U.S. History Standard 1-112

46. What were the steps taken by President Hoover to combat the economic depression, including his philosophy of "rugged individualism," the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, and the response to the "Bonus Army."?

- "Rugged Individualism" refused to provide direct, immediate aid to farmers and the unemployed for fear of creating a dependency on the government - all policies followed the "trickle down" theory - Reconstruction Finance Corporation provided government loans to businesses, banks, and state and local governments to promote recovery

59. Where on a map the Allied and Axis countries and the major theatres of the war?

- Allied Powers - Britain, France (until 1940), USSR, and U.S. - Axis Powers - Japan, Italy, and Germany - Major Theatres: Pacific, Europe, North Africa

24. What were the consequences of American imperialism of the period, including the following events? : annexation of Hawaii Spanish-American War Philippine Insurrection Roosevelt Corollary Panama Canal

- Annexation of Hawaii- Extended U.S. territory into the Pacific sugar trade, missionaries, seaport linked the economies of the US and Hawaii Queen Liliuokalani- tried to establish a stronger monarchy; deposed in 1893 McKinley Tariff- raised import rates on foreign sugar; Hawaiian planters were undersold in the American Market - Spanish-Am War 1898 - ostensibly to free Cubans from harsh Spanish rule but also about American sugar interests General "Butcher" Weyler Jose Marti "Remember the Maine!" "splendid little war" (John Hay) that the U.S. won in less than 18 months showed deficiencies in our readiness for war Theodore Roosevelt - Asst Sec of Navy - gives orders to Commodore Dewey to steam into Manila Bay and U.S. captures the Philippines TR - also makes reputation in the Rough Riders Emphasizes need for a canal through Central Am to connect a two-ocean navy Platt Amendment - allows Cuba to maintain her independence but U.S. plays role of protector U.S. gains Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines from the war with Spain - Military Occupation · Philippines - 1898 - 1904 war with rebels led by Emilio Aguinaldo - one of ugliest chapters in U.S. history · Eventually U.S. will build RRs, schools, hospitals, infrastructure to improve the islands - W.H. Taft appointed "governor" of the island · Teller Amendment - promises independence to Philippines when U.S. determines their stability (Japan's aggressive actions complicate this plan) - Panama Canal · TR determined to build isthmian canal · Passively assists Panamanians in gaining their independence from Colombia by strategically placing naval blockade · U.S. leases Canal Zone and begins construction in 1904 - finished in 1914 · Yellow Fever - Reed and Gorgas · Gen George Goethals - Chief Engineer · Considered a "modern marvel" - Insular Cases · "Does the Constitution follow the flag?" question decided by Supreme Court - territories that the U.S. would eventually accept as states or permanent territories (Hawaii, Guam, Samoa) would have constitutional protections and privileges; otherwise, territories not to be annexed would be treated as protectorates (Philippines)

83. What was the impact of the baby boom generation on the American economy and culture?

- Baby Boom Generation- high birth rate in the years between 1945-1964 - Media Baby boomers demand radio and television Consumers of music and movies Interested in news of the world and nation-- particularly because of the nuclear threats

95. What was the Chicano Movement, the American Indian Movement, and Feminist Movement and their purposes and goals?

- Chicano Movement (Cesar Chavez) - Beginning in the 1940's the movement encompassed a broad cross section of issues - restoration of land grants, farm workers rights, enhanced education, voting and political rights, and addressing perceived negative ethnic stereotypes - American Indian Movement (Russell Means) - AIM founded in 1968 the focus was on spiritually leadership and sovereignty . As the organization grew it led protests to Washington D.C. (Trail of Broken Treaties) In 1973 AIM led a 71 day armed standoff with federal authorities at Wounded Knee, South Dakota - Feminist Movement (Betty Friedan)- Also known as "Women's Liberation or Women's Lib began in the late 19th century a campaign for reforms on issues including reproductive rights, domestic violence, maternity leave, equal pay, women's suffrage, sexual harassment and sexual violence

22. What were the causes of American imperialism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including the desire for raw materials and new markets, yellow journalism, and the desire to spread American democratic and moral ideals?

- Expanding trade - drive for raw materials and new consumer markets - mainly in the Pacific and the Caribbean - Extractive economies - U.S. interested in gaining natural resources from Latin Am/Caribbean nations, Hawaii, and the Philippines. Particularly applies to Hawaii where pineapple is major export - U.S. business interests help sponsor rebellions against monarchy - U.S. will annex in 1898 Idea of a superior Anglo-Saxon culture - Christianity and Democracy - Yellow Journalism - Hearst and Pulitzer - sensationalism; push for expansion and agitation for war (especially the Maine)

3. What was the impact of the Hayes-Tilden Presidential election of 1876 and the end of Reconstruction on African Americans?

- Impact of Hayes-Tilden Presidential election of 1876— The disputed election led to the Compromise of 1877 & the end of Reconstruction. - Jim Crow Laws—segregation, based on white supremacist beliefs, legitimized by Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) court case - Disenfranchisement methods - Grandfather Clause - Poll taxes - Sharecropping - Intimidation

33. What were the impacts of the mass production and widespread availability of automobiles on the American economy and society?

- Increase in production leads to greater affordability. - Related industries-- steel, glass, rubber, fabric, gas/oil and paving roads - 1 in 9 people worked in an auto industry - 1 in 6 owned a car - New freedom--Especially for young people and rural women. - Rise in crime rate. - Increase in suburban living.

10. What are the similarities and differences between the ideologies of Social Darwinism and Social Gospel?

- Social Darwinism was used by the robber barons to justify their domination of industries by emphasizing "survival of the fittest" as applied to business, politics and sociology - promoted by Herbert Spencer. - Social gospel promoted using Christian ethics to solve social problems (3rd Great Awakening) -promoted by Josiah Strong as part of an international missionary movement.

38. What was the Scopes Trial of 1925, including the major figures, the two sides of the controversy, its outcome, and its legacy?

- The Scopes Monkey Trial Held in Dayton, Tennessee in 1925, high school teacher, John Scopes was accused of violating Tennessee's Butler Act which made it unlawful to teach human evolution in any state-funded school.

47. What was the human toll of the Great Depression, including massive unemployment, migration, and Hoovervilles?

- 25% unemployment rate caused dislocation (hobos, "migrant mother", Okies and Arkies from the Dust Bowl on the Plains) - Hoovervilles shanty towns of unemployed outside of towns and cities - breadlines and soup kitchens

48. What were the causes and consequences of the Dust Bowl of the 1930's?

- Causes: poor agricultural practices (dry farming), years of sustained drought, winds, and planting on marginal lands - Consequences: mass migration, public works programs, farm foreclosures, decreased crop productions, and worsening of the Great Depression

85. What did the increasing impact of television and mass media on the American home, American politics, and the American economy?

- Impact of Television and Mass Media Hollywood reflected values and fears of Cold War (Hollywood Ten and Army-McCarthy hearings) Increased Marketing drawing on ideas of consumerism and conspicuous consumption. Use of TV Political campaign ads. (Eisenhower first) Televised Presidential debates (Nixon v. Kennedy-1st) - The Ed Sullivan Show and American Bandstand- Introduced Rock and Roll to Mainstream media and the American public.

Analyze the significant progressive achievements during the administration of Woodrow Wilson, including his New Freedom, the Underwood Tariff, the Federal Reserve Act, and the Clayton Anti-Trust Act.

- New Freedom-Wilson's approach to economic reform: Dismantling monopolies, reducing power of federal government, and favors competition of small business - Underwood Tariff- lowered tariffs (income tax will take the place of lost revenue) - Federal Reserve Act-divided nation into 12 FR districts with a governing board to determine interest rates and to control currency supply - Clayton Anti-Trust Act-will strengthen anti-trust enforcement by creating the Federal Trade Commission which could issue "cease and desist" orders to companies engaged in monopolistic actions.

53. What effects did the political cartoons have on or about the New Deal?

- Political cartoon subjects should include- - Idea of the New Deal as "alphabet soup" - FDR as a "doctor" for the nation - Socialistic aspects of the New Deal - Farm programs of the New Deal - FDR's attempt to revamp Supreme Court - Any specific cartoons on New Deal programs like the WPA, CCC, TVA, FDIC, etc...

76. What were the causes and effects of the Red Scare that followed World War II, including Americans' attitude toward losing China to communism, McCarthyism, blacklisting, Alger Hiss, J. Edgar Hoover, Estes Kefauver, and the Rosenbergs?

- The Causes: With the lost of China and North Korea to Communism, the American attitude toward Soviet aggression becomes the hottest issue in America. There was a movement in the US to bring back American pre-war values, and an association of anything that was Communist as being "evil". Finally this coupled with the McCarthy Hearings caused mass hysteria in the nation concerning the role of Communism. - The Effects The US under Harry Truman responds to Communist aggression in Korea with an armed "Police Action" involving UN troops which turns into the Korean War. This leads to Americans seeing Communists or "Reds" everywhere at home. Joseph McCarthy- Junior Senator from Wisconsin who claims to have a list of 257 Communists in the State Department and fabricates documents and doctors files to make these charges stick. McCarthy's downfall comes when on National Television he accuses the Army of harboring Communists sympathizers and cannot make the allegations stick. He is soon censored and his name adds to a disgraceful chapter in our history. - Blacklisting - The act of keeping people from working especially in Hollywood, because of alleged or supposed alliance or allegiance to the Communist party. The Hollywood Ten would go to Washington DC and try to end this. - Alger Hiss - State Department Assistant who was found to be guilty of Espionage by the House Un-American Activities Committee. This led to the political rise of Richard Nixon, who was the Congressional Leader of HUAC and was able to prosecute Hiss for perjury before Congress. - J. Edgar Hoover - Head of the Federal Bureau of Investigation who was in charge of rooting out Communist throughout the United States. - Estes Kefauver- Senator from Tennessee who held hearings on organized crime and its connection to corruption in America. - The Rosenbergs -were United States citizens convicted of conspiracy to commit espionage during a time of war, and executed. Their charges were related to the passing of information about the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union. At the time of the case the evidence was circumstantial.

