USH Chapter 10
Terms of the compromise of 1850:
1. CA is a free state 2. UT and NM=popular sovereignty 3. New Mexico/Texas border dispute resolved. Texas was paid $10 million by the Federal government. 4. The sale of slaves is banned in Washington DC, but slavery may continue there. 5. Fugitive Slave Act requires people in the free states to help capture & return escaped slaves (enforced by the federal government).
Who was the Wilmot Proviso proposed by?
1846: Pennsylvania Democrat, David Wilmot
South economy
1⁄3 of US population, 1/10 of US manufactured goods
Who rushed to CA for gold?
49ers
What to do after secession?
7 states seceded from the Union 8 were still in the Union Buchanan- secession is illegal, but illegal for president to do anything about it Mass resignation in Washington, D.C.
After the Fugitive Slave Act, what did states pass?
9 states will pass personal liberty laws- The laws forbade the imprisonment of runaway slaves and guaranteed jury trials for fugitive slaves
Wilmot Proviso
A proviso added to a military appropriations bill "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist" in any land acquired by the war with Mexico
Response to Fugitive Slave Act
Abolitionists are extremely upset and angry → they now are forced to support slavery
Why was admitting California as a free state a problem?
Admitting California as a free state was a problem because there was a balance between free states and slave states. California wanted to be a free state, but this threatened the balance, and would most likely not win approval.
Democratic Party after wp
Agrarian society (farmers), Strict Constructionist, Weak federal government, states' rights, oppose debt, military spending, and high tari
The Sack of Lawrence
Anti-slavery settlers had founded the town of Lawerence ("yankee town") A pro-slavery grand jury of Kansas condemned them as traitors and called to have them arrested The mob of 800 pro-slavery activists burned down the antislavery headquarters, destroyed 2 newspapers' printing presses, and looted many houses and shops The event became known as "The Sack of Lawrence"
Who is Dred Scott? What's his story?
Background: Dred Scott- a slave in Missouri 1834- Lived with owner north of the Missouri Compromise line for 4 years Later, was taken back below the line, owner died Scott argues that his time above the line on free soil made him free
Douglas view on spavery
Believed in popular sovereignty, slavery was not immoral, slaves were an inferior race, thought the west wasn't suitable for slavery
What does the speaker mean by "menial duties"?
By "menial duties," the speaker means the hard work and labor of life.
Race for the Senate in Illinois
Candidates: Democrat- Incumbent Stephen Douglas Republican- Challenger Abraham Lincoln
Election of 1848
Candidates: Zachary Taylor - Whig Lewis Cass - Democrat Free Soil - Martin Van Buren Who wins? Zachary Taylor
north viewpoint on slavery
Doesn't want slavery
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Douglas introduced his plan in Congress Divide the two territories into Kansas and Nebraska Repeal the Missouri Compromise Establish popular sovereignty for both territories North = angry South = supportive The Kansas-Nebraska Act was signed into law in May 1854 And so Kansas bled...
Response to Lecompton
Douglas proposed popular sovereignty again) To Northerners- Douglas = hero To Southerners- Douglas = traitor Further splits the Democratic party
Who wins the senate seat? At what cost?
Douglas wins the Senate seat, but Democrats split even further
The Dred Scott Decision
Dred Scott v. Sanford Chief Justice- Roger Taney (a southern Democrat) Scott has no right to sue- not a citizen! AND By banning slvaery, Congress, was in e
Who was Dred Scott, and why was this case brought to the Supreme Court?
Dred Scott was a slave who was taken by his master to the free town of Rock Island, Illinois and the Wisconsin Territory, which did not allow slavery. His master then brought Scott back to Missouri, which is a slave state. Scott filed a suit against his master claiming that he was a free man because he had lived in areas that banned slavery.
Who are the slaves of the North?
Factory workers and farm hands are the slaves of the North.
south viewpoint on slavery
Feared that the end of slavery would mean social and economic revolution
The confederacy
Formed on Feb. 4, 1861 in Montgomery, Alabama Confederate Constitution- looked like the US, but "protected and recognized" slavery in the new territories. States were "sovereign and independent". Je
who wins election of 1852
Franklin Pierce
North workers
Free Laborers (African Americans) Immigration
After Polk leaves office, what political parties are there?
Free Soil, Whig, Democratic
Why did William Lloyd Garrison describe the Free Soil Party as "a party for keeping Free Soil and not for setting men free"?
Garrison described the Free Soil Party as such because several Free Soilers supported laws prohibiting black settlement in their communities and denying them the right to vote. In addition, they downsized the impact slavery had on the free white workers in the wage-based labor force. The Free Soil Party wanted to abolish slavery, but not give them the rights that white people had.
