US Hybrid Trimester 2 Final Review

What was Hoover's approach as the depression started?

"Economic depression cannot be cured by legislative action or executive pronouncement. Economic wounds must be healed by the action of the cells of the economic body--the producers and consumers themselves." Basically, hands-off approach and believed that the economy would naturally recover

Describe what demobilization was like for the U.S. post World War I.

- 4.5 million soldiers return home and need jobs - Prices for goods increase quickly - Unemployment increases quickly - European farms are able to start growing/producing/selling food again - market dries up without need to supply Europe during war Caused social and economic strain

1 major contribution characters in organized crime gave to regular Americans and culture during the 1920's PROHIBITION era?

- Bootleg booze - Actually kept the cities safe--the criminals made sure there was no crime. Gangs wouldn't tolerate small crimes

How were petitions used in initiative, recall, and referendum?

- Initiative: if 5-15% of voters in state sign petition, proposed policy must be put on ballot for public approval - Referendum: by getting a certain number of signatures, voters can vote whether or not to veto a newly passed law - Recall: voters can remove elected official from office with special election

What are examples of events that occurred due to the US breaking treaties made with Native Americans?

- Santee Sioux Rebellion: natives had inadequate supplies, broken treaties, so they attacked the BIA agency and nearby farms and towns - Tribes refused to live on the reservations, and in reaction, troops were assigned to confine them - Sand Creek: after a lot of fighting, a chief tried to make peace with the militia, but colonel Chivington and his men massacred them in cold blood

How did WEB Du Bois differ in his approach to how to improve minority status/rights than Booker T Washington?

- WEB: Fight for African American/minority rights, do what it takes to achieve equality. Educate the best and let them lead us to the promised land - Booker T Washington: African Americans should focus on improving their own lives, avoid too much conflict and that will improve the position of minorities in America. Do not "Rock the boat."

Impact of industrialization on urbanization and infrastructure

- increased population rapidly - city infrastructure couldn't support population

How would election reform fix political machines?

- reformed election processes by taking the power of choosing candidates away from political machines (ex: direct primary) - changed senators to be elected by voters - secret ballots

Causes of the Great Depression

1. Government keeps interest rates low 2. Americans purchase largely on credit 3. Industry mass-produces products to profit and meet demand 4. Stock brokers margin buying 5. Bank has loaned out all their money, has nothing left to give to people wanting their money out, forced to close

Homestead Act

1862 law that gave 160 acres of land to citizens willing to live on and cultivate it for five years. Benefitted white ranchers and railroad companies. Took land from Native Americans

Gilded Age

1870s - 1890s; time period looked good on the outside, despite the corrupt politics & growing gap between the rich & poor Described with words such as Corruption and Greed; 'Hands Off'

Smoot-Hawley Tariff

1930 - U.S. legislation that raised import duties as a protective factor for domestic industries. Other countries retaliated with similar high tariffs and this contributed to a world economic depression.

Which characteristic was most credited with creating more jobs in the 1800s? a) Telegraph Invention b) Reduction in price of steel c) Union strikes d) rapid city growth

?

Which group of people likely had the most success in the gold rush?

?

Bull Market

A period of increased stock trading and rising stock prices

City Beautiful Movement

A turn-of-the-century movement among progressive architects and city planners, who aimed to promote order, harmony, and virtue while beautifying the nation's new urban spaces with grand boulevards, welcoming parks, and monumental public buildings.

Roosevelt Corollary

Addition to the Monroe Doctrine asserting America's right to intervene in Latin American affairs (with Europe). Said that the US had a responsibility to preserve order and protect life and property in those countries.

African American experience with Migration and Dawes Act

African Americans fled to the West to escape racial persecution, and were able to start new lives for themselves by buying cheap land that was made available through the Dawes Act (native land was taken from natives and sold to settlers).

What key message did the Harlem Renaissance represent about African American heritage?

African Americans should have pride in their heritage and art?

Explain (planned obsolescence), how U.S. domestic policy post-WWI tied into the concept of the following quote? (ie how did it help the economy recover)

After WWI, many companies and chain stores adopted a policy of planned obsolescence, which planned for products to need upgrades after certain periods of time; thus, buyers spent more money and bought more products, so the stores had to make more products, and to do this, they had to hire more workers, and this process continued, which helped the economy recover; in addition, people could now purchase more as installment plans allowed them to pay things off over periods of time.

