following statements about the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago is INCORRECT?

Black visitors were able to attend the fair without any restrictions, signaling the nation's growing emphasis on equal rights

From the 1860s through the 1880s, the United States largely resisted Secretary of State William Seward's vision of US expansion into Canada, Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean, Island, Greenland, and the Pacific Islands. The country largely resisted expansion for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:

Britain had told the United States that it would go to war if the US tried to expand overseas

Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from this graph?

By 1933, over 12 million Americans were unemployed

President Ronald Reagan sought to restore economic growth in all but one of the following ways. Select the EXCEPTION.

By offer tax breaks for investments in renewable energy

As president, Richard Nixon sought to restore American influence in foreign affairs in all but one of the following ways. Select the EXCEPTION.

By staging military interventions in Serbia, Iran, Libya, and Somalia

Which of the following statements is FALSE? During the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s

China displaced the United States as the world's dominant economic and military power

. . . Unjust laws exist; shall we be content to obey them, or shall we endeavor to amend them, and obey them until we have succeeded, or shall we transgress them at once? . . . — Henry David Thoreau, 1849 ". . . But the great glory of American democracy is the right to protest for right. My friends, don't let anybody make us feel that we [are] to be compared in our actions with the Ku Klux Klan or with the White Citizens Council. There will be no crosses burned at any bus stops in Montgomery. There will be no white persons pulled out of their homes and taken out on some distant road and lynched for not cooperating. There will be nobody amid, among us who will stand up and defy the Constitution of this nation. We only assemble here because of our desire to see right exist. . ." — Martin Luther King, Jr., December 1955 Which statement most accurately summarizes the main idea of these quotation

Civil disobedience is sometimes necessary to bring about change.

"Until the latest of our world conflicts, the United States had no armaments industry. American makers of plowshares could, with time and as required, make swords as well. But now we can no longer risk emergency improvisation of national defense; we have been compelled to create a permanent armaments industry of vast proportions. Added to this, three and a half million men and women are directly engaged in the defense establishment. We annually spend on military security more than the net income of all United States corporations. This conjunction of an immense military establishment and a large arms industry is new in the American experience. In the councils of government, we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military-industrial complex. The potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power exists and will persist. We must never let the weight of this combination endanger our liberties or democratic processes. -- President Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1961 Which of the following statements is MOST CONSISTENT with President Eisenhower's warning?

Civilian control of the military is essential if the US is to remain a free and democratic nation. The United States must guard against pressures from the defense industry. and its political allies.

The reason why we find ourselves in a position of impotency is not because our only powerful potential enemy has sent men to invade our shores . . . but rather because of the traitorous actions of those who have been treated so well by this Nation. It has not been the less fortunate, or members of minority groups who have been traitorous to this Nation, but rather those who have had all the benefits that the wealthiest Nation on earth has had to offer . . . the finest homes, the finest college education and the finest jobs in government we can give. This is glaringly true in the State Department. There the bright young men who are born with silver spoons in their mouths are the ones who have been most traitorous. . . . I have here in my hand a list of 205 . . . a list of names that were made known to the Secretary of State as being members of the Communist Party and who nevertheless are still working and shaping policy in the State Department. . . . -- Senator Joseph McCarthy, February 9, 1950 In the 1950's, Senator Joseph McCarthy was most closely associated with issues related

Communist infiltration

Which of the following statements is FALSE? During the 1930s

Congress enacted a War Powers Act reaffirming Congress's exclusive power to declare war

Which was NOT a result of the Vietnam war?

Countries near Vietnam, including Laos, Malaysia, and Thailand, went Communist

Since the mid-1940's over 200 basic chemicals have been created for use in killing insects, weeds, rodents, and other organisms described in the modern vernacular as "pests"; and they are sold under several thousand different brand names. These sprays, dusts, and aerosols are now applied almost universally to farms, gardens, forests, and homes—nonselective chemicals that have the power to kill every insect, the "good" and the "bad," to still the song of birds and the leaping of fish in the streams, to coat the leaves with a deadly film, and to linger on in the soil—all this though the intended target may be only a few weeds or insects. Can anyone believe it is possible to lay down such a barrage of poisons on the surface of the earth without making it unfit for all life? -- Rachel Carson, Silent Spring Rachel Carson's Silent Spring

Criticizes the indiscriminate use of pesticides and herbicides

Article I: The Government of Cuba shall never enter into any treaty or other compact with any foreign power or powers which will impair or tend to impair the independence of Cuba, nor in any way authorize or permit any foreign power or powers to obtain by colonization or for naval or military purposes, or otherwise, lodgment or control over any portion of said island. Article III. That the Government of Cuba consents that the United States may exercise the right to intervene for the preservation of Cuban independence, the maintenance of a government adequate for the protection of life, property, and individual liberty, and for discharging the obligations with respect to Cuba imposed by the Treaty of Paris on the United States, now to be assumed and undertaken by the Government of Cuba. Article VII. To enable the United States to maintain the independence of Cuba, and to protect the people thereof, as well as for its own defense, the Cuban Government will sell or lease to the United States the lands necessary for coaling or naval stations, at certain specified points, to be agreed upon with the President of the United States. -- The Platt Amendment, 1903 Which of the following statements about the Platt Amendment is FALSE?

Cuba could apply for statehood.

"If there should be disloyalty, it will be dealt with a firm hand of repression." -- President Woodrow Wilson Which of the following statements about World War I on the homefront is FALSE?

Despite fears of disloyalty, there was in fact almost no opposition to the war

"A FIRST-CLASS REVOLT AGAINST THE accepted American order was certainly taking place during those early years of the Post-war Decade, but it was one with which Nikolai Lenin had nothing whatever to do. ... The flappers wore thin dresses, short-sleeved and occasionally (in the evening) sleeveless; some of the wilder young things rolled their stockings below their knees, revealing to the shocked eyes of virtue a fleeting glance of shin-bones and knee-cap; and many of them were visibly using cosmetics. ... Some of them, furthermore, were abandoning their corsets. ... The current mode in dancing created still more consternation...[since it involved} a 'syncopated' embrace." ...Supposedly "nice" girls were smoking cigarettes--openly and defiantly.... The principal remaining forces which accelerated the revolution in manners and morals were all 100 per cent American. They were prohibition, the automobile, the confession and sex magazines, and the movies." -- Frederick Lewis Allen A "revolution in morals and manners" reshaped American culture and behavior during the 1920s. Which of the following statements about this revolution is INCONSISTENT with Frederick Lewis Allen's words?

Driving this revolution were feminist values: A demand that they should be equal in all spheres with men, including access to professional opportunities and reproductive rights.

