US history to 1877 exam 1

mesoamerica

'Meso' means 'middle', and these Mesoamerican cultures are the early advanced civilizations of Mexico and Central America. groups inhabiting were the Olmec, the Maya and the Aztecs. The Olmec did in fact grow rubber trees and harvest rubber.The Olmec developed the first written language and numbering system in mesoamerica. The Maya included amazing pyramids. there was over population the led to famine and disease. The Aztecs (mexica) emerged as the dominant force in central Mexico, developing an intricate social, political, religious and commercial organization that brought many of the region's city-states under their control by the 15th century. Invaders led by the Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes overthrew the Aztecs by force and captured Tenochtitlan in 1521, bringing an end to Mesoamerica's last great native civilization. (ppl hated the aztecs bc of their brutal force so had too many enemies so cortes used the hatred to his advantage and used guns trained horses and dogs that let them overcome the aztecs.

william penn

(14 October 1644 - 30 July 1718) an English Quaker best known for founding the colony of Pennsylvania as a place for religious freedom in America. (1682 ) founder of the Province of Pennsylvania, the English North American colony and the future Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. He was an early advocate of democracy and religious freedom, notable for his good relations and successful treaties with the Lenape Native Americans. Under his direction, the city of Philadelphia was planned and developed.

virginia co.

A joint- stock company organized by london investors in 1606 that recieved a land grant from king james 1 in order to establish colonies in north america. investors hoped to enrich themselves and strengthen england economically and politically.

anne hutchinson

Anne Hutchinson was a Puritan Anne Hutchinson was the defendant in the most famous of the trials intended to squelch religious dissent in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. The trial was presided over by Governor John Winthrop, on the charge of "traducing [slandering] the ministers". as one of the early colonists of the Massachusetts Colony who was banished from Boston in 1637 for her religious and feminist beliefs and fled to the Rhode Island Colony. Anne Hutchinson held religious meetings in her home and refused to stick closely to the rules of worship required by the Puritan leaders who governed the colony. She was put on trial in 1637, convicted and banished from Massachusetts.

captain john smith

Captain John Smith was an adventurer, soldier, explorer and author. Through the telling of his early life, we can trace the developments of a man who became a dominate force in the eventual success of Jamestown and the establishment of its legacy as the first permanent English settlement in North America. He was a leader of the Virginia Colony (based at Jamestown) between September 1608 and August 1609, and led an exploration along the rivers of Virginia and the Chesapeake Bay. He was the first English explorer to map the Chesapeake Bay area and New England. Captain John Smith described Pocahontas as being 11 years old when she saved him. He was hurt in an accident 1 and 1/2 years later and had to leave to go home. Captain John Smith never married Pocahontas. Pocahontas married Master John Rolfe in 1614.. His books and maps were important in encouraging and supporting English colonization of the New World. He gave the name New England to the region and noted: "Here every man may be master and owner of his owne labour and land... If he have nothing but his hands, he may...by industries quickly grow rich."[1]

william III and mary II

Early in 1689, the English Parliament formally offered William and Mary the throne as joint monarchs, an event known as the 'Glorious Revolution'. marked an important transition towards parliamentary rule as we know it today. William's ousting of his predecessor (held a job or office before the current holder.) , the Catholic James II, ensured the primacy of the Protestant faith in Britain. His decisive victory over James at the Battle of the Boyne He was an only child and never knew his father William II who died of smallpox before his birth. His mother was Mary eldest daughter of Charles I of England.

james I

He ruled in Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567 until his death and he ruled in England and Ireland as James I from 24 March 1603 until his death. His reign was important because it was the first time England and Scotland agreed to have the same monarch. ... By being king of both, he created a personal union son of Mary, Queen of Scots, and her second husband, Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley.

oliver cromwell

He was elected to Short and Long Parliaments of 1640 and became known as a radical Puritan. During the English Civil Wars he served as a general on the parliamentarian side. Cromwell was a Puritan, who opposed the king in the Long Parliament of 1640. During the Civil War he fought for Parliament. He thought that Parliamentary leaders did not do enough to try to defeat Charles. Cromwell became the most powerful man in England, as the leader of the 'New Model Army'.