The end of World War I caused a lot of change (migration of minorities north) for the United States. Describe effect on country.

After World War I, many minorities such as African Americans flocked from the South to the Industrial North. This had a large impact on the US' economy as there became too many workers for the amount of work needed, and combined with a labor recession in the early 1920s, this caused unemployment to rise; more notably, the migration of minorities North led to a dramatic increase in racial conflict as different races became located in close proximity to one another--by late 1919, 25 race riots had broken out--and the increase of racism and racial violence can also be seen with the return of the Ku Klux Klan in 1915.

What did the AAA do?

Agricultural Adjustment Admin: paid farmers to reduce their output so prices would go up

Which new deal program was part of the Farm Relief Bill?

Agricultural Adjustment Administration

Light, and other items needing electrical power, became more effective through the innovation and use of

Alternating current

Summarize assimilation and Americanization together.

Americanization was a process of assimilating immigrants through education to make them more "American".

Summarize assimilation

Becoming a like another culture and shedding your own customs. Forcing/converting Natives to stay on a piece of land, farm it, and become "American"

Explain why it was significant, using the words domestic (at home) and foreign policy (dealing with other countries), for the United States to be involved in World War I.

Being involved in World War I significantly impacted domestic industry in the United States: the War Industries Board directed industrial production, setting prices, manufacturing duties, and material allocations to different industries and factories; in addition, because many men were at war, 1.5 million women entered the workforce. Being involved in the war was significant to the United States' foreign policy because it clearly signaled imperialistic ambitions--there was little reason for the United States to be involved in the war other than a desire to expand--if the United States was on the winning side, it was guaranteed territory and resources; also, the war boosted the United States' standings with other powerful states such as Britain, France, and Italy as they were fighting in conjunction with these large powers; the United States' improved standings can be seen in the fact that France, Italy, and Britain all accepted Woodrow Wilson's proposed 14-point plan at the end of the war.

Based on backlash by politicians for "too much reform", who won the 1888 election?

Benjamin Harrison

Would a business owner be proletariat or bourgeoisie?

Bourgeoisie

What was trustbusting aimed at doing?

Breaking up trusts/monopolies that were not in the public's best interest.

Did FDR need to broaden or lesson executive powers to enact the New Deal?

Broaden

Militarism

Building up military size and supply to be stronger than rivals.

What type of market would be best for margin buying?

Bull market

Conspicuous Consumption

Buying expensive services and products in order to flaunt your wealth

What strategy increased Ford's production of cars?

Chain system/assembly line

What group of Americans had the least ability to find gold in the gold rush?

Chinese immigrants

How did education help progressivism?

College education exposed people to social problems, so they saw the need for reform, which increased the number of people in the progressive movement.

Teapot Dome Scandal

Corruption scandal during Harding administration. Secretary of Interior had oil reserves transferred to his department, granted private leases, and got money/cattle from it. Scandal and other similar ones eroded public's trust in the presidency.

What was a big factor, specifically with production of steel, in new ideas and inventions being mass produced and consumed?

Cost-efficiency For example, for steel, the Bessemer Process became popular because it made the production of steel faster, easier, and cheaper.

What impact did demobilization have on government spending?

Decreased it sharply ?

What political group had a unique impact, collecting 900000 votes in the 1912 election?

Democratic Party

Chinese Exclusion Act

Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate.

Progressive Presidents

Described with words such as Reform and Problem-Solving 'Hands On'

Describe what the US thought of immigration in the early 1920s.

Dramatic growth in immigration (after WWI) and widespread beliefs that immigrants held radical views and took jobs from native-born Americans (ie nativism) led many citizens to demand federal limits on immigration. Number of new immigration laws which limited Southern and Eastern European immigration and virtually barred Asians.

Why did immigrant groups such as Germans dislike prohibition ideas and the 18th amendment?

Drinking was a part of their culture, and they didn't see it as "sinful" or "bad". They saw prohibition movements as an attack against them.