A painting entitled "Open Casket" by the artist Dana Schutz aroused controversy in 2017, with critics arguing that a white artist was commercially exploiting the murder of a black youth in Mississippi in 1955 and defenders claiming that it spoke to issues of race and violence. Who does the painting depict?

Emmett Till

Which of the following statements about the Depression is INCORRECT?

Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal was a raw deal for the elderly and the unemployed because it failed to establish a safety net for seniors or the jobless

Between 1945 and 1954, Vietnam was a ________ colony.

French

According to the map, in which region of the United States did women receive the MOST support for equal suffrage before passage of the 19th amendment?

In the West

What is this political cartoon making fun of?

Fundamentalist criticism of the theory of evolution

World War II began when

Germany attacked Poland

By late June 1941,

Germany had conquered most of continental Europe

World War I was caused by all but one of the following factors. Select the EXCEPTION.

Germany's annexation of Austria and Czechoslovakia and its invasion of Poland.

Among the most popular writers of the late 19th century was Horatio Alger. Read the following passage from Alger's The World Before Him, then choose the statement that best responds to the question below. Which of the following statements BEST expresses the moral of this story?

Honesty, luck, a proper work ethic, and a willingness to help others can place a poor boy can rise to respectable middle-class status.

"You have a row of dominoes set up; you knock over the first one, and what will happen to the last one is that it will go over very quickly." —President Dwight D. Eisenhower speaking at a press conference on April 7, 1954. President Eisenhower publicly justified US involvement in Vietnam through the domino theory. What did the domino theory state?

If one country fell to Communism, others nearby would soon follow

In 1913, Woodrow Wilson broke tradition by becoming the first president in 112 years to speak before a joint session of Congress. There, he launched an attack on the "triple wall of privilege" - high protective tariffs, abusive trusts, and an unregulated banking system that kept farmers and workers from achieving their fair share of the nation's income and wealth. Read the following excerpts from his speech and identify which statement is INCONSISTENT with the President's words. It is clear to the whole country that the tariff duties must be altered. ... The sooner that is done the sooner we shall escape from suffering from the facts and the sooner our men of business will be free to thrive by the law of nature (the nature of free business) instead of by the law of legislation and artificial arrangement. ... We long ago passed beyond the modest notion of "protecting" the industries of the country and moved boldly forward to the idea that they were entitled to the direct patronage of the Government. ... [W]e have built up a set of privileges and exemptions from competition behind which it was easy by any, even the crudest, forms of combination to organize monopoly. ... Only new principles of action will save us from a final hard crystallization of monopoly and a complete loss of the influences that quicken enterprise and keep independent energy alive.

If the economy is to thrive, then the federal government needs to take an active role overseeing production, investment, and prices.

According to this chart, which of the following statements is FALSE?

In October 1930 stock prices were significantly higher than at the stock market's previous peak in September and early October 1928.

"Korematsu was not excluded from the military area because of hostility to him or his race. He was excluded because we are at war with the Japanese Empire, because the . . . authorities feared an invasion of our West Coast and felt constrained to take proper security measures." —Justice Hugo Black, Korematsu v. United States, 1944 Which generalization is supported by this quotation?

In a national emergency individual rights are sometimes sacrificed and the Supreme Court may well uphold these violations of civil liberties.

What pandemic disease threatened soldiers and civilians on all sides during the late stages of the war?

Influenza

In Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress you may recall the description of the Man with the Muck Rake, the man who could look no way but downward, with the muck rake in his hand; who was offered a celestial crown for his muck rake, but who would neither look up nor regard the crown he was offered, but continued to rake to himself the filth of the floor. Now, it is very necessary that we should not flinch from seeing what is vile and debasing. ... There are in the body politic, economic and social, many and grave evils, and there is urgent necessity for the sternest war upon them. There should be relentless exposure of and attack upon every evil man, whether politician or business man, every evil practice, whether in politics, business, or social life. I hail as a benefactor every writer or speaker, every man who, on the platform or in a book, magazine, or newspaper, with merciless severity makes such attack.... [However] an epidemic of indiscriminate assault upon character does no good, but very great harm. The soul of every scoundrel is gladdened whenever an honest man is assailed, or even when a scoundrel is untruthfully assailed. -- Theodore Roosevelt Which of the following statements most ACCURATELY sums up Theodore Roosevelt's argument?

Investigative reporters are often indispensable to the well-being of society; but only if they do not indiscriminately assault the character of society and of individuals.

All but one of the following suggested that the United States was losing influence in world affairs during the 1970s. Select the EXCEPTION.

Iraq's invasion of Kuwait and Russia's seizure of Crimea

Which of the following statements about Fundamentalist Protestantism is FALSE?

It embraced the findings of science and Darwin's theory of evolution

"It must be a peace without victory...Victory would mean peace forced upon the loser,.... It would be accepted in humiliation...and would leave a bitter memory upon which terms of peace would rest, not permanently, but only as upon quicksand." -- President Woodrow Wilson, 1917 How did the Treaty of Versailles, ending World War I, change the balance of power in Europe?

It explicitly blamed Germany for the outbreak of the war, forcing it to pay substantial financial reparations and ceding territory and colonies

All but one of the following were important consequences of the Great Depression. Select the EXCEPTION.

It led government to institute the first personal income tax

Which was NOT a consequence of the stagflation of the 1970s?

It led many prime-age women and men to withdraw from the labor force

Consequences of the Vietnam war included all of the following EXCEPT:

It led the United States to remove all forces from east Asia, leaving Japan and South Korea to fend for themselves

To address the problems facing labor, the New Deal did all but one of the following. Select the EXCEPTION.

It mobilized the military to assist striking workers in unionizing the steel and auto industries

To curb the powers of the president and eliminate corruption in presidential campaigns, Congress enacted all but one of the following measures in the early 1970s. Select the EXCEPTION.

It restricted a president to two terms in office

Prohibition failed because:

It was difficult to enforce and spurred the growth of organized crime

What was the most likely cause of the election results shown on the map?

Most voters blamed President Herbert Hoover for the Great Depression.

Did the New Deal solve the problems of the Great Depression?

Kind of; it got many people back to work, improved the country's morale, and saved and reformed the country's capitalist system

How were civil liberties in the United States curtailed during the First World War?

Laws enacted in 1917 and 1918 made it a crime to express anti-war sentiment or criticize the United States Government.

Which of the following statements about the late 19th century is FALSE?

Major developments included greatly expanded professional opportunities and the vote for women in national elections

Which of the following was NOT an influential critic of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal policies?

Marcus Garvey, a proponent of Pan-Africanism.

Which of the following statements about the Vietnam War's impact on American culture is FALSE?