8. what are multiple sources of information presented in diverse formats and media as in the political cartoons of Thomas Nast and others during the Gilded Age?

- Thomas Nast (Boss Tweed cartoons) - Topics on Gilded Age - Look at Standard US.4

4. What are the causes and consequences of Gilded Age politics and economics, including the rise of political machines, major scandals, civil service reform, and the economic difference between farmers, wage earners, and industrial capitalists?

Major Causes of Gilded Age- - Civil War - influx of Immigration - rise of industrialization - lack of government regulation - 3rd Great Awakening

9. what were the differences between "old" and "new" immigrants?

- "Old" immigrants--From northern and western Europe (Irish, Germans, Scandinavians) - most assimilated easily (exceptions were Irish)-many moved west to obtain land for farming and helped create meatpacking and brewing industries in the Midwest. - "New" immigrants- from eastern and southern Europe (Poland, Hungary, Italy, Russia) and Asian (China and Japan) - did not assimilate easily- kept own languages, customs, traditions- lived in ethnic neighborhoods (enclaves) in the major cities and took work in factories and meat packing plants- high numbers were Catholic and Jewish.

35. What were the significant ideas and events of the administrations of Warren Harding and Calvin Coolidge, including the "return to normalcy," Teapot Dome, and laissez faire politics?

- "Return to normalcy": phrase used in Harding's 1920s campaign - promoted deregulation (laissez faire), increased tariff, and isolationism. Policy continued under Coolidge. - Teapot Dome: Most famous of the Harding "Ohio Gang" scandals that involved allowing private oil companies to pump from naval oil reserves Led to the imprisonment of the Secretary of Interior Albert Fall. - Laissez-Faire: "hands-off" government Policy of deregulation of business Specified that the best policy of regulation was no regulation based on the ideas of Adam Smith in The Wealth of Nations

7. Explain the movement of people from rural to urban areas as a result of industrialization?

- "The New South" industries (textiles, iron & steel, furniture) led to more urban areas in the South. - Mechanization on the Great Plains and the growing debt of Plains farmers caused many to leave farming and head to eastern urban areas. - Continuing development of railroads added ease of movement.

39. What were the changing conditions for American Indians during this period, including the extension of suffrage and the restoration of tribal identities and way of life?

- 1924 Indian Citizenship Act-granted citizenship to Native Americans and moved toward assimilation into the American culture. - The Indian Reorganization Act-Allows Indians to re-establish their tribal organizations on Federal Reservation

87. What were the events related to labor unions, including the merger of the AFL-CIO, the Taft-Hartley Act, and the roles played by Estes Kefauver, Robert Kennedy, and Jimmy Hoffa?

- AFL-CIO Merger 1955 to combat anti-labor attitude of Congress American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations led by George Meany - Taft-Hartley Act passed in 1947 as a reaction to large number of post-WWII labor strikes vetoed by Truman (as the "Slave Labor Bill") but overridden by Congress prohibited closed shops and severely limited union shops allowed the President to call for an 80 day "cooling off" period in labor/management disputes. - Organized Crime Connection to Labor Estes Kefauver TN Senator who in 1950 headed a Senate investigation committee into organized crime that uncovered ties between the mafia and some labor unions (Teamsters) investigations led to the creation of the Senate Labor Rackets Committee in 1957 - Robert Kennedy : served as chief counsel to the Senate Labor Rackets Committee and its investigation of the Teamsters Union earned a reputation as a tough interrogator in his confrontations with Teamster leader Jimmy Hoffa - Jimmy Hoffa : President of the Teamsters Union accused of ties with organized crime later convicted of jury tampering and bribery and imprisoneddisappeared after his release from prison while involved in a fight to regain control of the Teamsters.

65. What impact of World War II on economic and social conditions for African Americans, including the Fair Employment Practices Committee, the service of African Americans in the armed forces and the work force, and the eventual integration of the armed forces by President Truman?

- African-Americans in the military- Over a million African Americans served during the war to include for the first time African-American Officers and Fliers. The most famous being the Tuskegee Airman of Tuskegee University in Alabama. - Fair Employment Practices - Started by the "Double V Campaign" it declare Victory Abroad and Victory at Home. - The Fair Employment Practices Committee worked to prevent racial discrimination throughout the war. - African-Americans in the workforce- During WW II, the West's African-American population grew substantiality. Mainly because African-Americans moved to work in defense industries especially Boeing in Seattle. This will rescue African-Americans from decades of menial employment. - Truman integration of the troops- Truman issues Executive Order 9981 in 1948. The Korean War will be the first war with integrated troops.

1. what are the patterns of agricultural and industrial development ?

- Agricultural : Major agricultural produce- cattle, corn, cotton, wheat, hogs, tobacco, fruit and vegetables. - Midwest continued to develop food crops and grains. - South - cotton and diverse produce (fruits and vegetables). West (TX and Plains) - cattle and grains. Northwest - rainy climate - lumber and fruit crops. California-truck farming (vegetables and fruits). Industrial : Mining...(coal, iron, copper, etc.). Logging. Advancements in communication and transportation technologies (telegraph, telephone, railroad networks, canals, etc.) . Financiers (J.P. Morgan et al.), New York City, etc.

23. What were the arguments of each interventionists and non-interventionists of the period, including Alfred T. Mahan, Senator Albert Beveridge, Mark Twain, and Theodore Roosevelt?

- Alfred T Mahan -Influence of Sea Power on History - Basic Idea is that no country has been successful in maintaining its power without a strong Navy and mercantile system. - Senator Albert Beveridge -Beveridge is known as one of the great American imperialists. He supported the annexation of the Philippines and along with Republican leader Henry Cabot Lodge, he campaigned for the construction of a new navy. - Mark Twain - Originally a "red-hot imperialists", he later changed his views to opposition of "Imperialism" over the issues of the Philippines, and its annexation. - Theodore Roosevelt - Spanish American War Rough Rider and Father of the Great White Fleet and sending it around the world. The Big Stick Theory, the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine and the taking of Panama and building of the canal.

29. Explain the aims and negotiating roles of world leaders, including Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points, and the causes and effects of the United States' rejection of the League of Nations on world politics.

- Allied Leaders: (FR) Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau Aims - Weakening Germany to prevent any future aggression. Retribution for the destruction brought on France by the German invasion - (GB) Prime Minister David Lloyd George Aims - Germany as a future trading partner, to avoid a weakening of the British economy (did not favor harsh war reparation on Germany) - (US) President Woodrow Wilson Aims - Wilson's Fourteen Points concerned with rebuilding the European economy encouraging self-determination, promoting free trade, creating appropriate mandates for former colonies and the creation of a League of Nations to ensure future peace. U.S. rejection of the League of Nations Causes - U.S. traditional sense of isolationism was very strong. There were fears that membership could entangle the U.S. in future wars. The fears of the economic cost of membership and the belief that the U.S. had gained its economic power through its traditional isolationism. The fear that membership would cost the U.S. some of its sovereignty Effects - Allowed harsh reparations imposed on Germany. Severely weakened the effectiveness of the League of Nations. Leads to the rise of totalitarian governments in Germany, Italy and Japan.

73. What was the competition between the two "superpowers" of the United States and the Soviet Union in the areas of arms development, economic dominance, and ideology, including the role and location of NATO, SEATO, and the Warsaw Pact?

- Americanism vs. Communism The US and USSR become the first two "superpowers" in the areas of arms development, economics, and ideology. - Arms Development - The United States develops the first atomic bomb in 1945. The Soviet Union will then follow suit and explode its first in 1949. After this America decides it needs a more powerful bomb. In 1952, American develops a hydrogen bomb. The Soviet Union will then develop its own hydrogen bomb. This competition continues to see who can build the most powerful bomb. - Economic Dominance - The two nations increase their defense spending, trying to create a stronger military presence. This eventually led to trillion dollar deficits, bigger weapons, the space race and numerous treaties. - Ideology- Communism v. Capitalism Democracy v. Dictatorship Controlled v. Free Market Human Rights Equality v. Class - NATO - North Atlantic Treaty Organization- Promise by the Western European Nations and the US to protect each other from attack, especially from the Soviet Union. - SEATO - Like NATO, the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization held to protection of its members from Communist takeover, especially from Communist China. - The Warsaw Pact - The Soviet Union's answer to NATO, the nation's behind the Iron Curtain promised protection from American or Republican ideals and invasion.

81. What was the impact of Vietnam on the home front, including the Anti-War movement, draft by lottery, and the role of television and the media?

- Anti-War movement-Demonstrations began on a small scale with campus "teach-ins" in 1965 and gradually these protests grew. As the draft takes place thousands will flee to Canada and will burn their draft cards. Anti-war marches will spread across America. The movement will explode after the invasion of Cambodia. Riots at Kent State and Jackson State are significant. - Lottery Draft- will take place between 1969-1972 and will cause a lot of resentment in America. It was based on your birthday as your birthday was given a number and then the numbers were drawn out. It was put in play to try to alleviate the disproportionate amount of certain groups fighting in the war. - Role of Television and the Media-The Body Count- Each night the news broadcast would announce the number of casualties of the war. This was done to show Americans we were winning the war. The Vietnam War is the first war that the American public was shown footage of the war on the television. Many people believe the media sparked the lack of support. Prior to the TET offensive the media was showing American winning. The TET offensive came across as a victory for the Communist even though it was not.