What technology, put into many homes at this time made it possible to buy and utilize appliances to clean clothes, dishes, etc. Also, what fraction of homes was it in?

Electricity, 2/3 of homes.

Dollar Diplomacy

Exchanging U.S. dollars/resources (business) for allowing the U.S. to intervene in Latin America when needed.

Which New Deal Program was implemented to end bank holidays and secure money?

FDIC: Federal Deposit Insurance Corperation

Explain why tenement houses would be located next to factories/industry.

Factory workers were often poor and couldn't pay for transportation to work. Thus, their homes had to be located within walking distance to work.

Morrill Act

Federal law that gave land to western states to build agricultural and engineering colleges. Land was taken from the Creek and Seminole. American Indians lost more than 11 million acres in Oklahoma to settlers.

American Federation of Labor

Federation of labor unions. Supported skilled workers.

Why did minorities move from the south to the north post WWI?

Find better jobs and escape discrimination

Grange Movement

Formed cooperatives to buy and sell goods, aimed to make states regulate railroad freight and grain-storage rates.

Name an immigrant group that took advantage of the Homestead Act.

German and Irish

What led to the US entering the war?

German submarine attack, German promise to stop unrestricted submarine warfare, telegram saying that Germany wanted Mexico to attack the United States

Based on 'the Republican mess' (Republicans being too divided), who should have won the election of 1884?

Grover Cleveland, who opposed the political machine

What did the HOLC do?

Home Owners' Loan Corporation: measures to assist homeowners who could not meet their mortgage payments

Many German and Irish moved to the Midwest due to what act?

Homestead Act

Laissez Faire

Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.

How would the Grange movement's idea of adding silver to currency (with gold) help farmers and others economically?

If there was more money in the system, farmers could charge more for their goods and pay off their loans.

New Immigrants

Immigrants who had come to the US after the 1880s from Southern and Eastern Europe. Russia, Italy, Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Greece, etc

Gilded Age

In Politics, corruption and greed lurked below the prosperous luster of American society during the late 1800s.

How many hours did people work (before reform)?

In factories, often 10 hours a day, 6 days a week

Knights of Labor

In the defense of the producers, people who create physical objects.

What is an example of the impact WWI had on the American economy?

Increase of taxes More conservation of resources: for example, the Food Administration Board which guaranteed farmers high prices to stimulate food production → it worked Government told factories what to produce for war More women entered the workforce

What impact did industrialization have on the number of immigrants arriving from Europe?

Increased it

What impact did industrialization have on the number of women/children working?

Increased it - more than 2m children and 7.5m women worked in factories in 1910

What was the BIA in charge of?

Indian Affairs; managing American Indian issues

In the late 1800s, government usually showed favoritism to...

Industrialists, not the workers

Assimilation of Native Americans

Initial discussions held around 1900 to improve the situation of Native Americans. Making native groups assimilate and live like 'Americans' will help improve their quality of life due to more opportunity.

What allowed more people at the time to buy more than they could afford?

Installment plans (purchase over time)

What protection did the FDIC provide?

Insured bank deposits?

What impact did compulsory education and literacy rates have on media?

It made newspapers and literature more important in the daily lives of Americans. Many more people could read, so people in all classes could be aware of what was happening.

What impact did industrialization have on how "well" cities grew?

It made them grow at a faster pace, however, it didn't make them healthy or livable. Factories polluted the air and water and the sheer number of people made cities a fertile ground for infectious diseases.

How did the Scopes trial divide America?

It was a trial on whether or not evolution should be taught in public schools. It divided the country between traditional religious values and new values based on scientific ways of thought.

How would a government that practiced Laissez-Faire help/hurt business owners?

It would put high taxes on imports so it protected markets. This helped business owners because their companies could make more profit.

What movement created a big pop culture explosion in the the northern United States?

Jazz Movement/Jazz Age

Show 1 specific way the government got involved -at the city, state, or national level- in fixing the problems (unsafe work, too many hours, tenements, pollution) created by the growth of industry, monopolies, rapid growth of cities, and corrupt politics. (minimum wage)

Large companies/monopolies paid their employees very little to make the greatest amount of profit, and in 1910, one-third of employed men and women lived in poverty. In response to Progressive lobbying demanding fair wages for workers, the government of Massachusetts passed the first minimum-wage law for women and children, but a national minimum-wage law was not passed by Congress until 16 years later.

