US in world Affairs

detente

'easing of strained relations', began in 1969, as a foreign policy of U.S. presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford called détente; a "thawing out" or "un-freezing" at a period roughly in the middle of the Cold War, in efforts to avoid the collision of nuclear risks. Policymakers promoted for greater dialogue, regular summit meetings, and negotiation over arms control and other bilateral agreements -these agreements helped to create trust and confidence between the two sides. This decade long policy of détente contributes to the end of the cold war

war powers act

(1973) check the president's power to commit the United States to an armed conflict without the consent of the U.S. Congress. The Resolution was adopted in the form of a United States Congress joint resolution. It provides that the U.S. President can send U.S. Armed Forces into action abroad only by declaration of war by Congress, "statutory authorization," or in case of "a national emergency created by attack upon the United States, its territories or possessions, or its armed forces." The War Powers Resolution requires the President to notify Congress within 48 hours of committing armed forces to military action and forbids armed forces from remaining for more than 60 days, with a further 30-day withdrawal period, without a Congressional authorization for use of military force

End of the Cold war (contributing factors)

1. grassroots movements happen simultaneousy in 1989; East Berlin and the fall of the Wall, Poland, Hungary, Czeckslovokia, to try and overthrow communist regimes. 2. Shift from 'the evil empire' which was secretive and held absolute power to becoming more willing to be open with counterparts due to Gorbachev's leadership 3. SU domestic reform: Glasnost, and perestroika. withdraw of SU forces from Afghanistan, the shortage of consumer goods and how SU feels about shortage, high pollution which also ties into arms race. Wants to limit the arms race altogether and announces SU will stop military buildup.

Long Telegram

1946, telegram was very long and written by George Kennan, embassy official in Moscow, about his views of the SU. Practical deductions from standpoint of US policy. it said exactly what the American government wanted it to, which was that Kennan hated and distrusted Communism and the Soviet government. Kennan's analysis provided one of the most influential underpinnings for America's Cold War policy of containment

Marshall Plan

1948 The Marshall Plan was an American initiative to aid Western Europe, in which the United States gave over $13 billion in economic support to help rebuild Western European economies after the end of World War II.

Nixon doctrine

1969, United States would assist in the defense and developments of allies and friends", but would not "undertake all the defense of the free nations of the world." This doctrine meant that each ally nation was in charge of its own security in general, but the United States would act as a nuclear umbrella when requested. Doctrine argued for the pursuit of peace through a partnership with American allies to get out of Asia particularly out of Vietnam, recognize China (previously taboo), allies are on their own, end U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War through a program to "expand, equip, and train South Vietnamese forces and assign to them an ever-increasing combat role, at the same time steadily reducing the number of U.S. combat troops."[1] Brought on by the Viet Cong's Tet Offensive, the policy referred to U.S. combat troops specifically in the ground combat role, but did not reject combat by the U.S. Air Force, as well as the support to South Vietnam, reduce military budget,

Boland Amendment

1984, congress is not happy with executive orders of troops, this act tried to stop the supply and training of rebels to overthrow a govt. (contras in Nicaragua)

Vietnam

3 phases of US involvement in Vietnam: (50-54): backing and financing the French regime in Indochina (54-63): "nation building" in the south (63-73): incremental military involvement Vietnam is seen as piece of zero-sum game w/ USS, Vietnamese see US as colonial power trying to force its will. Later move from anti-colonialism to bi-focal view of world from Cold war perspective of communism and capitalism. (containment, domino theory stemming from 'loss of china (to communist forces)' , munich lesson, -national security in regards to Gulf of Tonkin, N. Vietnamese boat and US Navy ship got into small engagement (The outcome was the passage by Congress of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which granted President Lyndon B. Johnson the authority to assist any Southeast Asian country whose government was considered to be jeopardized by "communist aggression". The resolution served as Johnson's legal justification for deploying U.S. conventional forces and the commencement of open warfare against North Vietnam.) -American exceptionalism ( The US is different than the French) -Modernization theory (US has better stuff, economic goods, to offer)--nation building

Sinatra doctrine

Gorbachev denies the Brezhnev doctrine (sending tanks when a revolution occurs in SU) and moves to sinatara doctrine which is "to do things their way" . This signals that he will not always send in troops when revolutions occur. This leads to revolutions in Poland, Hungary, East Germany and leads to the break up of the SU empire.

Mikhail Gorbachev & reforms

Gorbachev is relatively liberal for a SU communist, he wants to think domestically and withdraws from Afghanistan, knows their is shortage of consumer goods and wants economy to be diverse (capitalist) to get more goods, recognizes the SU's high pollution, he says he wants to focus domestically and that in regards to the arms race the SU is going to stop with the arms buildup because they cant afford to keep doing it. 2 major reforms: Glasnost and perestroika. Glasnost was 'the return' or making the actions of the govt transparent with a free flow of information, end persecution of peoples by govt, go toward democratic policies. Perestroika was the restructuring of the economy (go from planned economy to one based off the market and market forces, capitalist.)