Charles I

He was the second son born to James VI of Scotland and Anne of Denmark. Charles I was a king of England, Scotland and Ireland, whose conflicts with parliament and his subjects led to civil war and his execution. he married Henrietta Maria of France, a 15-year-old Catholic princess Charles I wanted to be an absolutist monarch and ignore what Parliament said about it. The result from his execution was the English Civil War and the Restoration Period.

mississippian people

In about AD 800 groups of Native Americans developed a culture along the Mississippi River and in what is now the southeastern United States. This Mississippian culture is best known for building mounds of earth. The culture ended by about 1700, but many of the mounds still stand. Mississippian people were horticulturalists. They grew much of their food in small gardens Mississippian people spent much of their lives outdoors. Their houses were used mainly for shelter from inclement weather, sleeping in cold months, and storage. These were rectangular or circular pole structures; the poles were set in individual holes or in continuous trenches. Mississippian people were organized as chiefdoms or ranked societies. Chiefdoms were a specific kind of human social organization with social ranking as a fundamental part of their structure. In ranked societies people belonged to one of two groupings, elites or commoners. Elites, who made up a relatively small percentage of chiefdom populations, had a higher social standing than commoners.This difference between elites and commoners rested more on ideological and religious beliefs than on such things as wealth or military power.

james II

James was a Stuart king of England, Scotland and Ireland who in 1688 was overthrown in the 'Glorious Revolution' by William III. James II succeeded his brother, Charles II, in 1685. However, the attempt by James to move his country to absolute Catholicism led to the 1688 Revolution and the removal of James II from the throne. son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria. He was formally created duke of York in January 1644

plymouth

Plymouth Colony First colonial settlement in New England (founded 1620). The settlers were a group of about 100 Puritan Separatist Pilgrims, who sailed on the Mayflower and settled on what is now Cape Cod bay, Massachusetts. ... During the first winter nearly half the settlers died. survivors were able to secure peace treaties with neighboring Native American tribes and build a largely self-sufficient economy within five years.

powhatan

Powhatan, also called Wahunsenacah or Wahunsenacawh (died April 1618, Virginia [U.S.]), North American Indian leader, father of Pocahontas. He presided over the Powhatan empire at the time the English established the Jamestown Colony (1607).

Sir Walter Realeigh

Sir Walter Raleigh was an English adventurer and writer who established a colony near Roanoke Island, in present-day North Carolina. He was imprisoned in the Tower of London and eventually put to death for treason.

dominion of new england

The Dominion of New England occurred in the time period of the 1670's & 1680's. King James II attempts to consolidate all of the New England colonies (that includes: Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island and New Hampshire) into one large colony. By doing so, he's taking away the rights of the people in those colonies, because they no longer have much say in their government. He wants to expand it eventually to include New York, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey and make them under one rule. King James II tries to tighten his control over the colonies and curve the rights of the people. The significance of this is that the Glorious Revolution puts the end to the Dominion of New England and restores the rights of the people.

john calvin

The French Protestant reformer John Calvin (1509-1564) is best known for his doctrine of predestination (he doctrine that all events have been willed by God. John Calvin interpreted predestination to mean that God willed eternal damnation for some people and salvation for others.) and his theocratic view of the state ( a form of government in which a god is the source from which all authority derives.) French theologian and a major leader of the Protestant Reformation. He helped popularize the belief in the sovereignty of God in all areas of life, as well as the doctrine of predestination. The theological approach advanced by Calvin has come to be known as 'Calvinism'.

elizabeth 1

The daughter of King Henry 8th and his second wife, Anne Boleyn, Queen Elizabeth I came to the throne in 1558 and ruled England for almost 45 years. Her reign is known as The Golden Age, a time that saw the birth of Shakespeare, the defeat of the Spanish Armada, and the emergence of England as a world power. The long reign of Elizabeth, who became known as the "Virgin Queen" for her reluctance to endanger her authority through marriage, coincided with the flowering of the English Renaissance, associated with such renowned authors as William Shakespeare. By her death in 1603, England had become a major world power in every respect, and Queen Elizabeth I passed into history as one of England's greatest monarchs.

Pablo-Indians

The first migrants into north america and their descendants who spread across the americas between 15,000 BP and 13,500 BP

age of exploration

The period is characterized as a time when Europeans began exploring the world by sea in search of new trading routes, wealth, and knowledge. the biggest reasons for exploration was the desire to find a new route for the spice and silk trades.

william bradford

William Bradford (1590-1657) in 1620 migrated to the Plymouth Colony on the Mayflower. He was a signatory to the Mayflower Compact and went on to serve as Governor of the Plymouth Colony intermittently for about thirty years between 1621 and 1657

Massachusetts Bay Company

a company, chartered in England in 1629 to establish a colony on Massachusetts Bay, that founded Boston in 1630. joint stock trading company chartered by the English crown in 1629 to colonize a vast area in New England. It was quickly taken over by a group of Puritans, under the leadership of John Winthrop, who wished to establish a religious community in the New World. The first colonists sailed from England in 1630 and established the Massachusetts Bay Colony, with its center at Boston

hunter-gatherer

a way of life that involved hunting game and gathering food from naturally occurring sources. Archaic indians and their descendents survived in north america for centuries as hunter-gathers.