Most popular music and movies were outspokenly pro-war

The victims of the Zoot Suit riots were mainly

Mexican Americans

"So we come now face to face with the perfectly clean question of what is the best use to which this water that flows out of the Sierras can be put. As we all know, there is no use of water that is higher than the domestic use. Then, if there is, as the engineers tell us, no other source of supply that is anything like so reasonably available as this one; if this is the best, and, within reasonable limits of cost, the only means of supplying San Francisco with water, we come straight to the question of whether the advantage of leaving this valley in a state of nature is greater than the advantage of using it for the benefit of the city of San Francisco." -- Gifford Pinchot, first Chief Forester of the United States Based on his statement, Gifford would most likely agree with which of the following statements?

Natural resources should be used rationally, cost-effectively, and thoughtfully to benefit the public

"Yosemite National Park, one of the greatest of all our natural resources for the uplifting joy and peace and health of the people, is in danger of being dammed and made into a reservoir to help supply San Francisco with water and light, thus flooding it from wall to wall and burying its gardens and groves one or two hundred feet deep. ... Everybody needs beauty as well as bread, places to play in and pray in, where Nature may heal and cheer and give strength to body and soul alike. ... [O]ur magnificent National parks—the Yellowstone, Yosemite, Sequoia, etc.— [are] Nature's sublime wonderlands, the admiration and joy of the world. Nevertheless, like anything else worthwhile, from the very beginning, however well guarded, they have always been subject to attack by despoiling gain-seekers and mischief-makers of every degree from Satan to Senators, eagerly trying to make everything immediately and selfishly commercial...." -- Sierra Club founder John Muir Based on his statement, John Muir would most likely agree with which of the following statements?

Nature should be left as it is found. Wilderness is essential to people's aesthetic and spiritual well-being

Which of the following statements about domestic Communism is TRUE?

Of the approximately 50,000 US Communist party members in the war years, about 300 were involved in spying

"The chief business of the American people is business" "The man who builds a factory builds a temple; the man who works there worships there, and to each is due, not scorn and blame, but reverence and praise" Which of the following statements is INCONSISTENT with Calvin Coolidge's words?

Only strict governmental regulations and trustbusting can ensure economic prosperity.

Around the turn of the twentieth century, leaders adopted a more positive view of overseas expansion. Which of the following statements about that new view is INCORRECT.

Overseas possessions would provide the United States with cheap labor that it could import to meet industry's needs

Which of the following was the MAJOR reason President Truman and his supporters used to justify his decision to drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima in August 1945?

President Truman felt it would shorten the war and eliminate the need for an invasion of Japan.

Which of the following statements about the differences between the Populists and the Progressives is FALSE?

Progressives aggressively fought for civil rights for African Americans. Populists uniformly supported segregation.

"Women suffer second-class treatment from the moment they are born. They are expected to be rather than to achieve, to function biologically rather than learn. A brother, whatever his intellect, is more likely to get the family's encouragement and education money, while girls are pressured to conceal ambition and intelligence." —Gloria Steinem, testimony before Congress, 1970 The women's movement was able to achieve all but one of the following goals. Select the EXCEPTION.

Ratification of an Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sex.

Which of the following statements about rock n roll music is FALSE?

Rock 'n' roll music performers and audiences in the 1950s were almost exclusively white

Which of the following statements about the introduction of the "talkie" is FALSE?

Sound movies remained unpopular well into the 1930s since immigrants couldn't understand the dialogue

The Cold War developed for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

Soviet meddling in the U.S. presidential election in 1944.

What are the characteristics of blitzkrieg?

Sudden, violent attacks by air and land.

... At the present moment in world history nearly every nation must choose between alternative ways of life. The choice is too often not a free one. One way of life is based upon the will of the majority, and is distinguished by free institutions, representative government, free elections, guarantees of individual liberty, freedom of speech and religion, and freedom from political oppression. The second way of life is based upon the will of a minority forcibly imposed upon the majority. It relies upon terror and oppression, a controlled press and radio, fixed elections, and the suppression of personal freedoms. I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures. I believe we must assist free peoples to work out their destinies in their own way.... -- President Harry Truman, Address to Congress, March 12, 1947 According to the Truman Doctrine, the United States should

Support free people who are resisting control by armed minorities or outside forces

"In 1956, almost any type of election that could conceivably be held in Vietnam would, on the basis of present trends, give the Communists a very significant if not decisive victory." "Nationalist appeal in Vietnam is so closely identified with Ho Chi Minh and the Viet-Minh movement, even in areas outside communist control, candidates and issues connected with 'nationalism' and supported by the Viet-Minh would probably be supported by the majority of the people." "South Vietnam (unlike other countries in Southeast Asia) was essentially the creation of the United States." "The CIA official in Saigon, Edward Lansdale, described the government of South Vietnam in the late 1950s as an 'emerging fascist state." "In 1964, the CIA, the State Department, and Defense Intelligence Agency believed that the primary sources of communist strength in South Vietnam are indigenous." "In 1965, the President of South Vietnam, President Thieu, according to George Ball, believed that 'the communists could still win any election held in South Vietnam.' " These quotations from the Pentagon Papers revealed all of the following EXCEPT

That the overwhelming majority of South Vietnamese viewed their government as legitimate and wanted it to be successful

To those of my race who depend on bettering their condition in a foreign land or who underestimate the importance of cultivating friendly relations with the Southern white man, who is their next-door neighbor, I would say: "Cast down your bucket where you are"— cast it down in making friends in every manly way of the people of all races by whom we are surrounded. Cast it down in agriculture, mechanics, in commerce, in domestic service, and in the professions. ... No race can prosper till it learns that there is as much dignity in tilling a field as in writing a poem. It is at the bottom of life we must begin, and not at the top. Nor should we permit our grievances to overshadow our opportunities. To those of the white race who look to the incoming of those of foreign birth and strange tongue and habits for the prosperity of the South, were I permitted I would repeat what I say to my own race,"Cast down your bucket where you are." Cast it down among the eight millions of Negroes whose habits you know, whose fidelity and love you have tested in days when to have proved treacherous meant the ruin of your firesides. Cast down your bucket among these people who have, without strikes and labour wars, tilled your fields, cleared your forests, builded your railroads and cities, and brought forth treasures from the bowels of the earth, and helped make possible this magnificent representation of the progress of the South. ...In all things that are purely social we can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress. -- Booker T. Washington, Atlanta Compromise Speech, 1895 What is the compromise that Booker T. Washington proposed in his 1895 speech?

That African Americans make themselves economically indispensable to Southern whites and accommodate themselves to segregation and Southern whites should halt the violence inflicted on blacks

Which of the following statements is LEAST CONSISTENT with this political cartoon?