George H.W. Bush's foreign policy

He entered office at a period of change in the world; the fall of the Berlin Wall came early in his presidency, the collapse of Soviet Union came in 1991. He ordered military operations in Panama and the Persian Gulf, to keep the balance f power. internationalist perspective from being director of CIA, laizon to china, WWII pilot To do things with the support of allies To have a clear goal in mind.

Muhammad Mossadeq

He was the head of a democratically elected government, holding office as the Prime Minister of Iran from 1951 until 1953, when his government was overthrown in a coup d'état aided by the United States' Central Intelligence Agency and the United Kingdom's Secret Intelligence Service. Did this to try and strengthen the shah monarch rule of shah Mohammad Reza. After Mossadeq nationalized Iranian oil, Eisenhower used CIA operations along w/ UK assistance to overthrow Mossadeq while simultaneously strengthening Reza

Internationalist consensus

People like Walt Lippmann involved in interventionist groups like committee to defend America by aiding allies, Interventionist base ranges across the political spectrum. (bi-partisan support) -ideological hostility toward fascism, (American sense of interventionist responsibility) ----liberal interventionism, Wilsonianism, inaction of force could lead to economic strangulation in a hostile world need to arm ideology as well as military before war -need public/congressional support, interventionist use national interests, humanitarian efforts, and the protection of democratic ideals to 'arm ideology'

Evil empire speech

Raegan identifies the SU as an evil empire took an aggressive, hard-line stance that favored matching and exceeding the Soviet Union's strategic and global military capabilities, in calling for a rollback strategy that would, in his words, "write the final pages of the history of the Soviet Union." Raegan revived the Superpower confrontation. between the SU and the US. Meanwhile the European allies of the US held a policy of detente and reaped benefits from increased trade with communists leaning regimes. The characterization demeaned the Soviet Union and angered Soviet leaders. , the "Evil Empire" speech along with the "Zero Option" and "Star Wars" speeches represented the rhetorical side of the United States' escalation of the Cold War. In the former, Reagan depicted nuclear warfare as an extension of the "age old struggle between good and evil",[1] while arguing that an increased nuclear inventory as well as progress in science and technology were necessary to prevent global conflict. Through these speeches, the Reagan administration used rhetoric to reshape public knowledge about and attitudes toward nuclear warfare. Raegan goes from the evil empire speech toward productive summit talks with SU. builds a confidence and trust between the two parties.

Ho Chi minh

Received education in Paris, France. was taught self determination principles and enlightenment ideals ( used self determination principle after WWI but wasn't done due to racial double standards at the time). When the French re-occupy 'Indochina' Ho Chi turns toward communist ideals. He learned to create the National Liberation Program, how to organize his party effectively, and how to attract people to the program (land reform-Viet Cong, adopted a policy early on of confiscating the land of landlords and rich peasants and distributing it to poor and landless peasants and later organizing the rural population into collectives) a Vietnamese Communist revolutionary leader who was Chairman and First Secretary of the Workers' Party of Vietnam. He was a key figure in the foundation of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1945, as well as the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) and the Việt Cộng (NLF or VC) during the Vietnam War. Hồ Chí Minh led the Việt Minh independence movement from 1941 onward, establishing the Communist-ruled Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1945 and defeating the French Union in 1954 at the battle of Điện Biên Phủ. He officially stepped down from power in 1965 due to health problems. After the war, Saigon, the former capital of the Republic of Vietnam, was renamed Hồ Chí Minh City.

Hungarian uprising

The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 or the Hungarian Uprising of 1956 was a nationwide revolt against the government of the Hungarian People's Republic and its Soviet-imposed policies. Showed a wave of de-stalination progressing in satellite countries like Poland and Hungary. After the Truman doctrine was announced ( United States would provide political, military and economic assistance to all democratic nations under threat from external or internal authoritarian forces.) people began to ask for help from the US and others to help end autocratic rule, The US however, during an election cycle did not intervene. This also took place during the suez crisis and could have been start of WWIII.

NATO

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, is an intergovernmental military alliance between several North American and European states based on the North Atlantic Treaty that was signed on 4 April 1949. Formed as the SU was growing stronger and NATO members feared the spread of communism, resulted in SU creating the warsaw pact with its satellite nations. showed increase in Anglo-American cooperation

Truman doctrine

The Truman Doctrine, 1947. established that the United States would provide political, military and economic assistance to all democratic nations under threat from external or internal authoritarian forces. Part of the United States political response to perceived aggression by the Soviet Union in Europe and the Middle East, illustrated through the communist movements in Iran, Turkey, and Greece. As a result, American foreign policy towards the USSR shifted to "containment". The United States was prepared to send and money, equipment, or military force to countries that were threatened by the communist government, thereby offering assistance to those countries resisting communism. -Governments in Western Europe with powerful communist movements, such as Italy and France, were given a variety of assistance and encouraged to keep communist groups out of government.

nation building

The US and SU trying to develop and make nations to align with their economic styles or style of government It was the inability of the non-Communist Government of Vietnam (GVN) to exert control over its own territory and population, and hence to generate the resources and manpower necessary to fight the Vietnamese Communist movement, which gave rise to the US intervention to begin with. The United States thus had not only a war to fight in Vietnam but also an urgent need to help the GVN develop institutions and legitimacy which would allow it to perpetuate itself after the inevitable withdrawal of US forces (plan for post-war reconstruction) This was exactly the same challenge which the intervening powers have recently faced in Iraq and Afghanistan, and which US and United Nations peacekeeping missions have faced in their many post-Cold War incarnations.