67. What were the major developments in aviation, weaponry, communication, and medicine (penicillin), and the war's impact on the location of American industry and use of resources?

- Aviation - Radar-is going to be first used during this time period. The Royal Air Force used it. On December 7, 1941, an American radar station detected the Japanese planes approaching Pearl Harbor, but the U.S. military had little faith in the system and mistakenly assumed the signal came from a formation of American B-17s. B29-these will bombard Japanese cities as well as drop the bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Jet engine Aircraft Carrier-WW II is the first war that the carrier will play a significant role. They were the most important ship in Pacific Theater. - Weaponry atomic bombs Incendiary bombs Tanks - First used WW I. WW II will see the establishment of the German Blitzkrieg "Lightning War" the use of Tanks as an offensive weapon not just as support for the infantry. - American Industry- New materials and new uses for old materials appeared. Companies manufacturing consumer goods (such as silverware) converted to manufacture military goods (such as surgical instruments).

43. What was the rise of celebrities as icons of popular culture, including Babe Ruth, Lou Gehrig, Jack Dempsey, Red Grange, Bessie Smith, Billy Sunday, and Charles Lindbergh?

- Babe Ruth - George Herman "Babe" Ruth Jr. Major League Baseball player known for his hitting power, hitting a home run record of 714 home runs - Lou Gehrig - Henry Louis "Lou" Gehrig Major League Baseball first base player known for his hitting power a career batting average of .340 (Lou Gehrig disease) - Jack Dempsey - William Harrison "Jack" Dempsey nicknamed the Manassa Mauler. Heavyweight Boxing Champion 1919-1926 (Boxing was biggest sport of the decade) - Red Grange - Harold Edward "Red" Grange nicknamed "The Galloping Ghost" college and professional football player. Position of halfback University of Illinois and the Chicago Bears. His signing with the Chicago Bears legitimize the National Football League - Bessie Smith - American blues singer nicknamed "The Empress of the Blues" one of the most popular female blues singer in the 1920's. A major influence on the jazz vocalists - Billy Sunday - William Ashley "Billy" Sunday former National League Baseball player turned evangelist. One of the most celebrated and influential American evangelists in the first two decades of the 2oth century - Charles Lindbergh - Charles Augustus Lindbergh "Lucky Lindy" American aviator, author, inventor, explorer and social activist. World fame for his solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean from New York to Paris in 1927. His infant son will be kidnapped and killed. After this incident he will disappear from the spotlight. He reappears during WW II.

86. What was the emergence of a youth culture, including beatniks and the progression of popular music from swing to rhythm and blues to rock 'n roll and the significance of Tennessee, including Sun Studios, Stax Records, and Elvis Presley?

- Beat movement reaction to conformity of 1950s members called Beatniks- centered in New York led by J.D. Salinger, Jack Kerouac, and Allen Ginsberg - Music: 1930-1950 Swing (Big Band) music including Glenn Miller, Duke Ellington, Benny Miller, Tommy Dorsey 1940-1970 Rhythm and Blues music marketed to urban African Americans-performers included "Little Richard" Perriman, Fats Domino, Chuck Berry1950s - Rock and Roll music developed from R&B, gospel, and country/western. Memphis Sun Studios and Stax Records Home of "rock and roll"-strongly influenced by R&B-signed and promoted African American artists - Elvis Presley King of Rock and Roll Helped make Rock and Roll music mainstream Emphasize divided public reaction -negative and positive- to him

5. Describe the controversy that arose over the currency system in the late 1800's?

- California Gold Rush leads to further exploration in the West for other valuable minerals. - The Comstock Lode- Largest discovery of silver in the nation, makes silver the hard currency of the West. - Farmers v. Industrialists Hard Money vs. Soft Money The creation of the Fiat Currency - Black Friday-The Grant Gold Crisis - Jay Gould and Jim Fisk and the cornering of the Gold Market in 1872. - The Sherman Silver Purchase of 1890 - The requirement of the government by Congress and hard money politicians to buy a certain amount of silver each year to balance the gold standard. - The Panic of 1893 (during Cleveland's presidency)-Similar to the Panic of 1873 it was marked by the collapse of railroad overbuilding and shaky railroad financing, resulting in a series of bank failures.

26. What are the causes of World War I in 1914 and the reasons for the declaration of United States neutrality?

- Causes of World War I in 1914— Imperial & economic competition among European powers - Military arms races among European powers System of military alliances and secret defense treaties among European powers Assassination of Austro-Hungarian Archduke Franz Ferdinand - Reasons for US declarations of neutrality— Initially, US did not believe either side threatened any vital American interests. - US sought normal trade relations with both sides US neutrality was generally popular with the American public - Wilson's idealism stressed international negotiation over war, thus Wilson favored peace over war. - Wilson was re-elected in 1916 on a "peace president" campaign and so had further incentives to keep the US out of the war

77. What were the causes, course, and consequences of the Korean War, including the 38th parallel, Inchon, the entry of the Communist Chinese, the power struggle between MacArthur and President Truman, and the final disposition of the Koreas?

- Causes of the Korean War Mainland China is a Communist nation under Mao Zedong after the American backed Nationalists lost power. North Korea receives the backing of Communist China to overrun South Korea and bring it under Communist control. The 38th Parallel - The war started when the North invaded the South crossing the 38th Parallel - Course of the War- The United Nations will send troops to Korea (majority will be American). The United Nation and South Korean troops will be pushed to the Pusan Perimeter The Inchon Landing- In response to invasion of the South, American General Douglas MacArthur, creates an amphibious landing using American troops at the Korean town of Inchon and traps the North Korean Army. He then pushes the North Korean Army near the Chinese North Korean border. - Communist China's Entry into the War - With the threat of the US & South Korean Army on their border and General MacArthur threatening nuclear war, the Chinese Army invades North Korea and pushes the US led forces back to the 38th Parallel. - The firing of General MacArthur by President Truman - MacArthur publicly criticized the President's handling of the war and failure to use nuclear weapons against the Chinese. President Truman fires MacArthur and replaces him with General Matthew Ridgeway. A Stalemate occurs for a couple of years - The Effects of the Korean War - The 38th Parallel becomes the Demilitarized Zone Line (DMZ). North Korea becomes a Communist dictatorship. The South will be Democratic and with US aid becomes industrialized and creates one of the largest GDP in the world.

42. What were the changes in the social and economic status of women, including the work of Margaret Sanger, flappers, clerical and office jobs, and rise of women's colleges?

- Changes in social status of women in 1920s— - Changing ideal of marriage: Women expected to share leisure activities together, to be "best friends," and to pursue mutual sexual satisfaction together - Changing social opportunities: Female college enrollments increased by 50 percent in 1920s - Changes in economic status of women in 1920s— In the industrial sector, women were still often excluded from skilled positions, and often were paid less than men for the same work. - Women began to dominate the fields of teaching, nursing, social work, and librarianship. - More hired for office jobs - A few women also became university professors & journalists, which were male-dominated in the 1920s - Margaret Sanger— An early advocate of birth control and formal sex education, sparking huge controversies in the 1920s Founded the American Birth Control League in 1921, a predecessor of Planned Parenthood - Flappers— Young, single middle-class women who broke many informal rules about expected behavior, such as: wearing short dresses, wearing sensuous red lipstick, smoking & drinking in public

94. What are the civil rights and voting rights legislation, including the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the Civil Rights Act of 1968, and the 24th Amendment?

- Civil Rights Act of 1964 : This act, signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson on July 2, 1964, prohibited discrimination in public places, provided for the integration of schools and other public facilities, and made employment discrimination illegal. This document was the most sweeping civil rights legislation since Reconstruction. - Voting Rights Act of 1965 : The act eliminated the so-called literacy tests that had disqualified minority voters. Civil Rights Act of 1968 The assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., generated the support needed to pass. The 1968 Fair Housing Act banned discrimination in the sale and rental of 80 percent of housing. It also contained anti-riot provisions and protected persons exercising specific rights--such as attending school or serving on a jury—as well as civil rights workers urging others to exercise these rights. It included the Indian Bill of Rights to extend constitutional protections to Native Americans not covered by the Bill of Rights. - The 24th Amendment : abolition of poll taxes

21. What was the impact of the Great Migration of African Americans that began in the early 1900s from the rural South to the industrial regions of the Northeast and Midwest?

- Competition for jobs with "new immigrants" Need for housing and protection in the cities. Leaving the laws of "Jim Crow" in the South. Lack of rural jobs. - Creation of racial problems in larger cities in the North.

2. What were the major developments in Tennessee during the Reconstruction era? Describe them.

- Constitutional Convention of 1870- Convention held in response to the requirement that all readmitted ex-Confederate States adopt new constitutions. - New constitution adopted to explicit anti-slavery laws. - segregation- legal segregation Jim Crow laws. - Yellow Fever impact- 1873 epidemic claimed 2,000 lives in Memphis. River traffic carried yellow fever up the Mississippi Valley; mosquitoes transmitted disease; area quarantines . -African-Americans in the General Assembly Sampson W. Keeble- Nashville barber who became the first black citizen elected to the TN House of Representatives. - A total of 13 will serve at different points between 1873-1888. It will be 1965 before another African-American will be elected.