hopewell people

built hundreds of burial mounds in the river valleys and forests of what we now call Michigan. Some Hopewell lived in the western and southern part of the Lower Peninsula. However, the most sophisticated Hopewell settlements and the largest burial mounds were in Ohio and Illinois. When they buried honored people in the mounds Hopewell people were mainly farmers, living on squash, sunflower seeds, and various grasses like wild rice, Hopewell people grew tobacco and traded it along the Mississippi river. They built a lot of big earth mounds in various shapes, but nobody is sure what the mounds were for - maybe for burials. Around 400 AD, the Hopewell culture collapsed. Nobody knows why this happened. It may have something to do with changes in the environment. After several hundred years, the Mississippian culture took its place

woodland people

consisted of Indian tribes inhabiting the eastern United States and Canada. They lived in the forests near lakes or streams, which is why they're called Eastern Woodland Indians. Their food, shelter, clothing, weapons and tools came from the forest. The Iroquois, Mound Builders, Algonquian and Shawnee are a few Woodland tribes. families lived in dome-shaped wigwams. Many Woodland peoples used spears and atlatls until the end of the period, when they were replaced by bows and arrows; however, Southeastern Woodland peoples also used blowguns. The most cited technological distinction of this period was the widespread use of pottery

navigation act

english laws passed in the 1650s and 1660s requiring that english colonial goods be shipped through english ports on english ships in order to benefit english merchants, shippers, and seamen.

headright

fifty acres of free land granted by the virginia company to planters for each indentured servant they purchased originally created in 1618 in Jamestown, Virginia. It was used as a way to attract new settlers to the region and address the labor shortage. With the emergence of tobacco farming, a large supply of workers was needed. New settlers who paid their way to Virginia received 50 acres of land.

roanoke island

first English settlement in the New World, was founded by English explorer Sir Walter Raleigh in August 1585. late 1500s, the English made their first attempts to settle in North America on Roanoke Island, which is off the coast of North Carolina. These first settlers ended up returning to England because of a shortage of food and Indian attacks. In 1587, a second colony was founded on Roanoke. The Roanoke Colony also known as the Lost Colony (where the settlers went after they left Roanoke remains a mystery.) , was established in 1585 on Roanoke Island in what is today's Dare County, North Carolina. It was a late 16th-century attempt by Queen Elizabeth I to establish a permanent English settlement in North America.

charles II (stuart restoration)

king of England, Scotland and Ireland. did a deal with the Scots and was proclaimed king. With a Scottish army he invaded England but was defeated by Cromwell at the Battle of Worcester in 1651. He again escaped into exile and it was not until 1660 that he was invited back to England to reclaim his throne. The Restoration period begins in 1660, the year in which King Charles II (the exiled Stuart king) was restored to the English throne. England, Scotland, and Wales were united as Great Britain by the 1707 Act of Union.

house of burgesses

organ of goverment in colonial virginia made up of an assembly of representatives elected by the colonys male inhabitants. It was established by the virginia company and continued by the crown after virginia was made a royal colony.

indentured servants

poor immigrants who signed contracts known as indentures, in which they committed to four to seven years of labor in north america in exchange for transportation from england, as well as food and shelter after they arrived in the colony.

mayflower compact

the first agreement for self-government to be created and enforced in America. On September 16, 1620 the Mayflower, a British ship, with 102 passengers, who called themselves Pilgrims, aboard sailed from Plymouth, England.

jamestown

the first permanent english settlement in north america, established in 1607 by colonist sponsored by the Virginia company a group of roughly 100 members of a joint venture called the Virginia Company founded the first permanent English settlement in North America on the banks of the James River. Famine, disease and conflict with local Native American tribes in the first two years brought Jamestown to the brink of failure before the arrival of a new group of settlers and supplies in 1610.

cahokia

the largest colonial ceremonial site in ancient north america, located on the easter bank of the mississippi river across from present day st.louis, where thousands of inhabitants built hundreds of earthen mounds between AD 700 and AD 1400.

roger williams

the political and religious leader Roger Williams (c. 1603-1683) is best remembered for founding the state of Rhode Island and advocating separation of church and state in Colonial America. His views on religious freedom and tolerance, coupled with his disapproval of the practice of confiscating land from Native Americans, earned him the wrath of his church and banishment from the colony. Williams and his followers settled on Narragansett Bay, where they purchased land from the Narragansett Indians and established a new colony governed by the principles of religious liberty and separation of church and state. Rhode Island became a haven for Baptists, Quakers, Jews and other religious minorities. Nearly a century after his death, Williams' notion of a "wall of separation" between church and state inspired the founders of the United States, who incorporated it into the U.S. Constitution and Bill of Rights.

protestant reformation

the reform movement that began in 1517 with martin lathers critiques of the roman catholic church, which precipitated an enduring schism that divided protestants from catholics. 16th century European movement aimed initially at reforming the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church

king phillips war

war begun by metacomet (king phillip), in which the wampanoag indians attacked colonial settlements in western massachusetts in 1675. colonist responded by attacking the wampanaog and other tribes they believe conspired with them. the colonist became victorious in the brutal war.