SDI/ Star wars

US installation of satelites to shoot down missles, was thought of as a defensive shield for US. Vision was to try and free world from mutually assured destruction (nukes). SU saw this more as an offensive weapon which further stalled the cold war Raegan re-iterated rhetoric that the only way to find peace was through the development of science and tech.

Bay of pigs

Under JFK administration, it was a failed military invasion of Cuba undertaken by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). A counter-revolutionary military group (made up of mostly Cuban exiles who traveled to the United States after Castro's takeover, but also of some US military personnel, trained and funded by the CIA, they intended to overthrow the increasingly communist government of Fidel Castro. Launched from Guatemala and Nicaragua, the invading force was defeated within three days by the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces, under the direct command of Castro. shows example of the groupthink that occurred from Kennedy's cabinet. shows interventionist policy of US to try and overthrow communist governments.

Iraq war (2003)

a combined force of troops from the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia and Poland invaded Iraq and deposed the Ba'athist government of Saddam Hussein. The invasion phase consisted primarily of a conventionally fought war which included the capture of the Iraqi capital of Baghdad by American forces with the implicit assistance of the United Kingdom, alongside Australia and Poland. shift in strategic thinking of wars. Had a vague vision and goal: to topple Saddam due to his ties with the Taliban (which were false) and that the US was unilaterally ready to use military force to change governments. in 2003 a lot of allies broke away from Iraq (Low point in US prestige) -emphasize pre-emptive strikes and trying to prevent hostile power -want to take out challenge in middle East before it becomes a threat. -uses a much smaller and leaner invading force (not overwhelming) -want to get rid of WMD's (not there), help people of Iraq, and stop saddam from supporting terrorists -no clear vision and structure for what to do after the war.

nasserism

is a socialist Arab nationalist political ideology based on the thinking of Gamal Abdel Nasser, one of the two principal leaders of the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, and Egypt's second President. Spanning the domestic and international spheres, it combines elements of Arab socialism, republicanism, nationalism, anti-imperialism, Developing world solidarity, and international non-alignment. In the 1950s and 1960s, Nasserism was amongst the most potent political ideologies in the Arab world. This was especially true following the Suez Crisis of 1956 (known in Egypt as the Tripartite Aggression), the political outcome of which was seen as a validation of Nasserism, and a tremendous defeat for Western imperial powers. During the Cold War, its influence was also felt in other parts of Africa, and the developing world, particularly with regard to anti-imperialism, and non-alignment.

modernization theory

is used to explain the process of modernization within societies. Modernization refers to a model of a progressive transition from a 'pre-modern' or 'traditional' to a 'modern' society. The theory looks at the internal factors of a country while assuming that with assistance, "traditional" countries can be brought to development in the same manner more developed countries have been. In cold war the argument was whether countries were going to try and modernize through either US capitalist or SU communist policies.

pentagon papers

leaked by NYT, showed communication between McMarra and Johnson and that Johnson lied to Congress and people about war. McMarra said in the papers why the war was going wrong which was contrary to what Johnson had said. Johnson said the war was going well and the US would surely win, but the papers revealed that the U.S. had secretly enlarged the scope of its actions in the Vietnam War with the bombings of nearby Cambodia and Laos, coastal raids on North Vietnam, and Marine Corps attacks, none of which were reported in the mainstream media and also that the casualties of US troops were much higher than previously thought.

Weinberger doctrine

Drew upon lessons from Vietnam: Us was politically overambitious ( go into war to win, not for a stalemate), If US enters a war it fights whole-heartedly, US has defined military and political objectives preferably before entering war, US has to be aware and able to change -reasonable assurance of public and congressional support, use of force should be the last option if its vital for our national security (shows US military is not as interventionist as before)

Eisenhower Doctrine

Eisenhower and Secretary of State John Foster Dulles believed that containment was not enough to stop Soviet expansion, and therefore adopted a policy know as Massive Retaliation, in which the U.S was prepared to use atomic weapons if they were to be attacked. Rollback/massive retaliation / brinkmanship

carter doctrine

Good Samaritan foreign policy. State of the Union Address on January 23, 1980, which stated that the United States would use military force if necessary to defend its national interests in the Persian Gulf. It was a response to the Soviet Union's intervention in Afghanistan in 1979, and was intended to deter the Soviet Union—the United States' Cold War adversary—from seeking hegemony in the Persian Gulf region.