In 1855, how does Horace Greeley describe the changes in politics?
Greely was frustrated with the Whigs' changing position on slavery and described the anti-slavery Republican party, calling for people to join. He mentions that the Republicans have a heart, conscience, and the understanding of the people with them. He says that this party is for every Northern man that does not want to see the government turn into an engine, which spreads slavery across the continent and opposes the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
Free Soil Party
Had nominated Martin Van Buren in 1848 Against the extension of slavery Mostly northerners- but still did not want blacks to have the right to vote
Hammond argues that the slaves of the South are treated better than the "slaves" of the North. What evidence does he give to support this argument?
Hammond argues that the slaves in the South are hired for life and are well paid. They don't starve, beg, ask for employment among white people, and have too much employment either. In the North, however, he claims that "slaves" are constantly hired, not cared for, and poorly compensated. He claims that you would meet more beggars in one day in New York (North), than you would meet in a lifetime in the whole South.
What did Harriet Tubman do?
Harriet Tubman made 19 trips through UR and freed over 300 slaves
D. Kansas-Nebraska Act
He advocated for popular sovereignty and supported the Act
L. Kansas Nebraska Act
He believed that the act was wrong, slavery shouldn't be extended into Kansas and Nebraska because it is wrong.
L. equality of black and white
He believes they are equal to an extent. They are equal in natural rights, he doesn't want them getting voting rights or citizenship.
D. Status of black citizenship
He doesn't want citizenship for black people.
What factors contributed to James Buchanan winning the Election of 1856?
He was a Northerner, who had most of his friends in the South. In addition, he was out of the country (in Great Britain as a minister) when problems over the Kansas-Nebraska Act occurred. Therefore, he wasn't on anyone's side.
D. equality of black and white
He was against the equality of blacks and whites. Blacks were inferior to whites. They shouldn't hold office or marry white people.
Clay's Compromise of 1850
Henry Clay is back! He wants to finally, once and for all, end the controversy over slavery
Slavery Issue
However the Know-Nothing Party was still split over the issue of slavery South- looking for an alternative to Democrats North- moving toward the Republican Party
Who became president in 1852? What party did he belong to?
In 1852, Franklin Pierce became President of the United States. He belonged to the Democrats
What was the condition of the Whig Party in 1852?
In 1852, divisions in the Whig Party grew when General Winfield Scott became the nominee for President. Northern Whigs nominated him, were against the Fugitive Slave Act, and barely supported the Compromise of 1850. Meanwhile, Southern Whigs backed the compromise so they were pro-slavery and pro-Union.
What happened to the issue of slavery in the District of Columbia?
In the District of Columbia, slave trade would be abolished, however, slavery would still be allowed.
What is happening in the political cartoon? How did events such as the one depicted in the cartoon increase tensions between the North and the South?
In the political cartoon, Democrats are seen shoving slavery down the throat of a free soiler. The free soil party is against slavery expansion and with the Democrats pushing for more slavery, both parties' viewpoints on slavery increased tensions among the North and the South.
What did the Fugitive Slave Act require officers of the law to do?
It made any officers of the law arrest runaway slaves.
What does the poster above warn the colored people of Boston about?
It warns the colored people of Boston about the Fugitive Slave Act. It warns them not to converse with officers because they will catch them.
How did Kansas become a battleground over the slavery question in the western territories?
Kansas became a battleground over the slavery question in the western territories as a result of the Kansas Nebraska Act, which led to the possibility of slavery in the area through popular sovereignty. Southerners felt happy about this as they wanted the expansion of slavery. Meanwhile, the North opposed slavery and was upset about the act because through the Missouri Compromise Act that was repealed, Kansas was meant to be a free state.
Impact of the Dred Scott Case
Legally-slavery's reach expanded Politically-heightened sectionalism Prior to the decision, Americans accepted the idea that Congress and states could limit slavery. Now, could free states even prevent slave owners from bringing/selling slaves into their states?! The decision negated all previous compromises Compromise no longer seems possible
Republican Party
Made up of discontented Northern Whigs, anti-slavery (Northern) Democrats, and Free-Soilers They opposed the Kansas Nebraska Act Keep slavery out of the new territories *strength of party was that it included so many different factions of people, it gained strong support
Why do you think many slaves fled to Canada after the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act?
Many slaves may have fled to Canada after the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act because in the US, they would have been captured and they were desperately attempting to build new lives.