That American occupation of foreign nations is immoral and inconsistent with American traditions and values

At a peace conference following the French defeat at Dien Bien Phu in 1954, the French and Vietnamese agreed to all the following EXCEPT:

That Vietnam would be pro-Western country

Mr. Washington represents in Negro thought the old attitude of adjustment and submission.... Mr. Washington's programme practically accepts the alleged inferiority of the Negro races. ...Mr. Washington withdraws many of the high demands of Negroes as men and American citizens. ...it has been claimed that the Negro can survive only through submission. Mr. Washington distinctly asks that black people give up, at least for the present, three things, — First, political power, Second, insistence on civil rights, Third, higher education of Negro youth, — and concentrate all their energies on industrial education, the accumulation of wealth, and the conciliation of the South. This policy has been courageously and insistently advocated for over fifteen years, and has been triumphant for perhaps ten years. As a result of this tender of the palm-branch, what has been the return? In these years there have occurred: The disfranchisement of the Negro. The legal creation of a distinct status of civil inferiority for the Negro. The steady withdrawal of aid from institutions for the higher training of the Negro. -- W.E.B. DuBois, The Souls of Black Folk What is W.E.B. DuBois's PRIMARY critique of Booker T. Washington's Atlanta Compromise speech?

That Washington's policy of racial accommodation failed to protect blacks' civil rights

"The United States government must 'channel the energies of Americans toward the expansion of trade aboard. Increased foreign trade will create jobs that might give ambitious people the same opportunity the frontier had once provided." -- Frederick Jackson Turner What did Frederick Jackson Turner mean by this statement?

That having conquered the western frontier, the United States needed to find new frontiers overseas if it was to maintain its vigor and democratic national character

"You can kill ten of my men for every one I kill of yours. But even at those odds, you will lose and I will win." -- Ho Chi Minh, 1946 What did Ho Chi Minh mean by those words?

That he was prepared to lose many lives to defeat the Americans; while the Americans were an impatient people who could not sustain a prolonged war.

"To be black and a woman is to labor under the double handicap of racism and sexism. ... Today, when black women have entered every field of work that women have entered and the earnings of black women have increased, the black woman is still to be found largely in the lowest paid jobs. And it is true that her earnings are today 78% of those of white women... Many who are the heads of families still live below the poverty line. In 1968, 16% of the white families headed by a woman and 45% of the black families headed by a woman who worked during the year were still below the poverty line." -- Dorothy Height, President of the National Council of Negro Women, in 1970 What is the basic argument that Height, a civil rights and women's rights activist, makes?

That racism and sexism combine to create a distinctive experience of discrimination for African American women

The effort to restore competition as it was sixty years ago, and to trust for justice solely to this proposed restoration of competition, is just as foolish as if we should go back to the flintlocks of Washington's continentals as a substitute for modern weapons of precision....Our purpose should be, not to strangle business as an incident of strangling combinations, but to regulate big corporations in a thoroughgoing and effective fashion, so as to help legitimate business as an incident to thoroughly and completely safeguarding the interests of the people as a whole. -- Theodore Roosevelt As president, Theodore Roosevelt filed suit against 44 trusts (his successor, William Howard Taft, brought 90 anti-trust suits), and broke up major railroad, oil and steel combinations. Which of the following statements is CONSISTENT with the above quotation from Roosevelt?

That some business combinations benefit the public and contribute to economic growth and others engage in unfair, anti-competitive business practices

"I also ask this Congress for authority and for funds sufficient to manufacture additional munitions and war supplies of many kinds, to be turned over to those nations which are now in actual war with aggressor nations. Our most useful and immediate role is to act as an arsenal for them as well as for ourselves. They do not need man power, but they do need billions of dollars' worth of the weapons of defense. The time is near when they will not be able to pay for them all in ready cash. We cannot, and we will not, tell them that they must surrender, merely because of present inability to pay for the weapons which we know they must have..." President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Annual Message to Congress, January 6, 1941 What was President Franklin D. Roosevelt proposing in this speech?

That the United States provide the Allies with weapons for defensive purposes.

During the 1920s, the women's movement split over:

The Equal Rights Amendment to the U.S. Constitution

Which of the following statements about the Ku Klux Klan during the 1920s is FALSE?

The Klan's membership was confined to rural traditionalists in the South, attracting little support outside the region

"It is not true that the United States feels any land hunger or entertains any projects as regards the other nations of the Western Hemisphere save such as are for their welfare. All that this country desires is to see the neighboring countries stable, orderly, and prosperous.... If a nation shows that it knows how to act with reasonable efficiency and decency in social and political matters, if it keeps order and pays its obligations, it need fear no interference from the United States. Chronic wrongdoing, or an impotence which results in a general loosening of the ties of civilized society, may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power." -- Theodore Roosevelt, Dec. 6, 1904 Which statement best describes President Theodore Roosevelt's foreign policy position toward Latin America in the early 1900's?

The Monroe Doctrine permits the United States to intervene actively in the affairs of Latin American nations.

Which of the following was NOT TRUE about the Progressive movement?

The Progressive movement focused its attention primarily on rural America

Which event of the 1950s most likely led to the publication of this cartoon? Which event of the 1950s most likely prompted the publication of this cartoon, which shows a runner captioned Russian Science?

The Soviet Union success in launching the Sputnik satellite.

In 1968 North Vietnamese troops attacked the South in a surprise daring attack on numerous cities. What was this attack, widely believed to be a turning point in the war, called?

The Tet Offensive

"The Communists in the Kremlin are engaged in a monstrous conspiracy to stamp out freedom all over the world. If they were to succeed, the United States would be numbered among their principal victims. It must be clear to everyone that the United States cannot--and will not--sit idly by and await foreign conquest. The only question is: What is the best time to meet the threat and how is the best way to meet it? "The best time to meet the threat is in the beginning. ... [I]f the free countries had acted together to crush the aggression of the dictators, and if they had acted in the beginning when the aggression was small--there probably would have been no World War II. "If history has taught us anything, it is that aggression anywhere in the world is a threat to the peace everywhere in the world.... The question we have had to face is whether the Communist plan of conquest can be stopped without...World War III. -- President Harry Truman, April 11, 1951 President Truman made all but one of the following points in these statements. Select the EXCEPTION.

The US should use nuclear weapons to halt the spread of Communism

Which of the following statements about the sharp shift in US foreign policy around the turn of the 20th century is FALSE?

The United States began to aggressively seek colonies in Africa and the Middle East

What conclusion can you infer from this chart?

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 and the Civil Rights movement dramatically increased the number of black registered voters in the South

International responses to the Great Depression included all but one of the following. Select the EXCEPTION.