Robert McNarmara

After the war, Henry Ford II hired McNamara and a group of other Army Air Force veterans to work for Ford Motor Company. These "Whiz Kids" helped reform Ford with modern planning, organization, and management control systems. After briefly serving as Ford's president, McNamara accepted appointment as Secretary of Defense. American business executive and the eighth Secretary of Defense, serving from 1961 to 1968 under Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. He played a major role in escalating the United States involvement in the Vietnam War.[3] McNamara was responsible for the institution of systems analysis in public policy, McNamara became a close adviser to Kennedy and advocated the use of a blockade during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Kennedy and McNamara instituted a Cold War defense strategy of flexible response, which anticipated the need for military responses short of massive retaliation. During the Kennedy administration, McNamara presided over a build-up in U.S. soldiers in South Vietnam. After the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin incident, the number of U.S. soldiers in Vietnam escalated dramatically. McNamara and other U.S. policymakers feared that the fall of South Vietnam to a Communist regime would lead to the fall of other governments in the region. (domino theory) McNamara grew increasingly skeptical of the efficacy of committing U.S. soldiers to Vietnam. In 1968, McNamara resigned as Secretary of Defense to become President of the World Bank.

Lyndon B Johnson

In foreign policy, Johnson escalated American involvement in the Vietnam War. In 1964, Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which granted Johnson the power to use military force in Southeast Asia without having to ask for an official declaration of war. The number of American military personnel in Vietnam increased dramatically, many in combat roles. American casualties soared and the peace process bogged down, Johnson continued the escalation stating that 'America doesn't lose wars'(personal/ historically political reasoning). He was given multiple options on how to withdraw if he wanted to, but chose to remain involved in the region because of the reasoning listed above. Growing unease with the war stimulated a large, angry antiwar movement based especially on university campuses. Johnson faced further troubles when summer riots broke out in most major cities after 1965, and crime rates soared, as his opponents raised demands for "law and order" policies. While he began his presidency with widespread approval, support for Johnson declined as the public became upset with both the war and the growing violence at home. Johnson signed the fortified Civil Rights Act of 1964 into law on July 2.[100] Legend has it that the evening after signing the bill, Johnson told an aide, "I think we just delivered the South to the Republican party for a long time to come", anticipating a coming backlash from Southern whites against Johnson's Democratic Party.

Walter Lippmann

Interventionist, member of committee to defend America by aiding allies. writer, reporter, and political commentator famous for being among the first to introduce the concept of Cold War,and critiquing media and democracy in his newspaper column and several books. said that: "Public opinion is incoherent, lacking an organized or a consistent structure to such an extent that the views of US citizens could best be described as "nonattitudes"[27] Public opinion is irrelevant to the policymaking process. Political leaders ignore public opinion because most Americans can neither "understand nor influence the very events upon which their lives and happiness are known to depend."

Gulf war (90/91)

Iraq invades Kuwait and UN forces come in for humanitarian and strategic (safeguard flow of oil and keeping a dual containment policy to keep both Iraq and Iran as regional powers, rather than one being the sole regional power. also to learn from Munich Lesson, Bush compares Saddam to Hitler, also shows that the US is the World's dominate power, makes other allies want to get involved with beloved US. (multilateralism) where the Powell Doctrine was used the (Wienberger doctrine, wont commit US forces to combat unless it for vital interests of the country + overwhelming force, Huge scale of bombings on Iraqi forces along with overwhelming amount of ground forces, most US but some from Allies, all of whom supported the US led UN involvement ) -had a limited vision: liberate Kuwait, help Saudi allies deal with regional power of Iraq, and bring stability to the region. -high point in US prestige

'Wise Men'

It describes the actions of a group of U.S. government officials and members of the East Coast foreign policy Establishment. Starting in the immediate post-World War II period, was scared SU would capitalize on postwar opportunities in Europe and beyond. Thought that there would be a vacuum of power and that another power could absorb the weaker areas of the world and assert influence over it. the group developed the containment policy of dealing with the Communist bloc during the Cold War. During postwar period many people didn't think capitalism looked good due to depression and WWII and thought that capitalism should be revised and changed to reinvigorate free trade and the capitalist system-leads to the Marshall plan also helped to craft institutions and initiatives such as NATO, the World Bank. which were ways to get the US involved Internationally and establish leadership roles in the political (NATO), economic (World Bank), and strategic ways (opening up European markets to US consumer/manufactured goods.