Regions the US was imperialistic in

Latin America, Asia

How did Dollar Diplomacy allow the US to intervene in Latin America?

Latin American countries took out loans from US banks in exchange for their permission for US troops to go there when they thought it was necessary to protect American investments.

Credit

Low interest rates (set by government) encouraged people to purchase items in which they did not have the money for, with the idea of paying back as times goes with interest added on.

What were interest rates before and then in reaction to the market crash?

Low then high

Chinese Immigrant Experience with Gold Rush

Many Chinese immigrants migrated to the United States during the gold rush, but many white settlers outnumbered minority groups in the mines and drove them out; thus, many Chinese immigrants ended up working in farm labor jobs.

1. How the shift to mechanized farming and industrial production changed patterns in how society functioned (must use Popular culture, Daily Life, African Americans, Women, Children). 2. Which cities AND which regions of the country grew rapidly at this time.

Mechanized farming introduced machines that outperformed humans and made farming more efficient and industrialized, so many people transitioned to industrial/factory work; The shift to industrial production gave African Americans in the Midwest opportunities to work in factories where before they wouldn't have had the opportunity before, and they were able to earn money for their families and make better lives for themselves; agriculture impacted the daily life of women who lived on farms because instead of just doing matronly duties and taking care of the house, they now worked on the farm as well; before the shift to industrial production, it wasn't acceptable for women to work and have jobs, but popular culture shifted with increased industrial production, and it was acceptable for women to work, so more and more women joined the workforce; also, child labor increased. The Midwest and Chicago grew rapidly during this period, as well as the East, which become the region with the greatest number of large cities such as New York and Boston.

Which regions of the US experienced the most industrial growth and development during this time period?

Midwest and North

Explain how industrial production changes allowed Americans to function socially and/or at home. (muckrakers, unions).

Muckrakers and unions worked together to improve conditions for workers--muckrakers exposed unsatisfactory working conditions and corruption of business leaders through their journalism, and Unions striked and petitioned to demand better working conditions, wages, and representation for the workers.

Mechanized farming was most heavily used in what region?

North ?

Immigration Act of 1924

Of the nationalities already living in the US, 2% new immigrants would be allowed from those countries Restricted Southern and Eastern Europe and Asia, didn't affect Mexican Americans ??mexican?? ? ?

1. 2 specific examples of groups of immigrants (Old or New Immigrants and their countries) 2. Where in America (cities) they chose to live and why.

Old immigrants came from Western and Northern European countries like Ireland and Germany, and many settled in Boston and New York, where they could find work in factories and other low-paying city jobs. New immigrants came from Southern and Eastern Europe, and included Russians, Poles, and Italians; they settled in cities like New York, Chicago, and Los Angeles, and often lived in tenements close to where they worked because they couldn't pay for transportation to get there, and they often lived in close communities with other new immigrants so they could feel more welcome and at home and less alienated.

Immigrant Restriction League

Organization which proposed screening immigrants through literacy tests and other standards, to advocate restriction/strict regulation of immigration; keep out people who'd be "injurious" to national character.

Sherman Antitrust Act

Outlawed all monopolies and trusts that restrained trade. Broke up monopolies (to an extent).

Explain how effective/successful the Populist Movement (Alliance and Grange Movement demands, cooperatives) was in ending monopolies, urbanization problems, and political corruption.

Part of the populist movement was the Grange and Alliance movements, and they organized cooperatives to help farmers buy equipment and effectively market farm products. These movements were partially effective in slowing the spread of urbanization, because they kept farmers in business and able to keep their land, so farmers were able to support/feed the growing urban population; the movement made an effort to end the corruption of the railroads--they would give secret refunds to large monopoly farms and charge small farmers unfair rates--so the movements pushed for regulation on railroad shipping rates, and the Judicial system passed the Interstate Commerce Act to regulate this, however, it wasn't enforced, so small farm monopolies were reduced but not ended, and corruption of railroad companies was not eliminated.

What impact did transportation improvements have on city growth and what groups were part of this?