The adoption of socialism across Western Europe

The most noticeable sign of change in women's lives after the receipt of the vote in 1920s was

The appearance of the flapper, with her short skirt, short hair, make-up, and fun-loving attitude

The military stalemate had all the following consequences EXCEPT:

The assassination of political leaders in Britain, France, and the United States

Which of the following statements can be concluded from the political cartoon above?

The author is criticizing the purchase of Alaska from Russia because he believes there is nothing of value in Alaska.

What is the best title for this cartoon?

The causes and effects of economic prosperity during the 1950s

Public respect for the office of the presidency eroded in the late 1960s and early 1970s for all but one of the following reasons. Select the EXCEPTION.

The discovery that President Lyndon B. Johnson had an affair with a White House intern.

Direct consequences of the First World War included all of the following EXCEPT:

The independence of former colonies in the Arab Middle East and across Africa

"If, when the chips are down, the world's most powerful nation, the United States of America, acts like a pitiful, helpless giant, the forces of totalitarianism and anarchy will threaten free nations and free institutions throughout the world." — President Richard Nixon in a nationwide address on April 30, 1970 explaining his decision to invade Cambodia. Which of the following statements about the U.S. invasion of Cambodia is FALSE?

The invasion broke the back of North Vietnamese resistance and led the North's leadership to launch negotiations to end the war

Which of the following statements about turn of the twentieth century American society is FALSE?

The most popular leisure activities were sex segregated and non-commercial

What do we mean when we say that the 1920s witnessed a "cultural civil war"?

The nation was bitterly divided over issues of sexual morality, women's roles, immigration, evolution, and alcohol.

All but one of the following statements is TRUE. Select the EXCEPTION. In 1945,

The number of immigrants was rapidly growing, since Congress had repealed immigration quotas to demonstrate the US commitment to openness

Which is a valid conclusion based on United States involvement in the Korean War?

The policy of containment was applied in Asia as well as in Europe.

The summer of 1967 again brought racial disorders to American cities, and with them shock, fear and bewilderment to the nation.... On July 28, 1967, the President of the United States established this Commission and directed us to answer three basic questions: What happened? Why did it happen? What can be done to prevent it from happening again? ... This is our basic conclusion: Our nation is moving toward two societies, one black, one white—separate and unequal. ... The alternative is not blind repression or capitulation to lawlessness. It is the realization of common opportunities for all within a single society. This alternative will require a commitment to national action.... Although specific grievances varied from city to city, at least 12 deeply held grievances can be identified and ranked into three levels of relative intensity: First Level of Intensity Police practices Unemployment and underemployment Inadequate housing Second Level of Intensity Inadequate education Poor recreation facilities and programs Ineffectiveness of the political structure and grievance mechanisms. Third Level of Intensity Disrespectful white attitudes Discriminatory administration of justice Inadequacy of federal programs Inadequacy of municipal services Discriminatory consumer and credit practices Inadequate welfare programs -- The National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (the Kerner Commission), 1967 Which of the following findings is INCONSISTENT with the Commission's findings?

The racial divide in the United States is narrowing and integration of neighborhoods, workplaces, and schools is becoming more common.

"We have been cut off, the past has been ended and the family has broken up and the present is adrift in its wheelchair. ... That is no gap between the generations, that is a gulf. The elements have changed, there are whole new orders of magnitude and kind. -- Wallace Stegner, Angle of Repose The generation gap of the 1960s was a product of all of the following EXCEPT:

The relatively small size of the younger generation, which felt isolated in an adult-centered society

"You have been robbed of your lands by Anglo-Americans with some Spanish-American accomplices...The federal and state governments are not interested in you. Join the Alianza. Together we will get your lands back... preferably through court action. If the courts do not respond, then we will have to resort to other methods." —Reies López Tijerina, quoted in The Mexican-Americans, by Manuel P. Servín According to the quote above, what is Tijerina fighting for?

The return of stolen land.

Which of the following statements about he Leopold and Loeb case is FALSE?

The trial resulted in the death penalty for the convicted killers

Which of the following statements about World War I is FALSE?

The war ended in stalemate with the signing of a "cease fire" agreement

"Long ago it was said that "one half of the world does not know how the other half lives." That was true then. It did not know because it did not care. The half that was on top cared little for the struggles, and less for the fate of those who were underneath, so long as it was able to hold them there and keep its own seat. There came a time when the discomfort and consequent upheavals so violent, that it was no longer an easy thing to do, and then the upper half fell to inquiring what was the matter. Information on the subject has been accumulating rapidly since, and the whole world has had its hands full answering for its old ignorance." ―Jacob A. Riis, How the Other Half Lives Based on this quotation, Jacob Riis believed that:

The wealthy blind themselves to the problems of the poor until unrest forces them to focus on the problem of inequality.

We call upon ... [African Americans] to accept Christian love in full knowledge of its power to defy evil. We call upon them to understand that non-violence is not a symbol of weakness or cowardice, but as Jesus demonstrated, non-violent resistance transforms weakness into strength and breeds courage in the face of danger. We urge them, no matter how great the provocation, to dedicate themselves to this motto: Not one hair of one head of one white person shall be harmed. -- Southern Negro Leaders Conference, 1957 According to this quotation, how should African Americans achieve equality?

Through non-violent direct action

"Now we have a problem in trying to make our power credible, and Vietnam looks like the place." —President John F. Kennedy in a June 1961 According to President Kennedy, the United States needed to be involved in Vietnam for which of the following reasons?

To demonstrate its credibility and reassure allies that they can rely on American commitments

"We do this In order to slow down aggression. We do this to increase the confidence of the brave people of South Vietnam who have bravely born this brutal battle for so many years with so many casualties. And we do this to convince the leaders of North Vietnam—and all who seek to share their conquest—of a simple fact: We will not be defeated. We will not grow tired. We will not withdraw either openly or under the cloak of a meaningless agreement." — President Lyndon Johnson, speaking to the nation on April 7, 1965 According to this statement, President Johnson decided to escalate U.S. military involvement in Vietnam by sending in ground troops for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

To protect American economic interests in the Far East

Which development following World War II caused the urban-suburban pattern shown in the diagram?

expansion of highways and automobile ownership.

What was a lasting effect of the Watergate scandal under President Richard Nixon?

Trust in elected officials was undermined.

The last three decades of the 20th century witnessed a crisis of political leadership evident in all of the following EXCEPT:

Two presidents were impeached and removed from office.

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

Until he reached power, Hitler kept his plans - to rearm Germany, conquer countries with large German populations like Austria and Czechoslovakia, and seize territory outside Germany - a secret.

Which of the following statements about late 19th century American culture is FALSE?

Victorian cultures, with its emphasis on self-restraint, sobriety, and self-control was at its peak

Which of the following statements about World War I is FALSE?

World War I was the first war to be won as a result of air power.

All but one of the following were important domestic results of the war effort. Select the EXCEPTION.