Brinkmanship/ rollback

John Foster Dulles then defined his policy of brinkmanship as "The ability to get to the verge without getting into the war is the necessary art." During the Cold War, this was used as a policy by the United States to coerce the Soviet Union into backing down militarily. rollback is the strategy of forcing a change in the major policies of a state, usually by replacing its ruling regime. It contrasts with containment, which means preventing the expansion of that state; and with détente, which means a working relationship with that state

NSC-68

National Security Council Report 68 (NSC-68) was top secret policy paper by the United States National Security Council presented to President Harry S. Truman on April 14, 1950. It was one of the most important statements of American policy that launched the Cold War. ---The report was a group effort, created with input from the Defense Department, the State Department, the CIA, and other interested agencies; NSC-68 formed the basis for America's Cold War policy for the next two decades. which was American foreign policy whose stated purpose was to counter Soviet geopolitical expansion during the Cold War. 1950, events dictated the need to examine U.S. national security policies: the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was operational; military assistance for European allies had begun; the Soviet Union had detonated an atomic bomb and the communists had solidified their control of China. In addition, a British sterling-dollar crisis in the summer of 1949 had brought home to U.S. officials that the Marshall Plan would not suffice to cure Western European economic ills by 1952, NSC-68 and its subsequent amplifications advocated a large expansion in the military budget of the United States, the development of a hydrogen bomb, and increased military aid to allies of the United States. It made the rollback of global Communist expansion a high priority. NSC-68 rejected the alternative policies of friendly détente and containment of the Soviet Union

Colin Powell

National security advisor under W. Bush Powell came under fire for his role in building the case for the 2003 Invasion of Iraq. In a press statement on February 24, 2001, he had said that sanctions against Iraq had prevented the development of any weapons of mass destruction by Saddam Hussein. As was the case in the days leading up to the Persian Gulf War, Powell was initially opposed to a forcible overthrow of Saddam, preferring to continue a policy of containment. However, Powell eventually agreed to go along with the Bush administration's determination to remove Saddam. The main concession Powell wanted before he would offer his full support for the Iraq War was the involvement of the international community in the invasion, as opposed to a unilateral approach.--UK and Poland He was also successful in persuading Bush to take the case of Iraq to the United Nations, and in moderating other initiatives. Powell was placed at the forefront of this diplomatic campaign. UN security council in 2003, US and UK experts examined the trailers and declared they had nothing to do with biological weapons.[52] Powell's chief role was to garner international support for a multi-national coalition to mount the invasion. To this end, Powell addressed a plenary session of the United Nations Security Council on February 5, 2003, to argue in favor of military action. Citing numerous anonymous Iraqi defectors, Powell asserted that "there can be no doubt that Saddam Hussein has biological weapons and the capability to rapidly produce more, many more." Powell also stated that there was "no doubt in my mind" that Saddam was working to obtain key components to produce nuclear weapons. -He later admitted that he did not have any knowledge of WMD's but the Bush administration wanted him to go up and act like he was confident they did.

Nixon revolution

Nixon has strong anti-communist record. He recognized china, talks with SU and wants to get out of Vietnam, but has little domestic opposition for this because he had such a conservative record. Emphasis on FP and int'l relations, he thought US could run itself domestically. Also says that allies are on their own, but US will act as nuclear umbrella to allies if needed. -- Wants FP to be realist (importance of national interests and geopolitics) because he thought previous FP was too moralistic. Realism is a critique of wilsonianism. He also recognizes a relative decline in US economy and shares in Kissinger's policy of realist extremism (negotiate with everyone through words an lie through your teeth) -wanted to stop policy of containment and move toward policy of détente, realist approach -Nixon moved away from Bretton Woods system of fixed exchange rates instituted after WII, to an economy based on market forces. -On August , 1971, President Nixon announced his New Economic Policy, a program "to create a new prosperity without war." Known colloquially as the "Nixon shock," the initiative marked the beginning of the end for the Bretton Woods system of fixed exchange rates established at the end of World War II

Dien Bein Phu

climactic confrontation of the First Indochina War between the French Union's French Far East Expeditionary Corps and Viet Minh communist-nationalist revolutionaries. It was, from the French view before the event, a set piece battle to draw out the Vietnamese and destroy them with superior firepower. The battle occurred between March and May 1954 and culminated in a comprehensive French defeat that influenced negotiations underway at Geneva among several nations over the future of Indochina. As a result of blunders in French decision-making, the French began an operation to insert, then support, the soldiers at Điện Biên Phủ, deep in the hills of northwestern Vietnam. Its purpose was to cut off Viet Minh supply lines into the neighboring Kingdom of Laos, a French ally, and tactically draw the Viet Minh into a major confrontation in order to cripple them. The plan was to resupply the French position by air, and was based on the belief that the Viet Minh had no anti-aircraft capability. The Viet Minh, however, surrounded and besieged the French. The Viet Minh brought in vast amounts of heavy artillery (including antiaircraft guns). They moved these weapons through difficult terrain up the rear slopes of the mountains surrounding the French positions, dug tunnels through the mountain, and placed the artillery pieces overlooking the French encampment. This positioning of the artillery made it nearly impervious to French counter-battery fire.