People no longer had to live within a walk of their place of work because they could take transportation, so they spread out and cities expanded. This led to the growth of suburbs. People who used transportation systems could pay for them (middle and upper class).

Why were political machines so difficult for reformers to get rid of?

Political machines had wide support because of the political favors they offered. Powerful political bosses who ran them made deals with powerful business leaders so they were hard to bring down.

Interstate Commerce Act

Prohibited railroads from giving secret rebates to large shippers and charging unfair rates. However, it had little power to be enforced and when the ICC charged railroads, the railroads almost always won in the courts.

How was the Smoot-Hawley Tariff supposed to help with the Great Depression?

Protected American industries from foreign imports, but it had a negative effect because it isolated the American economy from the rest of the world

credit

Purchasing without paying in full upfront. The money is owed.

Ghost Dance (1890)

Religious movement among the Plains Indians that sought to restore Indian land and culture and make the Americans leave. US thought it would inspire rebellion.

In the Gilded Age, which political party/name of their candidate, brought back the spoils system around 1890?

Republicans, Benjamin Harrison

Pendleton Civil Service Act

Required competitive exams for those seeking government jobs

What type of stores grew during this time period?

Retail

How did Roosevelt and Taft oppose monopolies?

Roosevelt: launched trustbusting campaign, filed 44 suits against business corporations they thought wasn't in the public interest Taft: passed Mann-Elkins Act which extended Interstate Commerce Act to telegraph and telephone companies (regulated them)

Give an example of what Roosevelt and Taft did with preservation as presidents

Roosevelt: withdrew public land from reserves and set aside 150m acres as reserves Taft: added vast areas to forest reserves

Buchanan vs. Warley

Ruled that you can't have laws that say who has to live where (You can't segregate housing), but you can still have private agreements that do that.

Dust Bowl

Severe drought in the midwest. No crops, jobs, money; forced many people to migrate west to places such as California.

Little Bighorn (1876)

Sioux victory against US military. Prompted army to increase efforts to move Natives onto reservations.

Middle Class Females

Some worked, most likely stayed at home, worked for economic and political equality

Which regions of the US supported the Populist politician in 1896 the most?

South, West

What region did most immigrants come from and what occupations were they capable of taking on?

Southern and Eastern Europe, usually low-skilled work

Progressivism

Spirit, desire, action, to reform or change mostly done by those who have been to higher education.

1. 2 examples of technological innovation of this time (Bessemer Process and Standard Gauge Measurements) 2. How capitalism or communism affected the economy and industrialization 3. The concept of Laissez-Faire 4. The specific impact of labor unions

Standard gauge measurements standardized the width of railroad tracks, so trains were able to travel across the country without having to stop for different-width tracks, thus they made train transportation faster and more efficient, thus fueling the expansion of the country; the Bessemer process was an innovation which allowed an inexpensive way to produce steel. Laissez-Faire capitalism was a model in which the government would take a hands-off approach to the economy, and this allowed industrialists to make more money in the capitalist system--without regulations, business owners could lower worker wages and ignore poor conditions; this ultimately led to labor unions forming and workers rising up in protest of this. One such protest occurred in 1877, when railroad workers went on strike to protest a pay cut; the strike eventually grew to 14 states and was successful in gaining better wages from the railroad industry; this event also helped the Knights of Labor, a national worker union, to grow; however, industrialists often accused worker unions of being communist or socialist to undermine them.

What is an example of a building code put in to improve tenement buildings?

State Tenement House Act--for example, each building had to have a bathroom for each apartment or for every three rooms.

What is a core reason steel became widely used?

Stronger and more durable than iron, easier to produce

Populist Movement

Support for the concerns of ordinary people. Late 1800s movement pushing for reform in agriculture and politics.

Which Progressive president worked to conserve resources and preserve the environment?

Teddy Roosevelt, Taft

What innovation connected more people as the country spread out?

Telegraph

Describe the level of success Progressivism (both Supreme Court cases) had on the freedom and equality of minority groups

The Guinn vs United States case improved the equality of minority groups in voting, as it outlawed the Grandfather Clause and stated that literacy tests could not be racially biased, however it had limited success as state governments and voting centers still found ways to keep groups such as African Americans from having equal voting rights, such as making the literacy tests impassable for minority groups. Another case, Buchanan vs. Warley, was unsuccessful because although it deemed it illegal to segregate housing, private segregation was still allowed; in addition, the verdict was reversed so it had little to no impact.