97. What was the rise of social activism and the counterculture, hippies, generation gap, and Woodstock?

- Counterculture Beatniks Hippies Drug culture Anti-war protesters Flower power Timothy Leary "Turn on, Tune in, Drop out" San Francisco's Haight-Ashbury as a Mecca - Generation Gap Baby boomer children growing up in 1960's/1970's Different values - civil rights, anti-war, drug use, sexual revolution - Woodstock Music and Art Festivals in New York 3 days of "peace and music" "the 60s movement of peace and love and some higher cultural cause"

4. Describe ; - Boss Tweed - Thomas Nast - Credit Mobilier - Whiskey Ring - Garfield's assassination - Pendleton Act - Interstate Commerce Act

- Credit Mobilier - Union Pacific RR - sold stock to congressmen and used that to influence them to appropriate money for subsidizing the building of the RR. - Whiskey Ring - a group of Republican politicians, including Orville Babcock, Grant's private secretary, in a conspiracy to siphon off federal tax revenues from whiskey taxes. - Tammany Hall - headquarters of the Boss Tweed Ring, NYC's political machine - Tweed had a network of elected officials and ward bosses that worked incoming immigrants to set them up with housing and jobs so that in return they owed votes to put Tweed. - Thomas Nast- Political cartoonist who is best known for for his exposing of Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall in the 1870's. - Garfield - assassinated shortly after his inauguration by Charles Guiteau, a disappointed office-seeker. - Showed the great flaws in the patronage system and spurred the Pendleton Act (civil service reform). - Interstate Commerce Act - 1887 - established Interstate Commerce Commission, the first federal regulatory agency. Main purpose was to regulate the railroads in order to deter unfair practices like long/short haul rates and rebates/pools.

18. Explain the movement to achieve suffrage for women, including its leaders, the activities of suffragettes, the passage of the 19th Amendment, and the role of Tennessee in the suffrage effort (Anne Dallas Dudley, Harry Burn, Josephine Pearson).

- Earliest Movements The Seneca Falls Conference-earliest womens' rights convention (1848) Women's work against slavery, prohibition and suffrage. - Leaders of the Movement: Carrie Chapman Catt Alice Paul Susan B. Anthony Elizabeth Cady Stanton (Seneca Falls) Lucretia Mott (Seneca Falls) - Activities: (3 attempts) The western voting movement (Wyoming is the first state to allow women the right to vote in State Elections), which leads to Individual States Movements Constitutional Amendments Supreme Court (14th amendment) - The Role of Tennessee- Why the "Perfect 36"? TN was the 36th state to ratify the 19th amendment making it law. - Anne Dallas Dudley-important organizer and lobbyist for the 19th amendment - Harry Burn-young legislator whose vote change at the last minute pushed the ratification bill through the legislature. - Josephine Pearson-ant suffragist leader in the state

34. What were the changes in the economy and culture of the United States as a result of expansion of credit, consumerism, and financial speculation?

- Economic Changes Expansion of credit leads to increased consumer demand Increase in diversity and number of stock market investors Ponzi Schemes (FL bust) Increase in "Buying on Margin" Marketing techniques increase sales. growth of middle class - Culture Changes Increases in disposable income (entertainment and leisure activities) Financial markets located in urban areas thereby attracting more citizens to these urban centers

6. what were the changes in American life that resulted from the inventions and innovations of business leaders and entrepreneurs of the period?

- Edison - Impact of electricity - increased number of hours in the work day, increased safety as it reduced the number of fires from gas and oil lamps, increased automation in factories. - Indoor plumbing - cleaner streets, less disease, sewer lines in the cities. - Bell - telephone-Communication became faster, breaking down barriers for rural families and decreasing their isolation; party lines caused privacy problems; increased safety; gave women more job opportunities. - Edison's invention of ticker tape which rapidly communicated stock prices - Wall Street culture. - Transportation - Railroads- Rapid transport of goods and services Refrigerated cars meant the shipment of fresh fruits and vegetables across the country.

57. What was President Roosevelt's response to the rise of totalitarianism, including the Quarantine Speech, the Four Freedoms Speech, the Atlantic Charter, and Lend-Lease?

- FDR's Quarantine Speech (1937) FDR's attempt to promote intervention by suggesting democracies join to isolate and stop totalitarian aggression - speech caused an increase in isolationism among the Am public. - Four Freedoms Speech Annual Message to Congress (State of the Union) Jan 6th, 1941 stated the reason the US should get involved in WWII was to protect the universal freedoms of speech and worship and the freedom from want and fear. - Atlantic Charter created by FDR and Churchill at the Atlantic Conference in 1941 prior to the U.S. entry into WWII. listed the goals for the post-war world - Lend-Lease (1941) the U.S. could provide war materials to the Allied Powers-effectively ended U.S. neutrality policy

56. What could have been the reasons for and consequences of the rise of fascism and totalitarianism in Europe during the 1930's, including the actions of Hitler, Mussolini, and Stalin?

- Fascism (created as a response to the economic and social problems caused by WWI including debt and reparations) Instituted in Italy by Benito Mussolini after WWI-promoted the glory and power of the state and race at the sacrifice of individual rights used force to dispose of opposition (Black Shirts) Promised to restore the glory of the old Roman Empire developed in Germany under the leadership of the Nazi Party and Adolf Hitler due to being saddled with unreasonable reparations from WWI. used force to dispose opposition (Brown Shirts) Promised to create a third German Empire (3rd Reich) that would last a thousand years - Totalitarianism Government controls all aspects of economics, government (dictator) and society Growth in Europe in the 1920s & 30s under Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union), Mussolini, and Hitler.

68. What was the importance of the establishment and the impact of the Fort Campbell base, Oak Ridge nuclear facilities, TVA, Alcoa influences, and Camp Forrest as a POW center?

- Fort Campbell, KY- As it became apparent to Army planners in the late 1930s that war was a very dangerous possibility, surveys were conducted to locate potential sites for mobilization and training camps should the Army need to rapidly expand. - Oak Ridge, TN Manhattan Project- to build an atomic weapon- Oak Ridge labs primary purpose to "enrich" uranium for weapons grade use "Secret" facility during the war Remains a major center for nuclear power production and research for federal government - TVA 34 dams under the control of the TVA on the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers produce electric power and play a role in flood control, irrigation and navigation. TVA also serves several other purposes including reforestation, preservation of wildlife, production of fertilizer, and improved use of agricultural land. - ALCOA Major supplier of aluminum for aircraft production during WWII - Camp Forrest as POW Center The camp housed Italian and German POWs. Prisoners became laborers at Camp Forrest in the hospitals and on farms in the local community. Initially the camp held civilian detainees who were arrested at the outbreak of the war under a program called "Alien Enemy Control." Many of these internees were incarcerated without legal process.

62. How did the roles played and significant actions of the following individuals in World War II?

- Franklin Roosevelt- American President throughout most of the war. He will authorize the building of the atomic bomb. - Winston Churchill- Prime Minister of Great Britain during most of the war. - Joseph Stalin- leader of the Soviet Union during the war. More people will die under him than Hitler. - Harry Truman- He becomes President after the death of FDR in 1945. It is his decision to drop the bomb. - Adolph Hitler- Totalitarian leader of Germany. The "deathbed" of Hitler came at Stalingrad. - Holocaust-"Final Solution" with the Jews - Benito Mussolini-leader of Italy who will be thrown off the throne. At this point Italy will quit the war however fighting will occur in Italy up until weeks prior to the end of the war. - Hideki Tojo- Prime Minister of Japan most of the WW II - Dwight Eisenhower- Allied leader in the European Theater. North Africa and D-Day - George Marshall- Chief of Staff during the war. He was the writer of the war plan - Douglas MacArthur- principal American military leader in the Pacific theater of the war. He was most known for the Philippines and overseeing the Japanese surrender about the USS Missouri

12. What were the characteristics and impact of the Granger Movement and Populism?

- Granger movement developed from the farmers' organization "The Grange" and its attempt to solve the major problems of farmers including unfair treatment by the railroads and grain elevator operators (other farm machinery monopolists), high interest rates, low money supply(based on gold). - Populism : developed in the 1890s in reaction to economic domination by industrialists and to the National Farmers' Alliance's Ocala Platform which called for easier bank loans with lower interest rates, a graduated income tax, purchase of more silver to increase the money supply, the direct election of Senators (17th amendment in 1913), and regulation of public utilities.

52. What was the points of Herbert Hoover ("Rugged Individualism"), Franklin Roosevelt ("First Inaugural Address"), and John Steinbeck (The Grapes of Wrath)?

- Herbert Hoover's "Rugged Individualism"— Hoover campaigned for president by praising American's individualism and that people did not need the help of the government in economic affairs compared with European systems of "state socialism" - Franklin Roosevelt's "First Inaugural Address"— Emphasized the need for direct government action, rather than relying on the private actions of citizens, to attack the Great Depression - John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath Focused attention on the misery of Dust Bowl migrants leaving the Oklahoma for California

55. What were the reasons for and consequences of American actions in foreign policy during the 1930's, including the Hoover-Stimson Note, the Johnson Debt Default Act, and the Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1937, and 1939?