Paul Potter

critic of Vietnam war Paul Potter, President of the Students for a Democratic Society, delivered an impassioned speech denouncing the Vietnam War, calling for fundamental change in U.S. society during the March on Washington on April 17, 1965. Potter's criticism of the American "system" invited the audience to view Vietnam as but one symptom of a larger problem. Yet the vagueness of his vision allowed more militant activists to interpret his speech as a call for more violent revolution.

Geneva Accords

dealt with the dismantling of French Indochina proved to have long-lasting repercussions, however. Diplomats from South Korea, North Korea, the People's Republic of China (PRC), the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), and the United States of America (US) dealt with the Korean side of the Conference. For the Indochina side, the Accords were between France, the Viet Minh, the USSR, the PRC, the US, the United Kingdom, and the future states being made from French Indochina. The agreement temporarily separated Vietnam into two zones, a northern zone to be governed by the Viet Minh rebels, and a southern zone to be governed by the State of Vietnam, then headed by former emperor Bảo Đại. It was decided that Vietnam would be divided at the 17th parallel until 1956, when democratic elections would be held under international supervision. All parties involved agreed to this (Ho Chi Minh had strong support in the north, which was more populous than the south, and was thus comfortable that he would win an election), except for the US, who did not want to see Communism spreading in a domino effect throughout Asia.

Korean War ( interrogation by arms)

during Truman administration The Korean War was a war between North Korea and South Korea. The war began on 25 June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea following a series of clashes along the border. there was no talking done by either major power involved in Korea. The Chinese, who supported N. Korea saw the US presence in Korea as a power trying to exert its style of govt on Korea to make it one democratic Korea. US see's Korea as a domino that could be tipped over with spread of communism, so they try to contain communism within N. Korea.

john foster Dulles' tightrope

he negotiated Japanese Peace treaty, and was sec. of state under Eisenhower and had a Manicheism world view (world history is forces of absolute good and evil and evil has to be fought at all times, another tightrope illusion) came up with massive retaliation of nukes if US was ever attacked. During the years right after World War II President Truman walked a tightrope between the French, trying to reassert their hold on the Indochinese colonies, and the Vietnamese—a collection of Communists and nationalists—fighting for independence. Only after the Communist take‐over in China did he clearly choose sides. example of US trying to produce a dual containment ( heling create 2 regional powers and then helping and aiding one side when the other appears to be gaining more power)

New World Order Speech

new period of history evidencing a dramatic change in world political thought and the balance of power. Despite various interpretations of this term, it is primarily associated with the ideological notion of global governance only in the sense of new collective efforts to identify, understand, or address worldwide problems that go beyond the capacity of individual nation-states to solve end of the cold war and german unifaction in 89/90. -oversaw the peaceful unraveling of SU empire by pulling out of Afghanistan and its satellite countries. -Once unified Germany wants to join UN and the US is the only UN member who wants Germany to be in UN. Highlights how the US is the dominant power of the world. nature of the post Cold War era, and the spirit of great power cooperation that they hoped might materialize. - Bush's vision was, in comparison, not less circumscribed: "A hundred generations have searched for this elusive path to peace, while a thousand wars raged across the span of human endeavor. Today that new world is struggling to be born, a world quite different from the one we've known."[1] However, given the new unipolar status of the United States, Bush's vision was realistic: "...there is no substitute for American leadership."[1] The Gulf War of 1991 was regarded as the first test of the new world order: "Now, we can see a new world coming into view. A world in which there is the very real prospect of a new world order... The Gulf war put this new world to its first test..."

Reagan Doctrine

providing military support to movements opposing Soviet-supported, communist governments. Nicaragua & Afghanistan

henry Kissinger

realist, A practitioner of Realpolitik ( system of politics or principles based on practical (realistic) rather than moral or ideological considerations.), played a prominent role in United States foreign policy between 1969 and 1977. -During this period, as sec. of state he pioneered the policy of détente with the Soviet Union, orchestrated the opening of relations with the People's Republic of China, realist extremism (negotiate with everyone through words an lie through your teeth)awarded the Nobel Peace Prize on December, 1973, for their work in negotiating the ceasefires contained in the Paris Peace Accords on "Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam",

Hans Morgenthau

realist, was one of the major twentieth-century figures in the study of international politics. Morgenthau's works belong to the tradition of realism in international relations theory, and he is usually considered, along with George F. Kennan, one of the three leading American realists of the post-World War II period. Morgenthau made landmark contributions to international relations theory and the study of international law. Morgenthau also wrote widely about international politics and U.S. foreign policy for general-circulation various publications. He knew and corresponded with many of the leading intellectuals and writers of his era, [1] George F. Kennan. At one point in the early Cold War, Morgenthau was a consultant to the U.S. Department of State when Kennan headed its Policy Planning Staff, and a second time during the Kennedy and Johnson administrations until he was dismissed by Johnson when he began to publicly criticize American policy in Vietnam.[6] For most of his career, however, Morgenthau was esteemed as an academic interpreter of U.S. foreign policy

