US Policy Exam 3

How do we define an item?

1. Boundaries: what do we include within the definition 2. Value: movement from standard value vs. individualist value

What are the three steps to a stakeholders analysis?

1. Clarify policy objectives or problem definition 2. Identify and profile all stakeholders 3. Classify the stakeholders

3 dimensions of distribution/equity

1. Item: what is being distributed 2. Recipient: who gets it 3. Process: how is it being distributed

People who believe there is a trade-off between equality and efficiency make which arguments according to Stone?

1. Maintaining equality reduced motivation to work. 2.Redistribution decreases economic growth

Paradox of security as proposed by Stone

1. Prevention and planning can reduce physical insecurity, but increase psychological insecurity. 2. Imprisonment can increase security by deterring potential criminals, but it can decrease security by destabilizing communities. 3. Weapons increase security by providing self-defense, but weapons decrease security by their use in intentional attacks, accidents, and suicides.

A rule is only universal if it passes these four steps

1. formulate a rule that represents that reason for your action 2. Recast that rule as a universal law governing all rational agents 3. Consider whether when universally applied, your rule would still reach its intended audience 4. Consider whether the rule impedes your ability to do other things you want to do

How do we define recipients?

1. membership 2.Rank-based 3. Group-based

Three statements about boundaries

1.Identifying boundaries is about defining an item. 2.Changing boundaries is a redistributive strategy. 3.Expanding the boundaries of an item means taking a small item and considering it as part of a larger whole or system.

Which of the following are poor community outcomes associated with income inequality as mentioned by Stone

1.People are less trusting of each other. 2.Homicide rates are higher. 3.There are higher rates of racial and gender discrimination.

Ways income inequality undermines democracy, according to Stone

1.Wealthy people and businesses can obtain legislation and regulations favorable to their interests. 2.The cost of running an election campaign gives rich people an advantage. 3.Elected representatives are more responsive to the rich.

Utilitarianism states that you should choose the action that create the greatest good for the greatest number

Act

Ethics: Utilitarianism

Actions are morally permissible if and only if they produce at least as much net happiness as any other action

Universalizability

Actions should follow a series of universally applicable rules. Only do things that are okay for everyone to do

A stakeholder is defined as:

Anyone who stands to gain or lose something from a policy. (can be individuals, groups, organizations)

Which of the following best describes the O-Ring Principal?

Automating simple tasks makes cognitively challenging tasks more important.

Being self-governing, able to set our own goals and freely make decisions

Autonomy

The poorest 10% of the population in________ holds 0.7% of the country's wealth, while the richest 10% hold 47%

Brazil

The average life expectancy in______ is 35 years less than the life expectancy in _________

Burkina Faso, Japan

A command you must follow regardless of your desires due to their moral rightness

Categorical Imperative

Since the invention of the ATM the number of bank tellers in the US has

Doubled

Working to seek your own pleasure and happiness and avoid your own pain

Egoistic

Costs and benefits effecting people outside the economic transaction.

Externality

True or False: The formula of humanity states that lying is never the morally correct action to take.

False

The biggest challenge automation poses for the workforce is:

Fewer middle-skill jobs

Working to generally seek pleasure and happiness and avoid pain

Hedonistic

A command you should follow if you want something

Hypothetical imperative

The degree to which a stakeholder is likely to be affected by the policy is referred to as

Interest

Which statement best describes the DIFFERENCE between Kantian ethics and Utilitarianism?

Kant believed that actions are good or bad regardless of their outcomes, Utilitarianism states that it is the outcome that determines if the action is good.

Individuals with high levels of power, but a low amount of interest in a policy should be

Kept Satisfied

A________concept of liberty defines liberty as freedom from coercion by other

Negative

A _________concept of liberty defines liberty as the ability to conceive of goals and realize them, which requires help from others.

Positive

What is the primary justification John Stuart Mills gives for the government infringing on personal liberties, as discussed in Stone?

Preventing harm

Something that is consumed be a lot of people at once and does not diminish as people use it.

Public Good

Behaving in a way that maximizes your self-interest.

Rationality

The psychological ease at believing there is no harm or that potential harm can be stopped /managed.

Rockwell's State of Mind

World wide disarmament and security agreements to eliminate aggression, war, and violence.

Roosevelt's Political Ideal

Utilitarianism states that you should choose actions that will create the greatest good for the greatest number the majority of the time.

Rule

Combining the measures of how likely harm is to happen and how bad that harm may be into one measure called the expected value.

The Policy Analyst's Risk Assesment

In the_______Whites have an infant mortality rate of 0.6% whereas Blacks have an infant mortality of 1.4%.

United States

People are not coerced into engaging in trades (economic transactions).

Volunteerism

Kingdom of ends formula

We should only act on rules that could be accepted by the entire community where every member can equally legislate principles

Which statement best describes why, according to Kant, lying to someone is a violation of their autonomy?

You cannot make autonomous decision based on the false information.

The three steps to stakeholder analysis are

clarify the policy objective, identify all the stakeholders associated with the objective, classify the stakeholders

_______happens when multiple people take actions over time that degrade items used in common.

cumulative harm

Theory of correct action

given that we know what is valuable, what actions should we take?

Theory of value

happiness is the only thing that's valuable, but we can drive happiness from other things like money and leisure

Types of individual harm

material harm risk of injury/loss emotional spiritual/moral

Infringement on personal liberty to stop you from hurting yourself

paternalism

Types of community harm

structural harm accumulative harms harms to group because of member failure to undertake helpful action

Vertical equity

the idea that taxpayers with a greater ability to pay taxes should pay larger amounts

horizontal equity

the idea that taxpayers with similar abilities to pay taxes should pay the same amount

According to Stone the dimensions of distribution/equality are:

the item, the recipient, the process

Veil of Ignorance

the rules for society that we would propose if we did not know how lucky we would be in life's lottery

Someone who is good at converting resources into happiness

utility monster