The Pottawatomie Massacre
May 24, was a response to The Sack of Lawrence John Brown- radical abolitionist, worked on underground RR, helped many African Americans financially John Brown and followers attacked pro-slavery settlement of Pottawatomie, killed 5 Brown escaped, but the attack triggered many other attacks..hence Bleeding Kansas
Nativists
Mostly Protestant Did not like the influx of Catholic immigrants Believed they were a threat to Democracy (they would be more loyal to the Pope than US)
Northern Alternative
Northerners wanted to join the American Party- Members believed in nativism: the favoring of native born Americans over immigrants It became better known as the "Know-Nothing Party"
California becomes a state. What happens next?
Outlawed slavery South now threatens to secede (where have we seen this before?) Taylor doesn't support this but supports popular sovereignty
Debate over FSA
Personal liberties v. property rights Which has greater value?
How did proslavery groups gain control of Kansas? What did they do to quickly exert their power?
Proslavery bands, also known as Border Ruffians, often rode across the border to fight antislavery forces in Kansas, so they could gain control of the area. During the local elections of 1855, several Border Ruffians crossed into Kansas and voted illegally, then, elected a proslavery legislature. The legislature quickly passed laws to support slavery.
Election of 1860
Republican candidate: Abraham Lincoln (beat out William Seward of NY for nomination) Southern Democrats: John C. Breckenridge (Current VP) Northern Democrats: Stephen Douglas(popular sovereignty) Constitutional Union Party: John Bell (TN) wanted to ignore the issue of slavery all together Lincoln wins! (despite not being on most of the Southern ballots) Southerners felt that now with a Northern president, they had lost their political voice
Election of 1856
Republican- John C. Fremont (the one who helped California be annexed into the Union) Northern Know-Nothings also voted for Fremont Southern Know-Nothings backed Millard Fillmore Democrats- James Buchanan: PA Northerner, friends with mostly Southerners (had been out of the country when the Kansas-Nebraska debacle took place) Democrats choose John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky (southern vote) for his running mate Buchanan wins!
Bleeding Kansas
Settlers from both the North and South poured into Kansas in order to claim it "as their own" In less than a year, Kansas applied for statehood Problem- "border ruffians" "Wild men" from Missouri with their rifles, went and fraudulently voted in the Kansas election so it could become a slave state Proslavery officials took office in Lecompton, passing several acts slavery in the area This did not sit well with abolitionists and they organized a rival government in nearby Topeka, Kansas
1850 Transcontinental RailroadDebate
Should it connect New Orleans to San Fran or Chicago to San Fran? South- believed a southern route would encourage the development of more southern states North- northern route promoted by free soilers and manufacturers
Election of 1852
Slavery divides the Whig party Winfield Scott loses Southern vote Franklin Pierce is elected ("Dough Face") However, Whig party is ultimately broken with the Kansas-Nebraska Act
According to Hammond why is the system of "slavery" in the North more dangerous than the system in the South?
Slavery" in the North is more dangerous than the system in the South because according to Hammond, people of the North's own race (white) are working and can feel the degradation that occurs to them. With these feelings and their political power, they could vote and society could transform and the government could be overthrown.
south workers
Slaves
Secession Begins
South Carolina led the way- seceding on Dec. 20, 1860 Mississippi followed in January Then- Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas
Why did Southerners support the Act? Why did Northerners oppose it?
Southerners were supportive of the act as they were sure slave owners in neighboring states would move to Kansas and vote for it to be a slave state. Meanwhile, Northerners opposed it as Kansas and Nebraska were meant to be free states until the Missouri Compromise was repealed by the Kansas Nebraska Act.
What is required of the "class" who is to perform these "menial duties"? What is not required of the "class"?
The "class" is required to have vigor, docility, and fidelity. This class isn't required to have much intellect or skill.
Does the compromise of 1850 pass?
The Alternative would be disunion BUT THEN Supported by - Clay, Webster, and Stephen Douglas Opposed by - Calhoun, William Seward, and President Taylor President Taylor died in o
What was the ruling of the Court? What reasons did the majority of the Court give for Scott not being allowed to sue in a court of law?
The Court ruled against Scott on all three issues. Scott was told he could not sue in federal court because he was not a citizen of the US because he was black. In regards to the issue of Scott once living in the free state of Illinois, the Court stated that those freedoms were lost once Scott left the state and Missouri had no obligation to enforce the Illinois law. In addition, it was decided that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional, so Scott's claim based on that was disregarded.
Why did the Court rule that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional?
The Court ruled that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional because it goes against the Fifth Amendment. According to the Fifth Amendment, no one could deprive another of their property without due process of law and just compensation. The territories belonged to all citizens of the US, and if people, such as Scott's owner, stepped into this territory, their property would be taken away. For this reason, the Missouri Compromise was found unconstitutional.