Iranian revolution

refers to events involving the overthrow of the Pahlavi dynasty under Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, who was supported by the United States - it was supported by various Islamist and leftist organizations, and student movements. Demonstrations against the Shah commenced in October 1977, developing into a campaign of civil resistance that included both secular and religious elements, revolution was unusual for the surprise it created throughout the world: it lacked many of the customary causes of revolution (defeat at war, a financial crisis, peasant rebellion, or disgruntled military), occurred in a nation that was experiencing relative prosperity,produced profound change at great speed, was massively popular, resulted in the exile of many Iranians, and replaced a pro-Western authoritarian monarchy with an anti-Western authoritarian theocracy

Ikenberry: 6 postwar models

says that after war: powerful countries do seek to build stable and cooperative relations, but the type of order that emerges hinges on their ability to make commitments and restrain power. - only with the spread of democracy in the twentieth century and the innovative use of international institutions--both linked to the emergence of the United States as a world power--has order been created that goes beyond balance of power politics to exhibit "constitutional" characteristics. The open character of the American polity and a web of multilateral institutions allow the United States to exercise strategic restraint and establish stable relations among the industrial democracies despite rapid shifts and extreme disparities in power. built around the American provision of security and economic public goods (open markets) mutually agreeable rules and institutions, (IMF, World Bank) and interactive political processes that give states a voice in the running of the system. Strategic bargains, binding security ties, (UN) and diffuse reciprocity also infuse the order and give it liberal characteristics. This distinctive liberal political architecture is built on top of a Western security community that removes war and threats of force from American relations with the other democracies Global government, one world, UN notion Free, open trade systemsAnglo-American co-operation

Bush Doctrine / NSS 2002

stressed unilateralism and preventative war, After the 9/11 attack, the phrase described the policy that the United States had the right to secure itself against countries that harbor or give aid to terrorist groups, which was used to justify the 2001 war in Afghanistan. The Bush Doctrine became strongly associated with the Bush administration's decision to invade Iraq in 2003. It was used to describe specific policy elements, including a strategy of "preemptive strikes" as a defense against an immediate or perceived future threat to the security of the United States. This policy principle was applied particularly in the Middle East to counter international terrorist organizations and to justify the invasion of Iraq. Generally, the Bush Doctrine was used to indicate a willingness to unilaterally(by themselves) pursue U.S. military interests. Dick Cheney earlier said "If there is anyone in the world today who doubts the seriousness of the Bush Doctrine, I would urge that person to consider the fate of the Taliban in Afghanistan, and of Saddam Hussein's regime in Iraq."

unipolar moment

that since the fall of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) the international system has been locked into a distinctly modern condition of unipolarity in which an American monolith (together with the rest of the Western states) stands dominating above all other nations, and is threatened only by rogue states armed with nuclear weapons and terrorists. This situation has only grown worse since the attacks of September 11th 2001 (911), which forced many states to align themselves behind the United States of America (USA). The future of the USA's unipolar position depends on whether it is going to be run by unwise leaders that paralyze its power with their obsessions for multilateralism, or strong and aggressive leaders that will unilaterally go out into the world and confront the enemy's of the USA to ensure its persistence at the very top of the international hierarchy., the world has never seen a period of time with one clearly dominant power left standing.

war on terror

the Global War on Terrorism, is an international military campaign that was launched by the U.S. government after the September 11 attacks in the U.S. in 2001. US was able to garner world wide support for intervention in terrorist group activity. ( French newspaper says "we are all americans", pro-American showing middle East, congress gives W unprecedented power for war. upon invading afghanistan the US tried to find terrorists groups but once they were close to the group and began to encircle them, their main leaders and main body of the group is able to escape into the mountains 1st time article 5 of UN was used 'the collective defense clause'-if one of us is attacked we will all attack in response.

Munich Lesson

the appeasement of Adolf Hitler at the Munich Conference in September 1938. In order to avoid war, France and Britain permitted the German annexation of the Sudetenland.

Domino Theory

the theory that a political event in one country will cause similar events in neighboring countries.

Cuban missle crisis

was a 13-day (October 16-28, 1962) confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union concerning American ballistic missile deployment in Italy and Turkey with consequent Soviet ballistic missile deployment in Cuba. The confrontation is often considered the closest the Cold War came to escalating into a full-scale nuclear war.[2] In response to the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion of 1961 and the presence of American Jupiter ballistic missiles in Italy and Turkey, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev decided to agree to Cuba's request to place nuclear missiles on the island to deter a future invasion. An agreement was reached during a secret meeting between Khrushchev and Fidel Castro in July 1962 and construction of a number of missile launch facilities started later that summer. The 1962 United States elections were under way, and the White House had denied charges that it was ignoring dangerous Soviet missiles 90 miles from Florida. The missile preparations were confirmed when an Air Force U-2 spy plane produced clear photographic evidence of medium-range (SS-4) and intermediate-range (R-14) ballistic missile facilities. The US established a military blockade to prevent further missiles from reaching Cuba; Oval Office tapes during the crisis revealed that Kennedy had also put the blockade in place as an attempt to provoke Soviet-backed forces in Berlin as well. - It announced that they would not permit offensive weapons to be delivered to Cuba and demanded that the weapons already in Cuba be dismantled and returned to the Soviet Union. After a long period of tense negotiations, an agreement was reached between US President John F. Kennedy and Khrushchev. ---Publicly, the Soviets would dismantle their offensive weapons in Cuba and return them to the Soviet Union, subject to United Nations verification, in exchange for a US public declaration and agreement to avoid invading Cuba again. Secretly, the United States also agreed that it would dismantle all U.S.-built Jupiter MRBMs, which had been deployed in Turkey against the Soviet Union; there has been debate on whether or not Italy was included in the agreement as well.