- Hoover-Stimson Note U.S. response to Japan's invasion of Manchuria in 1931-the U.S. would not recognize any territory taken by force. US scolded Japanese but strong isolationist sentiment in US prevented any stronger action and the League of Nations did not step in. - Johnson Debt Default Act U.S. could not make any loans to countries that had defaulted on WWI debts - Neutrality Acts of 1935 & 1937 U.S. reaction to growing aggression in Europe-prohibited selling weapons or making loans to warring nations or traveling on ships of warring nations and prohibited any assistance in the Spanish Civil War - Neutrality Acts of 1939 U.S. response to the start of WWII in Europe - neutrality policy changed to allow weapons to be sold to warring nations that paid cash and provided transport (called "Cash and Carry" Act)

70. What was the American reaction and response to the Holocaust?

- In August 1942, Dr. Gerhart Riegner, the representative of the World Jewish Congress in Geneva, Switzerland, learned what was going on from a German source. He asked American representatives in Switzerland to inform Rabbi Stephen Wise what was going on. The State Department decided not to pass along the information. Wise will eventually find out from others in Great Britain. He was asked to keep quiet until it could be found to be true. In November 1942 it was finally released. American newspapers will report the information but the information will be put on the back pages so many Americans did not realize what was going on.

80. What were the causes, course, and consequences of the Vietnam War?

- Indochina, a French colony was occupied by the Japanese during WW II. Ho Chi Minh, a communist was supported by America against the Japanese. - After the war, the French wanted the colony back and the Vietnamese people wanted self-determination. The Americans supported the French in a losing cause. The domino theory and the containment policy are going to lead us into this region. - America will then support Diem in the South against the Communist. Diem, who is an ineffective leader will be eventually assassinated. Gulf of Tonkin incident-Two different incidents occur here involving the USS Maddox and North Vietnam.

92. What are these significant events in the struggle to secure civil rights for African Americans?

- Integration of Central High School in Little Rock, AR When 9 African American students attempted to enroll at Central High School in Little Rock, Governor Orval Faubus sent the National Guard to keep the students from enrolling and forcing Eisenhower to send federal troops to enroll and protect the "Little Rock 9" 101st is the troops sent in to ensure the safety of the nine students - Montgomery Bus Boycott 1955 Rosa Parks refusal to give up seat inspired boycott Boycott for 13 months-bus company gave in and opened seating

63. What were the constitutional issues and impact of events on the United States home front, including the internment of Japanese Americans (Fred Korematsu v. United States of America)?

- Internment of Japanese Americans-After the attack on Pearl Harbor, people of Japanese descent were looked on with suspicion. FDR will issue Executive Order 9066 in 1942 to intern tens of thousands of American citizens of Japanese ancestry. These people will be relocated to camps located in several different states. There will also be a smaller amount of Italian and German descent citizens interned as well. - Korematsu v. US- Korematsu refused to leave his home in San Diego and he was convicted. His case will reach the Supreme Court in 1944. The court upheld the conviction. Justice Hugo Black writing for the majority said, "Pressing public necessity," he wrote, "may sometimes justify the existence of such restrictions; racial antagonism never can." In 1988 Congress passed a Resolution and President Regan signed apologizing for the internment of the Japanese and offered a monetary settlement.

41. What was the emergence of the "Lost Generation" in American literature, including the impact of Ernest Hemingway and F. Scott Fitzgerald?

- Lost Generation-Name given to the group of writers in the post-WWI period whose themes expressed a strong sense of disillusionment with society- loss of ideas and sense of purpose - Ernest Hemingway- Introduced a tough, simplified style of writing that set a new literacy standard. Criticized the glorification of war. - F. Scott Fitzgerald- coined the term "Jazz Age" to describe the 1920s. Shows the negative side of the period's gaiety and freedom, portraying wealthy and attractive people leading imperiled lives in gilded surroundings.

93. What are these excerpts from the following texts: Martin Luther King, Jr. ("Letter from a Birmingham Jail" and "I Have a Dream" speech) and Malcolm X ("The Ballot or the Bullet")?

- MLK, Jr's April 16, 1963 "Letter from a Birmingham Jail" August 26, 1963 "I have a Dream" - Malcolm X April 3rd, 1964 "The Ballot or the Bullet"

28. What was the impact of the following events and people during World War I? : Major turning points Impact of trench warfare Use of new weapons and technologies Herbert Hoover John J. Pershing and the American Expeditionary Force doughboys Alvin C. York

- Major turning points of World War I— The Battle of the Marne (Sept. 1914) France prevented Germany from capturing Paris at the Marne River - The Race to the Sea (Oct./Nov. 1914) After the German defeat at the Marne, they tried to outflank the Allies but failed. The result was stalemate and trench warfare across entire Western front Germany resumes Unrestricted Submarine Warfare in early 1917 This action will bring the US into the war and help ensure German defeat Germany knocks Russia out of the war (late 1917/early 1918) Allows Germany to focus all its energy on one last offensive in the West in 1918 Russian defeat brings on the Russian Revolution German Spring Offensive of 1918 is defeated with American military help The German military is now exhausted & incapable of any more offensive action By November 1918, the addition of American military power leads Germany to seek a cessation in the war Armistice ends the fighting on November 11, 1918 Impact of trench warfare— Artillery and machine guns drove armies underground and into trenches In trenches, soldiers were exposed to harsh weather and disease (from rats, lice, dead bodies, lack of sanitation) The unique horrors of trench warfare led to "shell shock" and other psychological disorders among millions of soldiers Impact of new weapons and technologies— The machine gun and barbed wire made defensive warfare especially formidable Tanks and airplanes had vast military potential but their potential was only minimally exploited during the war Massed artillery shelling caused unprecedented casualties and drove armies underground and into trenches Poison gas artillery shells were fired on to enemy trenches (chlorine gas, mustard gas, etc.) Impact of Herbert Hoover— Engineered a rapid increase in production of foodstuffs and put in place an efficient distribution system delivering foodstuffs to millions of troops and European civilians. Just one of many civilian administrators who successfully & quickly transformed the American economy for wartime demands Impact of General John J. Pershing and the American Expeditionary Force— General Pershing commanded the American forces in France. The American Expeditionary Force was practically created "from scratch," drafted in 1917, and trained & equipped to fight by 1918 The American military contribution played a pivotal role in halting the German Spring Offensive of 1918: Germany's last offensive of the war Impact of the doughboys—

90. What were the roles of these civil rights advocates?

- Martin Luther King, Jr. Southern Christian Leadership Conference "I Have a Dream" speech greatest moral force in Civil Rights movement Assassinated in Memphis April 4, 1968 Malcolm X "by any means necessary" Black Muslim Radical separatist Moving towards more moderate non-violence when assassinated in 1964 - Thurgood Marshall NAACP lawyer Major victory on May 17,1954 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka 1967 first African- American Supreme Court justice - Rosa Park NAACP officer took a seat in the front row of the "colored section" the bus filled and Ms. Parks was asked to give up her seat. Ms. Parks refused and was arrested. Sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott - Stokely Carmichael Began with Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) but became more separatist and eventually led Black Panthers - associated with "Black Power" movement - President John Kennedy Used his New Frontier to provide federal funding and power to promote civil rights programs Used federal troops to promote racial integration helped draft the 1964 Civil Rights Act - Robert Kennedy He helps to get MLK Jr released from jail. This action helps to propel JFK into the White House. As Attorney General: used Justice Dept. and federal marshals to force racial integration (Freedom Riders, James Meredith) and helped draft the 1964 Civil Rights Act

32. What was the rise of mass production techniques and the impact of new technologies, including the advent of airplane travel, spread of electricity, popularity of labor saving appliances, and innovations in food processing and food purchasing?

- Mass Production - Henry Ford introduced assembly line production based on scientific management principles. (time and motion) - Increase in consumer demand due to advertising and introduction of consumer credit. - Mass production of the automobile will see the rise of many other industries such as steel, petroleum, and glass. - New Technologies - Automobile - Model A & Model T - Affordability - Big multiplier industry replacing railroads - Aircraft-Wright Brothers (turn of century) - Charles Lindbergh's transatlantic flight-NY to Paris (1927) - Spread of Electricity - Oil and electricity replacing coal and steam power - Labor Saving Appliances - Electric Vacuum Cleaner - Electric Washing Machine - Electric stove/oven - Electric Iron

84. What was the effects of technological developments, including advances in medicine, improvements in agricultural technology such as pesticides and fertilizers, the environmental impact of these advances, and the development of the interstate highway system?

- Medicine: Polio vaccine by Jonas Salk Birth control EKGs Transplant surgery Preventive medicine - Agriculture: increased mechanized power advances in plant and animal breeding inexpensive chemical fertilizers and pesticides - 1950s called the "pesticide era" - Environmental Concerns from the growing use of pesticides (DDT banned) led to Rachel Carson's Silent Spring and the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency in 1970 - Interstate Highway System Authorized in the 1956 by Eisenhower to provide for national defense and to promote trade and industry

66. What was the war's impact on the home front, including rationing, bond drives, movement to cities and industrial centers, and the Bracero program?

- Movement to cities : The movement to the cities increased during the war, as more jobs became available. Nearly 30 million people moved during the war. - Bracero Program- The program was a series of laws and agreements between the United States and Mexico government. There was a high need for farm laborers and this program will allow Mexican farm workers to cross the border to come work the American farms. - Production of War goods- The US economy shifted to a wartime economy. The US provided everything its Army, Navy and Air Corps could use or need. - Financing & Buying War Bonds - The nation went into the role of deficit and increased defense spending. This was paid for by the raising of Liberty Bonds (as it had been in WWI). American's bought almost 186 billion dollars in bonds during the War. - Rationing - Consumer rationing and price ceilings were put in place. The American public rationed everything from tires, bicycles, gasoline, shoes, food and many other items. People were given ration books that contained coupons for different products

16. What were the significant roles played by muckrakers and progressive idealists, including Robert La Follette, Theodore Roosevelt, Ida Tarbell, Lincoln Steffens, and Upton Sinclair?