Describe 2 major (use civil service exams and City Beautiful) changes of the Progressive Era AND describe the positive or negative impact they had on a certain person, city, or institution.

The Pendleton Civil Service Act was a reform that required government officials to pass a civil service exam; it negatively impacted Political machines slightly because it required that government officials were competent (to an extent), so political machines could not simply hire people because they were supportive of the machine--they needed to pass the exam--however, Political Machines could cheat the system by fabricating results or selecting the best candidates for the governmental jobs only from their pool of supporters. The City Beautiful movement aimed to increase public well-being by adding parks, gardens, and "attractive boulevards" in large cities like New York, and it positively impacted Americans' level of outdoor physical activity--for example, 4 million Americans were riding bicycles by the turn of the century.

Based on FDR's New Deal programs, list and explain THE most important area of America (banks and stock market) that needed and received the most help.

The area of the economy that needed the most help was the banks and stock market, because their poor organization and flaws allowed the market crash to happen in the first place; FDR directly addressed bank problems by creating the FDIC, which insured bank deposits so that Americans could feel confident that their money was safe which helped revive the banking system; FDR addressed stock market by creating the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), which regulated companies that sold stocks and bonds, protecting investors and the stock market from another crisis like the market crash from happening.

1800s immigrants felt threatened by citizens because...

The citizens blamed immigrants for causing social and economic problems. Also, many immigrants would work for a lower wage than citizens, so citizens would riot and get upset with the immigrants. There were also low immigration quotas, communicating to immigrants that they were not wanted.

Nationalism

The concept of 1 group of people demanding/fighting for the ability to control and determine their own future.

Domestically, what happened to the cost of goods and the number of available jobs post WWI?

The cost of goods went up and the number of available jobs went down.

How did the creation of the automobile impact the US?

The creation of the automobile allowed for a faster and cheaper way to get from one place to another that would normally require an expensive train ride. This also allowed for the creation of suburbs, and allowed for more people to work in the cities and live in the suburbs which caused the populations of people in the cities to increase.

Using the thoughts of Lost Generation writers(Hemingway and Lewis) or the Harlem Renaissance, describe whether 1920's America made great contributions to the period or just lived through a 'lost' decade. (Do this with two examples/descriptions from this list: new products, prohibition, science, radio, fashion)

The generation was a "lost" decade because not much of importance happened, some of the things that happened were the forming of NBC or the national broadcasting company, or the popularization of jazz, were things that happened but it didn't really change the world in any big way. The only bigger thing that happened was electricity being introduced into homes on a larger scale.

Using the name of a specific person, or a statistic, that we went over in class, describe the most important reform movement (Labor Movement) of the Progressive Era by showing its impact.

The labor movement was the most important reform movement because facets of it, such as the National Child Labor Committee, emplaced child labor laws in 39 states; as a result, children were able to go to school and having more educated people thus contributed to society more than child labor.

Describe the ways the government had to evolve and grow, by giving a New Deal program example, with the required words, to do this and to do other things with the New Deal. (use 2 of these: agencies, departments, programs, money spent)(used SEC)

The new deal allowed the government to grow with the formation of many different agencies and programs such as the Security Exchange Commission (SEC) which regulates stocks and bonds. The government was having trouble with the economic depression so in order to reinflate the economy, they had to spend a little money to get more money so they helped bail out the banks and help people who had it especially bad.

Demobilization

The transition from wartime to peacetime production levels

Describe the immigration of minorities during this time

There is a huge influx of minorities moving from the agricultural South to the industrialized Northern cities.

What was the Interstate Commerce Act's real impact on farmers?

They had little power in the court system because the ICC had little power, so the railroads often got away with illegal activities.

What did a muckraker do?

They were investigative journalists who raked up the "muck" of society

Why did so many people move from one region to another during the Great Depression?

They were trying to move to a different region to find work, for example, Mexican workers migrating East because there was no work in the West. Also the dust bowl

What was President Wilson's opinion of lobbyists and big business?