Containment

was a United States policy using numerous strategies to prevent the spread of communism abroad. A component of the Cold War, this policy was a response to a series of moves by the Soviet Union to enlarge its communist sphere of influence in Eastern Europe, China, Korea, and Vietnam

White revolution

was a far-reaching series of reforms in Iran launched in 1963 by Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and lasted until 1978. Mohammad Reza Shah's reform program was built especially to weaken those classes that supported the traditional system. It consisted of several elements, including land reform, sale of some state-owned factories to finance this land reform, construction of an expanded road, rail, and air network, a number of dam and irrigation projects, the eradication of diseases such as malaria, the encouragement and support of industrial growth, enfranchisement of women, nationalization of forests and pastures, formation of literacy and health corps for rural isolated areas, and institution of profit sharing schemes for workers in industry. In the 1960s and '70s the shah sought to develop a more independent foreign policy and established working relationships with the Soviet Union and eastern European nations. subsequent decades, per capita income for Iranians skyrocketed, and oil revenue fueled an enormous increase in state funding for industrial development projects.[1] The Shah advertised the White Revolution as a step towards modernization, but there is little doubt that he also had political motives; the White Revolution (a name attributed to the fact it was bloodless[2]) was a way for him to legitimize the Pahlavi dynasty. Part of the reason for launching the White Revolution was that the Shah hoped to get rid of the landlords' influence and create a new base of support among the peasants and working class. The bulk of the program was aimed at Iran's peasantry, a class the Shah hoped to gain as an ally to thwart the threat of the increasingly hostile middle class.[5] Thus the White Revolution in Iran represented a new attempt to introduce reform from above and preserve traditional power patterns. Through land reform, the essence of the White Revolution, the Shah hoped to ally himself with the peasantry in the countryside, and hoped to sever their ties with the aristocracy in the city

Iran-ContraAffair

was a political scandal in the United States that occurred during the second term of the Reagan Administration (85). Senior administration officials secretly facilitated the sale of arms to Iran, which was the subject of an arms embargo. They hoped, thereby, to fund the Contras in Nicaragua while at the same time negotiating the release of several U.S. hostages. Under the Boland Amendment, further funding of the Contras by the government had been prohibited by Congress.

Ngo Dinh Diem

was a staunchly anticommunist Vietnamese statesman who refused to ally with Ho Chi Minh after the Franco-Vietnamese War. With the support of the United States government, Diem led South Vietnam from 1954 to 1963, in October 1955, after winning a heavily rigged referendum, he deposed Bảo Đại and established the first Republic of Vietnam (RVN), with himself as president. He was a leader of the Catholic element and was opposed by Buddhists. In November 1963, after constant Buddhist protests and non-violent resistance, Diệm was assassinated during a CIA-backed coup d'état, along with his brother, Ngô Đình Nhu, Diệm has been a controversial historical figure in historiography on Vietnam War scholarship. Some historians portrayed him as a tool of the U.S. policymakers, some considered him an avatar of Vietnamese tradition.

Suez Crisis

was an invasion of Egypt in late 1956 by Israel, followed by the United Kingdom and France. The aims were to regain Western control of the Suez Canal and to remove Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser from power.[17] After the fighting had started, political pressure from the United States, the Soviet Union, and the United Nations led to a withdrawal by the three invaders. The episode humiliated Great Britain and France[18] and strengthened Nasser. Eisenhower called out Israel, GB, and France which showed US was willing to intervene.

Mohammade Reza shah Pahlavi

was the last Shah of Iran from September 1941 until his overthrow by the Iranian Revolution on February 1979. His dream of a what he referred to as a "Great Civilization" in Iran led to a rapid industrial and military expansion as well as economic and social reforms.[5] Mohammad Reza came to power during World War II after an Anglo-Soviet invasion forced the abdication of his father, Reza Shah Pahlavi. During Mohammad Reza's reign, the Iranian oil industry was briefly nationalized by the Prime Minister Mohammad Mosadeqh , until a US and UK-backed coup d'état deposed Mosaddegh and brought back foreign oil firms.[6] Mohammad Reza also introduced the White Revolution, a series of economic, social and political reforms with the proclaimed intention of transforming Iran into a global power and modernising the nation by nationalising certain industries and granting women suffrage