- Muckrakers-journalists who exposed worst excesses of robber barons and put the spotlight on worst outcomes of industrialization and urbanization - Tarbell- A History of Standard Oil Steffens- The Shame of the Cities (political machines) - Sinclair- The Jungle (meatpacking conditions) Helped spur the Pure Food and Drug Act 1906 and Meat Inspection Act 1906 - Robert LaFollette Republican Progressive governor/senator in Wisconsin Had a role in the split between the Progressive Republicans in 1912 - Theodore (Teddy) Roosevelt Republican Progressive governor of New York and eventually President of the United States. As president, used the "Square Deal" to promote progressive reform. (Trust regulation, railroad regulation, conservation, etc.)

20. What were the significant progressive achievements during the administration of Woodrow Wilson, including his New Freedom, the Underwood Tariff, the Federal Reserve Act, and the Clayton Anti-Trust Act?

- New Freedom-Wilson's approach to economic reform: Dismantling monopolies, reducing power of federal government, and favors competition of small business - Underwood Tariff- lowered tariffs (income tax will take the place of lost revenue) - Federal Reserve Act-divided nation into 12 FR districts with a governing board to determine interest rates and to control currency supply - Clayton Anti-Trust Act-will strengthen anti-trust enforcement by creating the Federal Trade Commission which could issue "cease and desist" orders to companies engaged in monopolistic actions.

88. What was President Kennedy's New Frontier programs to improve education, end racial discrimination, create the Peace Corps, and propel the United States to superiority in the Space Race?

- New Frontier programs: Education increased federal funding for scholarships, student loans, libraries, school lunch programs, physically disabled, vocational education, educational television Congress denied his proposal to provide federal funds to elementary and secondary Schools. - Discrimination Voter Education Project added over 500,000 registered voters increased prosecutions under the Civil Rights Division of the Justice Dept. publicly supported banning the poll tax (24th Amendment in 1964) Executive Order to stop discrimination in federal hiring practices ICC made Jim Crow illegal in interstate transportation (influence of the Freedom Riders) - Peace Corps : Founded in 1961 it was originally a challenge issued to University of Michigan students by Kennedy when he was still a senator. The idea was that the participants would serve the cause of peace by serving their country worldwide. - Space Race : Yuri Gagarin- Soviet cosmonaut was first man in space Mercury Program resulted in Alan Shepard as first American in space and John Glenn as first Am to orbit the Earth JFK challenged NASA to put a man on the moon by the end of the 1960s (Neil Armstrong on July 29th, 1969)

98. What were significant achievements of the Nixon administration, including his appeal to the "silent majority" and his successes in foreign affairs?

- Nixon administration achievements— Domestic Achievements: Supported the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency (1970) Supported quotas to increase minority access to skilled employment Supported increased Social Security benefits - Nixon's appeal to the "silent majority"— The "silent majority" was composed of northern blue-collar workers and southern whites, to whom Nixon appealed for support in the 1968 presidential election Nixon tried to appeal to this "silent majority" by portraying himself as a "law and order" candidate who would end the domestic upheavals of the mid-1960s - Nixon's foreign policy successes— President Nixon participated in the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) with the Soviets in 1972 as part of the effort to temper the Cold War through diplomatic détente.

78. What did the nuclear holocaust and debates over the stockpiling and use of nuclear weapons, including atomic testing, civil defense, bomb shelters, mutually assured destruction, impact of Sputnik, and President Eisenhower's warning about the military-industrial complex?

- Nuclear Stockpiling - the creating of more and more nuclear weapons and keeping supplies on hand to bring about mass destruction. - The debate over using these weapons becomes a hot topic of discussion among "hawks" people who are for a wartime posture, and "doves", those who are opposed to this posture. - Atomic Testing - The increase of testing will take place as the weapons become more technical numerous and dangerous. - Civil Defense and Bomb Shelters - The US will increase spending and promote nuclear warfare education and awareness. There will be fallout shelters & bomb drills such as "duck & cover". These were suppose to help prepare Americans in case of a disaster. - Mutually assured destruction - both the US and USSR use this as a policy to keep their hardliners in check. - Sputnik - the first satellite into space launched by the Soviet Union. This created the Space Race. - Eisenhower's warning-President Eisenhower's warns the people of the United States in his farewell address to the nation to beware the build up of the military- industrial complex.

36. What was the attacks on civil liberties and racial and ethnic tensions, including the Palmer Raids, the immigration quota acts of the 1920's, the resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan, the efforts of Ida B. Wells and Randolph Miller, the trial of Sacco and Vanzetti, the emergence of Garveyism, and the rise of the NAACP?

- Palmer Raids- attempts by the department of Justice to deport radical leftists especially anarchists - Immigration Quota Acts of 1920's-wanted to limit the number of immigrants from certain areas especially Southern and Eastern European countires. It favored immigrants from Northern and Western Europe. - KKK- Rise of this group in the 1920s was a direct result of the increased immigrants especially those who were Jewish and Catholics. - Ida B. Wells -African American newspaper editor and suffragist who was an early leader in Civil Rights and was anti-lynching crusader. - Sacco and Vanzetti- Italian American anarchists who were convicted of robbery and murder and executed on circumstantial evidence. - Marcus Garvey and Garveyism- African American leader who called for a movement back to Africa and for African Americans to buy only from black owned businesses. - Rise of the NAACP- Birth of a Nation movie, impact of the migration on the cities, WEB DuBois

89. What were the court cases in the evolution of civil rights, including Brown v. Board of Education and Regents of the University of California v. Bakke?

- Plessy v. Ferguson 1896 ruling that "separate but equal" was a legal practice. - Brown v. Board of Education 1954 Struck down "separate but equal" Thurgood Marshall - chief attorney for the Brown family Unanimous decision - Gideon v. Wainwright 1963 Attorneys appointed for indigent people at taxpayer costs (Court appointed attorneys) - Escobedo v. Illinois 1964 Criminal suspects have a right to an attorney during questioning - Miranda v. Arizona 1966 "Miranda Rights" -- right to remain silent, right to an attorney (self-incrimination) - Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978) Court ruled on affirmative action by deciding race can be only one of many factors determining college admission, not the only factor originated when Allan Bakke (white) was refused admission to Univ. of Ca. Davis School of Medicine based on racial quotas and sued under his rights guaranteed by the 14th Amendment.

82. What were the impacts of prosperity and consumerism in the 1950s, including the growth of white-collar jobs, the suburban ideal, the impact of the G.I. Bill, and increased reliance on foreign oil?

- Prosperity money spent on the Cold War cheap, abundant petroleum increase in consumer demand growth of the auto industry (Big 3) new tech industries (space, television, and computer) teen spending failure of communism agricultural systems - Consumerism High wages in defense industries Baby Boom families want houses, cars, appliances and luxuries Partially fueled by fears of imminent nuclear war Television-Cultural icons appear-people mimic what they see as perfect families. - White Collar Jobs growth of corporate America (franchises and conglomerates)led to more service and office jobs - Suburban ideal more commuting to work in cities 2 car garage ideal homes-ranch style begins "urban flight" leaving poorest in cities in decaying neighborhoods. William Levitt and Levittowns - GI Bill Returning veterans could get government loans for college, homes, or business start ups provided unemployment benefits for a length of time while they looked for jobs provided more access to socio-economic advancement.

54. How did the impact of American actions in foreign policy in the 1920's, including the refusal to join the League of Nations, the Washington Disarmament Conference, and the Kellogg-Briand Pact?

- Refusal to Join League of Nations - Wilson vs. Lodge Wilson in complete support of the League Henry Cabot Lodge Support with reservations Without the U.S. in the league it lacks power - Washington Disarmament Conference 1921-22 (Harding and Sec of State Hughes) led to the 5 Power Naval Treaty, the 4 Power Treaty, and the 9 Power Treaty did not address small naval vessels - Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928 (U.S. and France) 62 nations promised no offensive war - considered great step toward world peace looked good on paper but no way to enforce

45. What was the causes of the Great Depression?

- Rising unemployment evident by 1929 due to surplus created by overproduction in manufacturing and to high tariffs - High tariffs Protective tariffs under Harding and Coolidge helped cause overproduction 1930 Hawley-Smoot Tariff -attempt to strengthen American manufacturing by raising rates to 60%-backfired when European nations raised their rates in retaliation and worsened the world-wide depression - Crash of the stock market Triggered by overproduction and the extent of buying on margin and speculation Market crash triggered bank failures and bankrupted businesses

15. What was the rise of the labor movement, including its leaders, major tactics, and the response of management and the government?

- Samuel Gompers- founder of the American Federation of Labor in 1886 as a federation of craft unions. Eugene Debs leader of the American Railway Union jailed for violating an injunction in the Pullman strike (In re Debs)-converted to socialism in prison and led the Socialist Party - Haymarket Affair Chicago riot resulting from the McCormick strike and labor demand for an 8 hour workday - led to the downfall of the Knights of Labor Federation after the bombing of police during the rally held at Haymarket Square. - Pullman Strike resulted from pay cuts due to the Panic of 1893 - backed by the American Railway Union and ended with the use of federal injunctions and the jailing of labor leaders. - Coal Creek Labor Saga (TN)-1891 The Tennessee Mining Company asked miners in Coal Creek (Modern day Lake City) to abandon rights that were granted. When the miners refused, the TMC called on the Tennessee Coal, Iron & Railroad Company to bring convict labor to work the mines.