Thought reform should remove barriers to free competition (aka take away monopolies), stronger antitrust laws, reduced tariffs, didn't like lobbyists

Explain graft.

To stay in power and keep the political machine running, many city officials acquired money and power through graft, or fraudulent methods.

Why did the Cattle Boom decline?

Too much supply, barbed wire, drought, overgrazing

Dawes Act

Tribal land was broken up and families were given 160 acres each and encouraged to family farm. Tribes were forced to give up the rest of their lands and reservations broke up. US aim was to create responsible farmers in the white man's image.

Wounded Knee (1890)

US Army was there to enforce the Homestead Act but ended up massacring Native Americans in the state of South Dakota. Marked the end of the Indian Wars and the close of the western frontier.

What did FDR want to do regarding supreme court justices?

Wanted to appoint more since he thought the existing ones were too old-fashioned and old

What region of the US saw women's suffrage earliest?

West

What specific region did the Homestead Act allow immigrant groups to largely move to?

West ?

Boss Tweed

William Tweed, head of Tammany Hall, NYC's powerful democratic political machine. He led a group of corrupt politicians in defrauding the city.

Which president(s) spent time breaking up monopolies?

Wilson, Taft, Roosevelt

Were the AFL/Knights of Labor in favor of the idea of the Sherman Antitrust Act?

Yes, because it broke up monopolies. The labor unions were for bettering conditions for workers, which were often worse in large factories / monopoly corporations.

Bear Market

a market in which prices are steadily falling, encouraging selling.

What did veterans want from the government in that one strike? (sorry it's unspecific but I can't remember what it was called)

a stipend from serving in WWI

Monroe Doctrine

an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers

How did President Wilson believe the US could benefit by entering WWI?

avenge American deaths, "crusade for a better world", respond to Germany's violation of its pledge to suspend unrestricted submarine warfare, respond to Germany's attempts to make Mexico go to war against the US

How did planned obsolescence increase consumer purchases?

companies made products to "go out of style" and would come up with yearly models. Thus, people would want to buy new models, not old ones.

What was Franklin Delano Roosevelt's purpose for 'fireside' chats?

connect with Americans, let them know what was going on, calm people down

What economic strategy encouraged people to borrow/get loans/debt?

credit

Who represented a cultural divide between females at this time?

flappers

What was President Hoover's initial philosophy on government interaction with economic problems?

he thought that the Depression was a little hiccup that would get better, thought government should alleviate human suffering

Explain how bank failures impacted regular Americans.

investors couldn't repay their loans, so banks didn't have money, which caused them to close--many people lost their life savings

What branch of government felt FDR didn't have the legal 'power' to create New Deal programs?

judicial (supreme court)

Give an example of how farmers were negatively affected by the Great Depression.

less demand for farm products, farm prices dropped, lost income, couldn't pay mortgages

What influence did mob lifestyles have on culture?

many people would engage in illegal alcohol use and purchase alcohol from mobs

When WWI began, the US was

neutral

How could margin buying cause problems in the stock market?

people bought stocks by paying less than full price with money and the rest on credit (borrowed money), so if there was ever a decline in prices, investors would fall deeply in debt

Post-WWI, was the government primarily pro-owner or pro-worker?

pro-owner

What were progressive goals within the area of helping workers?

prohibit child labor, improve female worker conditions, reduce numbers of hours, higher wages

What did the 21st amendment do to prohibition?

repealed it

What type of workers did the AFL claim to represent?

skilled workers

What area of the economy was the SEC supposed to watch over?

stocks and bonds. Regulated companies that sold them.

Progressivism

support for or advocacy of social reform.

What is an example of yellow journalism?

the articles about the USS Maine exploding that jumped to conclusions and accused Spain of the accident

Why were Lost Generation writers critical of the middle class?

they thought they were close-minded and materialistic and lived a meaningless life

Guinn vs. United States

this supreme court case outlawed the Grandfather Clause but still said literacy tests were ok as long as they weren't racially biased

What 'issues' inside the U.S. split opinion on which side of World War I to join if we did

view of war as European conflict, immigrant heritage, cultural ties to Britain, British propaganda campaign, British blockade of North Sea affecting US commerce, German attacks on passenger liners