World War II largely ended discrimination against African Americans.

Which of the following quotes was said by Malcolm X?

You don't have a peaceful revolution. You don't have a turn-the-cheek revolution. There's no such thing as a nonviolent revolution.

According to this graph,

a steep decline in farm prices took place between mid 1929 and the beginning of 1933.

One of the most important economic transformations in the 1920s was:

a growing emphasis on the production of consumer goods and services

The most important problem faced by the Democratic party in the 1920s was:

a serious split between urban and rural wings of the party.

"The problem lay buried, unspoken, for many years in the minds of American women. It was a strange stirring, a sense of dissatisfaction, a yearning that women suffered in the middle of the 20th century in the [US]. Each suburban wife struggled with it alone. As she made the beds, shopped for groceries, matched slipcover material, ate peanut butter sandwiches with her children, chauffeured Cub Scouts and Brownies... she was afraid to ask even of herself the silent question—'Is this all?'" -- Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique What is the unspoken problem that Betty Friedan refers to?

a widespread sense among women of feeling trapped within the home and denied access to opportunities outside the home

Neoliberal democracy. Instead of citizens, it produces consumers. Instead of communities, it produces shopping malls. The net result is an atomized society of disengaged individuals who feel demoralized and socially powerless. In sum, neoliberalism is the immediate and foremost enemy of genuine participatory democracy, not just in the United States but across the planet, and will be for the foreseeable future. -- Noam Chomsky According to the New Left, participatory democracy refers to:

active, engaged, and meaningful contribution of all people to political decision making

Lunch counter sit-ins and freedom rides are examples of all of the following EXCEPT:

affirmative action

If I had acted strictly according to precedent, I should have turned the whole matter over to Congress; in which case, Congress would be ably debating it at this moment, and the canal would be fifty years in the future. ...I took a trip to the Isthmus, started the canal, and then left Congress—not to debate the canal, but to debate me. But while the debate goes on, the canal does too; and they are welcome to debate me as long as they wish, provided that we can go on with the canal.. -- President Theodore Roosevelt, 1911 In order to secure rights to build a canal through Central American, President Theodore Roosevelt

aided a revolution in Panama against Colombia.

Which of the following was a success of the Gay and Lesbian liberation movement?

all of the above

An important result of the Spanish-American War of 1898 was that the United States

became a world power with an overseas empire

Impatient with the slow pace of the civil rights struggle, young African Americans pushed for change during the early 1960s in all but one of the following ways. Select the EXCEPTION.

bombings

Alfred Sloan, the president of General Motors from 1923 to 1941,

built GM into the world's largest automaker by emphasizing marketing and prestige

Mikhail Gorbachev attempted to reform the Soviet system in all but one of the following ways. Select the EXCEPTION.

by explicitly repudiating Marxist Communism and embracing free market capitalism

During the 1920s, millions of Americans, especially those living in small towns and rural areas, sought to defend traditional values in all but one of the following ways. Select the EXCEPTION.

by supporting a constitutional amendment that would make English the national language.

There was never the least attention paid to what was cut up for sausage.... [O]ld sausage that had been rejected and that was mouldy and white—it would be dosed with borax and glycerin...meat stored in great piles...and the water from leaky roofs would drip over it, and thousands of rats would race about on it.... The rats were nuisances, and the packers would put poisoned bread out for them, they would die, and then rats, bread, and meat would go into the hoppers together. - Upton Sinclair, The Jungle This passage from Upton Sinclair's The Jungle advocates

consumer protection

World War I introduced all of the following EXCEPT:

counter-insurgency

During the 1930s, growing numbers of African Americans began to vote Democratic

despite the failure of the Roosevelt administration to do much to actually help African Americans

The primary purpose of President Richard Nixon's policy of détente was to

ease tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union.

The MAIN objective of the Progressive movement was to

eliminate corruption from government, regulate business practices, address health hazards, improve working conditions, and give the public more direct control over government

Laws requiring individuals to pass civil service examinations to obtain government jobs were enacted to

eliminate patronage and corruption in government hiring

The purpose of the Interstate Commerce Act (1887) and the Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) was to:

eliminate unfair business practices and business monopolies

"Our long-term objectives are... to see installed a self-governing nationalist state which will be friendly to the US... We have an immediate interest in maintaining in power a friendly French Government, to assist in the furtherance of our aims in Europe. This immediate and vital interest has in consequence taken precedence over active steps looking toward the realization of our objectives in Indochina." —Department of State, "Policy Statement on Indochina," issued on September 27, 1948, According to this Department of State statement, the top US priority regarding Vietnam in the late 1940s was to:

ensure that a pro-American French government remained in power

Farmers in the last half of the 19th century faced all the following problems EXCEPT:

foreign restrictions on the import of American crops

". . My fellow citizens of the world: ask not what America will do for you, but what together we can do for the freedom of man. . . ." -- John F. Kennedy, Inaugural Address, 1961 To implement the idea expressed in this statement, President Kennedy supported the

formation of the Peace Corps

We demand free and unlimited coinage of silver and gold at the present legal ratio of l6 to 1. We demand that the amount of circulating medium be speedily increased to not less than $50 per capita. We demand a graduated income tax. We believe that the money of the country should be kept as much as possible in the hands of the people, and hence we demand that all State and national revenues shall be limited to the necessary expenses of the government, economically and honestly administered. We demand that postal savings banks be established by the government for the safe deposit of the earnings of the people and to facilitate exchange. -- Populist Party Platform, 1892 The Populist agenda included all the following EXCEPT

government control over investment, production levels, and prices

According to the Reagan doctrine:

his administration pledged its support to anti-Communist movements across the globe

"But today we are raising more than we can consume. Today we are making more than we can use. Today our industrial society is congested; there are more workers than there is work; there is more capital than there is investment. We do not need more money—we need more circulation, more employment. Therefore, we must find new markets for our produce, new occupation for our capital, new work for our labor. . . ." — Senator Albert J. Beveridge, 1898 This statement provides a reason why political leaders of the late 1800s adopted the policy of

imperialism

During the 1930s, the United States responded to Japan's expansionist policies in East Asia by

imposing economic sanctions on trade with the Japanese

1911 Illinois Occupational Disease Act imposes standards for ventilation, sanitation, fumes, temperature in workplaces 1911 Wisconsin adopts the nation's first workman's compensation law 1911 Wisconsin limits hours of labor for women and children 1912 New York State requires automatic sprinklers, fire escapes, and fire drills in workplaces 1912 Massachusetts passes the nation's minimum wage law 1913 Oregon requires payment of overtime to workers in mills or factories who work more than 10 hours in a day The common purpose of these state laws was to:

improve the well-being of American workers

Cesar Chavez created the United Farm Workers Organization Committee (UFWOC) in 1966 primarily to

improve working conditions for migrant farm workers

And what have our unions done? What do they aim to do? To improve the standard of life, to uproot ignorance and foster education, to instill character, manhood and independent spirit among our people; to bring about a recognition of the interdependence of man upon his fellow man. We aim to establish a normal work-day, to take the children from the factory and workshop and give them the opportunity of the school and the play-ground. In a word, our unions strive to lighten toil, educate their members, make their homes more cheerful, and in every way contribute an earnest effort toward making life the better worth living. -- Samuel Gompers, 1912 Samuel Gompers and the American Federation of Labor, founded in 1881, differed from many earlier labor organizations in all of the following EXCEPT

in organizing unskilled workers and minority group members

"Any man who carries a hyphen about with him carries a dagger that he is ready to plunge into the vitals of this Republic whenever he gets ready." -- President Woodrow Wilson, 1919 Anti-German sentiment was evident

in the use of such terms as liberty cabbage, liberty pups, and liberty measles.

Before the early 20th century, relatively few restrictions on immigration to the United States existed primarily because

industry needed an increasing supply of labor

During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, United States policy toward Latin America was most strongly characterized by

intervention and paternalism

In response to a call for 150,000 African Americans to march on Washington to protest discrimination in defense industries, President Roosevelt:

issued an executive order prohibiting discrimination in defense industries

"The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe - nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbors, nothing to stabilize the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old World and the New. -- John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace, 1920. According to economist John Maynard Keynes, the treaty did was disastrous in all but one of the following ways. Identify the EXCEPTION:

it failed to grant independence to the peoples of the Middle East

The primary cause of the Great Depression of the 1930s was that

the middle class and working class lacked sufficient income to keep production at a high level

One direct result of the First Persian Gulf War was that the United States

liberated Kuwait from Iraqi control

During the 1930s,

more than 400,000 Mexicans and Mexican Americans were "repatriated" (i.e. deported) to Mexico

In the 1930s, isolationism was a policy favored by

most Americans

". . . The Director of the War Relocation Authority is authorized and directed to formulate and effectuate [implement] a program for the removal, from the areas designated from time to time by the Secretary of War or appropriate military commander under the authority of Executive Order No. 9066 of February 19, 1942, of the persons or classes of persons designated under such Executive Order, and for their relocation, maintenance, and supervision..." —Executive Order 9102, March 18, 1942 Shortly after this executive order was signed, federal government authorities began to:

move Japanese Americans to internment camps.

Which of the following statements about the movie industry is FALSE? During the 1950s,

movie attendance boomed

Which of the following did NOT contribute to the decision to wage war against Spain?

publication of a secret telegram in which Spain proposed an alliance with Mexico to reclaim territory seized by the United States

To assist farmers, the Roosevelt Administration

paid farmers subsidies not to plant part of their land

Stagflation refers to

persistently high inflation combined with slow economic growth

The War Powers Act of 1973 was intended to alter the balance of power between the president and Congress by:

placing limitations on the president's ability to keep troops in hostile situations without Congressional approval

"The country needs and, unless I mistake its temper, the country demands bold, persistent experimentation. It is common sense to take a method and try it: If it fails, admit it frankly and try another. But above all, try something." - President Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1938 Based on this quotation, it is most accurate to state that Franklin Roosevelt's response to the Great Depression was

pragmatic

The MAIN intent of literacy tests, property requirements, poll taxes, and white-only primaries was to

prevent African Americans from exercising the right to vote

"The growth of a large business is merely survival of the fittest. The American beauty rose can be produced in the splendor and fragrance which bring cheer to its beholder only by sacrificing the early buds which grow up around it. This is not an evil tendency in business. It is merely the working out of a law of nature and a law of God. . . ." --John D. Rockefeller The idea expressed in this statement is most consistent with the

principles of Social Darwinism

"It is only through enforced standardization of methods ... that this faster work can be assured. And the duty of enforcing the adoption of standards and enforcing this cooperation rests with management alone. -- Frederick Winslow Taylor, Principles of Scientific Management, 1911 Which of the following ideas is NOT consistent with Frederick Winslow Taylor's concept of Scientific Management?

production is best performed by skilled craftsmen who apply their skills and expertise to the production process

Marcus Garvey, founder of the United Negro Improvement Association, is known for:

promoting black-owned businesses and pan-Africanism, the bonds of solidarity between all people of African descent

Germany's Zimmermann Note:

proposed an alliance with Mexico if the United States declared war on Germany.

During President Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration, which situation was viewed by critics as the most dire threat to the principle of separation of powers?

proposing the expansion of Supreme Court membership.

In response to the Vietnam war, Congress did all of the following EXCEPT:

provided Vietnam with hundreds of millions of dollars in post-war reconstruction aid

The Harlem Renaissance refers to:

the movement of African-American artists, poets, and writers who expressed their pride in being black.

I have a dream that my four little chi1dren will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of the,ir character. I have a dream ... I have a dream that one day in Alabama, with its vicious racists, with its governor having his lips dripping with the words of interposition and nullification, one day right there in Alabama little black boys and black girls will he able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers. -- Martin Luther King, Jr., August 28, 1963 In his "I Have a Dream" speech at the 1963 March on Washington, Martin Luther King, Jr., expressed his desire for

racial integration

During the mid-1960s, liberalism was at its political apex. But by the end of the decade, a political backlash had emerged, in response to all of the following EXCEPT:

rapid immigration

This World War II cartoon sought to encourage Americans to

ration the use of resources.

To alleviate their problems, farmers tried all of the following EXCEPT

reducing agricultural production

The iconic photographs of the Vietnam war discussed in the text

revealed the war's brutality and turned the American public against the war

The Indian New Deal

reversed earlier attempts to weaken Indian tribes and helped the tribes reassert their sovereignty and exercise self-government

President John Kennedy's policy toward Vietnam involved

sending in advisers to aid the South against rebel forces as well as authorizing the use of napalm and jet planes.

The Supreme Court in Plessy v. Ferguson asserted that

separate but equal facilities were constitutional

It is a fearful thing to lead this great peaceful people into war, into the most terrible and disastrous of all wars, civilization itself seeming to be in the balance. But the right is more precious than peace, and we shall fight for the things which we have always carried nearest our hearts, for democracy, for the right of those who submit to authority to have a voice in their own governments, for the rights and liberties of small nations, for a universal dominion of right by such a concert of free peoples as shall bring peace and safety to all nations and make the world itself at last free. To such a task we can dedicate our lives and our fortunes, everything that we are and everything that we have, with the pride of those who know that the day has come when America is privileged to spend her blood and her might for the principles that gave her birth and happiness and the peace which she has treasured. God helping her, she can do no other. -- Woodrow Wilson, address to a joint session of Congress President Woodrow Wilson viewed America's entry into World War I as an opportunity for the United States to:

shape a new international order based on the ideals of democracy.