19. What were the significant progressive achievements during the administration of Theodore Roosevelt including the Square Deal, "trust-busting," the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act, the Meat Inspection Act, and support for conservation?

- Square Deal Domestic program formed upon three basic ideas: conservation of natural resources control of corporations consumer protection. - Conservation United States Forestry Service established 5 national parks Antiquities Act - Control of Corporations known as "trust buster" regulate instead of dissolve Northern Securities Case - Consumer Protection The Jungle" - Upton Sinclair book Pure Food and Drug Act Meat Inspection Act Child Labor Law

13. What was the impact of the rise of trusts and monopolies, their subsequent impact on consumers and workers, and the government's response, including the Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890?

- Standard Oil-Rockefeller - 1st trust - created to avoid state anti-monopoly laws. - US Steel- Carnegie -Vertical integration led to domination of steel industry. - Trusts and monopolies made more products available and created jobs ("Captains of Industry") but also led to higher consumer prices, poor working conditions and wages, and great wealth for industrialists ("Robber Barons"). Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890 made any business combination that hindered trade illegal - not often enforced until Roosevelt (Northern Securities Company in 1904) and courts often ruled in favor of trusts (E.C. Knight Co.).

1. What are the geographic considerations that led to the location of specialized industries such as textiles, automobiles, and steel?

- Steel (Bessemer Process) - Textiles-increased need for ready-made clothing (uniforms) boosted textile industries and the first sewing factories (includes mass produced shoes and boots) - Automobiles-the bicycle inspired auto inventors. The first powered by electricity began in the 1890's. New England was the birthplace of the auto industry but by 1905 it had moved to Michigan.

91. What were the roles of these civil rights opponent?

- Strom Thurmond Segregationist Senator from South Carolina - presidential candidate for the "Dixiecrats" in 1948 - George Wallace Segregationist governor of Alabama - stood in the doors of the University of Alabama to make a statement against desegregation - presidential candidate in 1968 and again in 1972 - shot and crippled by an assassin - Orval Faubus Segregationist governor of Arkansas- fought against the desegregation of Little Rock School District- used National Guard to keep students out - Bull Connor Birmingham police chief who used dogs and high-powered water hoses on peaceful demonstrators - KKK secret organization that used terrorist tactics bombings of black schools and churches violence against black and white activists in the South

25. Compare and contrast Theodore Roosevelt's Big Stick diplomacy, William Taft's Dollar Diplomacy, and Woodrow Wilson's Moral.

- TR Big Stick Diplomacy - "Speak softly and carry a big stick." As president, Roosevelt used "Big stick diplomacy" to expand executive power in handling international affairs transforming the U.S. into a world power. (example: The Great White Fleet) - Taft's Dollar Diplomacy - Further U.S. aims through the use of U.S. economic power by guaranteeing loans to countries namely in Latin America and East Asia - Wilson's Moral Diplomacy - U.S. economic and political aid given to countries with democratic and moral ideas that are inline with that of the U.S. This would strengthen the U.S. position particularly in Latin America and weaken non-democratic countries.

51. What was the development of TVA on Tennessee's rural geography economy, and culture, and debate the issues of the Norris Dam and Dale Hollow Lake controversies?

- TVA - Tennessee Valley Authority - Government owned and operated public utility - Tennessee River Valley - brought electricity to rural areas - dams built to prevent flooding and provide hydroelectricity - Also several other purposes including reforestation, preservation of wildlife, production of fertilizer, jobs, and improved use of agricultural land - cheapest rates for electricity in the nation - Norris Dam - First major project under the TVA - required the purchase of over 152,000 acres of land and the relocation of 2,841 families and 5,226 graves. - Dale Hollow Lake - Formed by damming the Obey River above its juncture with the Cumberland River - like Norris Dam this resulted in the relocation of families and communities

61. What were the roles and sacrifices of individual American soldiers, as well as the unique contributions of special fighting forces such as the Tuskegee Airmen, the 442nd Regimental Combat team, the 101st Airborne, and the Navajo Code Talkers?

- The American GI (the GI stands for Government Issue), was truly a citizen soldier. The US drafted nearly 20 million Americans into uniform effectively ending the Great Depression. This included the following groups: - African Americans - Over a million African Americans served during the war to include for the first time African-American Officers and Fliers. The most famous being the Tuskegee Airman of Tuskegee University in Alabama.. - Japanese Americans - Many were allowed to serve overseas (but only in Europe), the most famous being the 442nd Regimental Combat Team which was one of the most decorated units in the European Theater. - The Native Americans- Nearly a quarter of a million natives served. The most famous were the Navajo wind talkers of the US Marine Corps. Their special language was undecipherable by the Japanese who could not break the code. - American Women- 400,000 Women volunteered for military service. They were used in every category but combat. Even at that over 500 were killed in service to their country. - The 101st Airborne - During World War II, it was renowned for its role in Operation Overlord—the D-Day landings starting 6 June 1944, in Normandy, France and action during the Battle of the Bulge around the city of Bastogne, Belgium.

37. What was the background of the Temperance Movement, the passage of the 18th Amendment to the Constitution and the Volstead Act, the impact of Prohibition on American society, and its successes and failures, including the rise of organized crime, bootlegging and speakeasies, and repeal by the 21st Amendment?

- The Background of the Temperance Movement Part of the Women's Argument Based on three parts: a. the destruction of the family b. the association of alcohol with immigrants and their cultures and religion (a Progressive Idea) c. the need to create a "dry" society for religious purposes.. - This led to the passage of the 18th Amendment which banned the Sale and Transportation of Alcohol and the Volstead Act which dictated what could and could not be sold.

50. What were the effects of and the controversies arising from New Deal economic policies, including charges of socialism and FDR's "court packing" attempt?

- The Effects and Controversies of the New Deal Economic Policies Though many of the New Deal Policy were seen as needed efforts to allow the nation to advance, the majority of them were not very effective in bringing the nation out of the Depression, because of they did not provide enough economic recovery. - Court Packing-FDR upset with the Supreme Court's decisions to declare some of the New Deal unconstitutional, tried to persuade Congress and the American people to allow him to raise the number of justices from 9 to 15. He wanted an additional justice for everyone over the age of 70. This was called a socialist move by the critics of FDR who saw this attempt to pack the court as making the Presidency akin to a dictatorship with Supreme Court approval.

96. What was the impact of Johnson's Great Society programs?

- The Great Society reform program of the 1960s was the height of activist & interventionist federal government policy in US history. - Johnson idolized Franklin Roosevelt and aimed to extend and surpass the New Deal's progressive and interventionist record - The Great Society ultimately produced legislation affecting almost every area of American life - The main goals of Johnson's Great Society were: Equality of opportunity Enrichment of urban life Restoring natural beauty ("beautification" programs) Improving education (Head Start) Ending poverty Racial Justice & Civil Rights (see Standard #94 above)

40. What was the Harlem Renaissance, its impact, and its important figures, including an examination of literary and informational text of or about Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, James Weldon Johnson, Duke Ellington, and Louis Armstrong?

- The Harlem Renaissance The "Flowering of African American" literature, music, and art during the 1920's. - The birth of "Jazz". Langston Hughes - the Poet Laureate of the Harlem Renaissance. Zora Neale Hurston - Harlem Renaissance Writer of "Their Eyes were Watching God". Louis Armstrong & Duke Ellington - Jazz & Blues Musicians. Bessie Smith - Blues Singer and Recording Artists. Examine literature pieces

17. Describe the goals and achievements of the Progressive movement?

- The Main Goals of the Progressive Era 1- Correct abuses in American Life (i.e.poverty/living conditions in the cities, harsh conditions created by industrialization). 2- reform the political process to empower the middle classes. 3. Promoting moral behavior Progressive Political Reforms - Initiative - proposal of legislation by citizens · Referendum - vote by citizens on legislation (usually a "yes" or "no" vote) · Recall - dismissal from office by a vote of citizens · Secret Ballot (aka Australian ballot) · Direct Primary - adopted by most states so that voters registered to a political party could choose candidates for office

69. Why was the Manhattan Project, including the rationale for using the atomic bomb to end the war?

- The Manhattan Project—The code name for the military project for atomic-bomb research and development - Why the bomb was needed The Japanese had demonstrated near-fanatical resistance, fighting to almost the last man on Pacific islands, committing mass suicide on Saipan and unleashing kamikaze attacks at Okinawa. Fire bombing had killed 100,000 in Tokyo with no discernible political effect. Only the atomic bomb could jolt Japan's leadership to surrender. - Why the bomb was unjustified Japan was ready to call it quits anyway. More than 60 of its cities had been destroyed by conventional bombing, the home islands were being blockaded by the American Navy, and the Soviet Union entered the war by attacking Japanese troops in Manchuria.

74. What are examples of containment policies, including the Marshall Plan, the Berlin Airlift, and the Truman Doctrine?

- The Marshall Plan - the European Recovery Program, ERP) was the American program to aid Europe, in which the United States gave economic support to help rebuild European economies after the end of WWII in order to prevent the spread of Soviet Communism The plan was in operation for four years beginning in April 1948.The goals of the United States were to rebuild a war-devastated region, remove trade barriers, modernize industry, and make Europe prosperous again. - The Berlin Airlift- was one of the first major international crises of the Cold War. During the multinational occupation of post-World War II Germany, , the USSR blocked the Western Allies' railway, road, and canal access to the sectors of Berlin under Allied control. Their aim was to force the western powers to give up Berlin. In response, the Western Allies organized the Berlin airlift to carry supplies to the people in West Berlin. Over 200,000 flights (in the same planes used to drop bombs during the war) in one year, providing up to 4700 tons of supplies a day. - The Truman Doctrine - A policy created by President Harry Truman in which the U.S. would support Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid to prevent them from falling into the Soviet Sphere.

79. What was the relationship between Cuba and United States, including the Bay of Pigs Invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis?

- The US relationship with Cuba ended with Castro nationalizing of all Cuban businesses and kicking out of American companies. This coupled with Castro's turn to the Soviet Union and Communism, now gave America a Communist nation 90 miles away from its border. - The Bay of Pigs Invasion- Plan originally created under the Eisenhower administration the CIA was given permission to invade Cuba and overthrow Castro's government. - The Cuban Missile Crisis- In October of 1962, U-2 air flights over Cuba showed nuclear missile sites being built in Cuba. President Kennedy called for their immediate removal.

44. What was the growth and popularity of Blues Music in Memphis and the Grand Ole Opry in Nashville, including W.C. Handy, and WSM?

- The birth of the blues in Memphis Tennessee coincides with the recording of African American music from the Mississippi Delta area. Artists like Muddy Waters, and WC Handy who is considered the "Father of the Blues" will make Memphis the home of "the Blues". - The Grand Ole Opry which was founded in 1925, and sponsored by the Life and Casualty Company of Nashville Tennessee broadcasted on the radio nationwide. It symbol and call letters WSM stands for "We Shield Millions". The Grand Ole Opry is the original home of country and western music, and is the longest running radio program in radio history.

72. What were the reasons for the founding of the United Nations, including the role of Cordell Hull?

- UN - United Nations - International organization set up in 1945 to prevent future conflict, and to encourage international cooperation in the resolution economic, political, social, and humanitarian problems - Cordell Hull - Longest serving Secretary of State (1933-1944) Received Nobel Peace Prize for his role in establishing the United Nations, referred by some as the "father of the United Nations."

27. What are the reasons for American entry into World War I, including the use of unrestricted submarine warfare by the Germans, the Zimmerman Note, the defense of democracy, and economic motivations?

- Unrestricted submarine warfare Lusitania, Sussex Pledge, Germany's situation that led her to resume unrestricted sub warfare - Wolf Packs - U Boats - The Zimmerman Note Coded German telegraph to Mexico intercepted by the U.S. that stated Mexico would receive some American land after the war if they allied with Germany; played a major role in changing American opinion Defense of Democracy Wilsonian diplomacy "We must make the world safe for democracy" - All allies were democracies (even Russia for a brief period after the Revolution) Will lead Wilson to take the moral high ground and insist on promoting the Fourteen Points at the peace conference- particularly the League of Nations Economic Motivation Profits from munitions-sales (majority came from Allies) - Provider of manufactured goods and food- U.S. is untouched physically by the war while Europe lay in ruins- will especially increase demand for food which will later cause overproduction problems for American farmers

11. Compare and contrast the ideas and philosophies of Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Dubois.

- W.E.B. Dubois : African Americans should strive to enter American society as full citizens-Higher education was desirable and obtainable (the "talented tenth"). - African American should strive for social, political, and economic equality immediately. Founded NAACP. - Booker T. Washington : African Americans should first learn vocations that would make them marketable and wait for political and social rights (Atlanta Compromise). - Attain equality by becoming economically independent. - Founded Tuskegee Institute in Alabama.

60. What was the United States and Allied wartime strategy and major events of the war, including the Bataan Death March, Midway, "island hopping," Iwo Jima, Okinawa, invasion of North Africa and Italy, D-Day, and the Battle of the Bulge?

- Wartime Strategy of WWII With America's entrance into WWII, after Pearl Harbor on December 7th 1941, , the US sided with Great Britain and eventually the Soviet Union to defeat the nations of Japan, Germany and Italy (the Axis). - The European Campaign - FDR & Churchill agreed the greatest threat to the world was Hitler, and therefore set about breaching the Atlantic Wall. American and British troops attack and took the countries of North Africa and then attacked Sicily and Italy. - The Pacific Campaign - After Pearl Harbor the US Navy took almost six months to recover. In the meantime, the Japanese Imperial Army and Navy invaded and occupied all of the major Pacific Islands with the exception of Australia and New Zealand. They brutally conquered the last of the American Army in the Philippines in 1942, and forced the surrendered American Forces to march up the island of Bataan, in what was known as the "Bataan Death March".

30. Explain the political, economic, and social ramifications of World War I on the home front, including the role played by women and minorities, voluntary rationing, the Creel Committee, opposition by conscientious objectors, and the case of Schenck v. United States.

- Women Took on exclusive male jobs "Women jobs"- secretaries, nurses, and teachers Military jobs- Red Cross, sale of bonds, victory gardens Minorities Split opinion: support the war or not support racist government Great Migration- mass movement of blacks from South to North Remained disenfranchised Voluntary rationing meatless, wheatless, and sweetless days "gospel of the clean plate" the Creel Committee Persuaded the nation's artist and advertising agencies to create thousands of paintings, posters, cartoons, and sculptures promoting the war. Propaganda Schenck v. United States "clear and present danger" "protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting 'Fire!' in a theatre and causing panic." Opposition by conscientious objects Espionage and Sedition Acts- A person could be fined up to $10,000 and sentenced to 20 years in jail for interfering with war efforts or for saying anything disloyal, profane, or abusive about the government or the war efforts. This act was aimed at socialist and labor leaders.

64. Why was there the entry of large numbers of women into the workforce during World War II and its subsequent impact on American society (such as at Alcoa in Tennessee), as well as the service of women in the armed forces, including Cornelia Fort?

- Women in the workforce Replaced men in industrial jobs - especially defense industries Rosie the Riveter Profound impact on social and economic roles of men and women - Women in the Armed Forces- Almost 400,000 women served in and with the armed forces—a number that exceeded total male troop strength in 1939. They enlisted "for the duration plus six months" to free male soldiers for combat by filling jobs that matched women's "natural" abilities—clerical work and jobs requiring rote attention to detail and small motor skills. They served in the Army and Navy Nurse Corps, Women's Army Corps (WAC), and in the Navy (WAVES), Coast Guard (SPARs) and Marine Corps Women's Reserves. Although not officially members of the armed forces, Women Air force Service Pilots (WASPs) provided critical support for the war effort. Other women worked with the military through service with organizations such as the American Red Cross, the United Service Organizations (USO), and the Civil Air Patrol. - Cornelia Fort-A Tennessean who will become the first female pilot in American history to die in active duty. - Alcoa- need to add impact of women on the company

14. What were the working conditions in industries, including the use of labor by women and children?

- Working conditions: long work day, unsafe/unsanitary conditions (mining, textile, meat packing, garment, iron and steel), low wages. - textile and garment industries (sweatshops) more women labor used (Triangle Shirtwaist Fire in 1911). improved working conditions for women in new department stores, clerical jobs (typewriter), and new telephone industry. - Mass use of child labor in textile and mining industries(Breaker boys).

49. What was the following New Deal programs and assess their past or present impact?

- Works Progress Administration (WPA)-"boondoggling" work for the unemployed (as critics put it) but most work was for community improvement-included work for unemployed artists, actors, and writers. - Social Security-old age pensions, aid to the handicapped and disabled; unemployment insurance (still around today) - Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)- government insures bank deposits-originally funded to $100,000-today $250,000-in response to bank failures and bank runs - Securities and Exchange Commission- oversees brokerage firms and the NYSE. It requires companies to be honest in their disclosures of company worth. (still around today) - Fair Labor Standards Act -set up minimum wage and maximum hours worked per week. Its goal was 40 cents and 40 hours. If industry was dangerous labor under the age of 16 was forbidden. - Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)-would eliminate price-depressing surpluses by paying growers to reduce their crop acreage - Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)-employed young men in open air camps across the country-part of their wages sent home to their families-kept many from the streets and juvenile delinquency - Tennessee Valley Authority-government owned and operated public utility (TN River Valley)-brought electricity to rural areas-dams built to prevent flooding and hydroelectricity (still around today)

71. What were the major outcomes of the Yalta and Potsdam Conferences?

- Yalta Conference (February 1945) The second of three meetings. It was to discuss post-war Europe Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin meet at Black Sea resort city of Yalta in the Soviet Union - Potsdam Conference (July-August 1945) Big Three (Truman-US, Stalin-SU, Attlee Britain) meet in Potsdam, Germany Major question was how to handle Germany.

58. What were the reasons for American entry into World War II, including the attack on Pearl Harbor?

- abandonment of neutrality with the passage of the Lend Lease Act - German attacks on U.S. ships transporting Lend Lease goods - FDR's freezing of Japanese assets and embargo of war materials to Japan - Japan's surprise attack on U.S. Pacific possessions on Dec. 7, 1941 with naval base at Pearl Harbor in - - Oahu as the major target.

75. What could be the progression of American foreign policy from containment to massive retaliation and brinkmanship to the domino theory to flexible response?

Containment- stop the spread of Communism - Massive retaliation- Eisenhower belief that no matter the size of the aggression that the response should be massive - Brinkmanship-Eisenhower policy to do anything to the brink of war - Domino Theory- Theory if one country falls to communism then others will follow - Flexible Response-John F. Kennedy belief that the response to the aggression should fit the level of aggression.