The "new immigrants" to the United States between 1890 and 1915 came primarily from

southern and eastern Europe

During the final decades of the 20th century, the US faced wrenching economic transformations, These included all of the following EXCEPT:

stock prices fell steadily downward and failed to recover

Which of the following statements is FALSE. In the photographs above, Jacob Riis

takes a very negative and unsympathetic view of the poor, asserting that they were degraded and corrupted by the conditions in which they live.

"There may be a limit beyond which many Americans and much of the world will not permit the United States to go. The picture of the world's greatest superpower killing or seriously injuring 1,000 non-combatants a week, while trying to pound a tiny, backward nation into submission on an issue whose merits are hotly disputed, is not a pretty one." — Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara in a memo to President Lyndon Johnson on May 19, 1967. According to this statement, Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara believed

that as a result of the war, the United States was losing the international struggle for hearts and minds

Which of the following contributed to the anger that many Iranians felt toward the United States in the late 1970s?

the CIA had put the Shah of Iran in power and had trained his ruthless secret police

Make love, not war Never trust the man Power to the people Go with the flow Turn on, tune in, drop out Do your own thing These phrases are associated with the 1960s Counterculture. Which of the following statements about the Counterculture of the 1960s is FALSE?

the Counterculture was a brief fad that had no lasting impact on American culture

"Segregation of white and colored children in public schools has a detrimental effect upon the colored children. The impact is greater when it has the sanction of the law, for the policy of separating the races is usually interpreted as denoting the inferiority of the Negro group...Any language in contrary to this finding is rejected. We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of 'separate but equal' has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. " -- Brown v. Board of Education, 1954 Which of the following statements about the Brown v. Board of Education decision is FALSE?

the Court ordered schools in the South to desegregate immediately; the schools immediately obeyed this ruling.

In 1899, an insurrection began in the Philippines because

the United States refused to give the Filipino people their freedom.

Having therefore no foreign establishments, either colonial or military, the ships of war of the United States, in war, will be like land birds, unable to fly far from their own shores. To provide resting places for them, where they can coal and repair, would be one of the first duties of a government proposing to itself the development of the power of the nation at sea. -- Alfred Thayer Mahan With statements like this one, Alfred Thayer Mahan implies that

the United States should acquire possessions to serve as fueling stations for American ships.

What was the event in 1932 that ensured President Hoover's defeat in his reelection bid?

the callous treatment of the Bonus Army

The major event of the presidency of George H.W. Bush was

the collapse of Communism in eastern Europe and the Soviet Union

Which was NOT a major economic problem during the 1970s?

the collapse of the banking system

The most notable economic trend at the end of the 19th century was

the consolidation of business firms within various industries under professional management

Mark Twain labeled the late 1800s in the United States the "Gilded Age" to describe

the era's glittering opulence that masked poverty and social conflict

A new assertiveness in US foreign policy is apparent in 1898 and 1899 in all of the following ways EXCEPT:

the establishment of a US colonies in China and Japan

World War I was MAINLY the result of:

the failure of international diplomacy and a web of entangling alliances.

"This is a war to end all wars." — Woodrow Wilson, 1917 The Fourteen Points, Woodrow Wilson's plan to end World War I, called for all but one of the following. Select the EXCEPTION

the immediate end to European colonial rule

During the Depression,

the rate of desertions and family separations soared

We do not want to see the conflict in Korea extended. We are trying to prevent a world war—not to start one. The best way to do that is to make it plain that we and the other free countries will continue to resist the attack. But you may ask, why can't we take other steps to punish the aggressor. Why don't we bomb Manchuria and China itself? Why don't we assist Chinese Nationalist troops to land on the mainland of China? If we were to do these things we would be running a very grave risk of starting a general war. ... What would suit the ambitions of the Kremlin better than for our military forces to be committed to a full-scale war with Red China? [...] A number of events have made it evident that General MacArthur did not agree with that policy. I have therefore considered it essential to relieve General MacArthur so that there would be no doubt or confusion as to the real purpose and aim of our policy. -- President Harry Truman, April 13, 1951 During the Korean War, President Harry Truman removed General Douglas MacArthur from command because MacArthur

threatened the constitutional principle of civilian control of the military

When Warren Harding called for a return to normalcy, he meant

turning away from Europe and away from the reform programs of the Progressive Era

"A summary description of the method by which Gould's fortune was acquired can be conveyed only by such negative words as 'wrecking,' 'depredation,' and 'looting,' not by any words that denote the creation and enhancement of values." -- The New York Times, December 3, 1892 During the late 1800s and early 1900s, the term Robber Baron best defined a person who

used ruthless business tactics

Following World War II, the United States faced an unprecedented challenge: How best to respond to internal conflicts in developing countries, in which ethnic, regional, economic, and political groups vied for power. In general, during the Cold War, the United States

viewed revolutionary groups as part of Soviet attempt to expand Communism throughout the world

During the period from 1865 to 1900, disputes between labor and management were often marked by

violence

Film noir

was a Hollywood genre characterized by sexual insecurity, aberrant psychology, and nightmarish camera work

The Holocaust

was a product of Adolf Hitler's demented belief that Germans constituted a master race which had a right to kill those they deemed inferior.

US entry into World War I

was decisive, blunting a German offensive and ending the military stalemate

The exploration of space will go ahead, whether we join in it or not, and it is one of the great adventures of all time, and no nation which expects to be the leader of other nations can expect to stay behind in the race for space. ... our leadership in science and in industry, our hopes for peace and security, our obligations to ourselves as well as others, all require us to make this effort, to solve these mysteries, to solve them for the good of all men, and to become the world's leading space-faring nation. ... But why, some say, the moon? Why choose this as our goal? And they may well ask why climb the highest mountain? Why, 35 years ago, fly the Atlantic? Why does Rice play Texas? ... We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard, because that goal will serve to organize and measure the best of our energies and skills, because that challenge is one that we are willing to accept, one we are unwilling to postpone, and one which we intend to win, and the others, too. -- President John F. Kennedy, September 12, 1962 According to President Kennedy's statement, the main reason the United States should send an astronaut to the moon

was that the nation could not remain a world leader if it lagged behind in the space race

The Vietnam war

was the longest, most unpopular U.S. war in the 20th century

Public support for women's suffrage greatly increased during the 1910s when advocates shifted their arguments. This document suggests the nature of that shift. According to this document, women should receive the vote for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:

woman suffrage would lead to full social and economic equality for women within a generation and grant women greater independence from men