What effect do you think the Court's decision in the Dred Scott case had on the efforts of many Americans to end slavery?
The Court's decision in the Dred Scott case became a political issue and increased sectional tensions. This would intensify the North's desire to end slavery as the ruling can be seen as unfair. Justice Benjamin R. Curtis fought points the Court made in his dissent. He said that black people had always been citizens, as some had been included in the vote for ratification of the Constitution. He added that the Missouri Compromise was constitutional, stating that it had been an accepted law for approximately 3 decades and served as sectional understanding to keep the North and South together in the Union. Northerners would most likely agree with these points and want to increase their efforts to end slavery. On the other hand, Southerners would most likely agree with this decision and it would motivate them to keep going with their pro slavery desires.
Why does it make sense that the Fugitive Slave Act was passed?
The Fugitive Slave Act that was passed makes sense because when California was admitted as a free state, it ruined the balance of slave and free states. With this imbalance, politicians who were in favor of slave states, would object. Therefore, to please them, the Fugitive Slave Act was passed.
Describe the conditions of the Kansas Nebraska Act.
The Kansas Nebraska Act repealed the Missouri Compromise, divided the two territories into Kansas and Nebraska, and established popular sovereignty for both territories.
The Know Nothing party eventually split over slavery. What parties did the Know Nothings turn to?
The Northern Know Nothings turned to the Republican Party. Meanwhile, the Southern Know Nothings turned to an alternative to the Democrats.
What has the South done with this "class"?
The South has found a race, inferior to its own, to perform all of the menial duties with all of the qualifications needed.
Why did the area become known as "Bleeding Kansas?"
The area became known as "Bleeding Kansas" because over 200 people were killed over the issue of slavery in Kansas.
How did the events in Kansas impact the newly developing Republican Party?
The events in Kansas allowed the newly developing Republican Party to get the issues they needed to challenge the Democratic party in the election for president in 1856.
What were the three legal issues that this case addressed?
The first issue was that while Scott was living in the free state of Illinois, did he become a free man and would Missouri have to recognize that freedom. The second issue was that while Scott lived in the Wisconsin territory, did he become a free man and would Missouri have to recognize that freedom. The last issue was whether or not the Supreme Court had the power or jurisdiction to hear this case.
John Brown's Raid on Harpers Ferry
The goal-slave uprising The plan- capture federal arsenal and arm the slaves Federal troops led by Robert E. Lee captured Brown Brown was convicted of high treason, and hanged (first American to be hanged as a traitor)
What is popular sovereignty?
The right of the residents of a territory to vote for or against slavery
The speaker says that the word slave is "old fashioned" and that it is "discarded by ears polite", but he says that the North has slavery too. Who do you think he considers the "slaves" of the North?
The speaker may consider the slaves of the North the factory workers as they are forced to work long hours and have horrible working conditions.
In the compromise, how was the issue of slavery solved in the territories of New Mexico, Nevada, Arizona, and Utah?
The territories would be organized, without mention of slavery. But, when the time came for them to apply for statehood, the people who lived in the territory would make a decision.
Lincoln-Douglas Debates, portrayal of others and theme
The theme- slavery in the territories Lincoln's goal: Portray Douglas as a pro-slavery support of the Dred Scott decision Douglas's goal: Portray Lincoln as an abolitionist in support of racial equality
What were the basic beliefs of the American (Know Nothing) Party?
They believed in nativism, the favoring of American born citizens over immigrants. Additionally, they used secret handshakes, passwords, and were told to hide their activities by replying to questions saying, "I know nothing." This is what gave them their name. Most of them were middle class Protestants, who were upset about the immigrants and the Catholics among them, who would stay more loyal to the Pope. They eventually split over slavery.
L. citizenship of blacks
They should be citizens, but have limited natural rights. They should be separated from whites.
In what way was the Republican Party united? In what ways was it divided?
They were united in opposing the Kansas-Nebraska Act and in keeping slavery out of the territories. They were divided in a wide range of opinions. For one, the coservative part of the party hoped to resurrect the Missouri Compromise, meanwhile there were radical abolitionists in the party as well.
Why is this "class" necessary?
This class is necessary because without it, the world wouldn't have the other class that leads progress, civilization, and refinement. This class constitutes the foundation of society and political government.
Lincoln views on slavery
Thought slavery was immoral and would not cease to spread until legislation was passed to stop it
After the Fugitive Slave Act, Harriet Beecher Stowe released what?
Uncle Toms Cabin
After the Fugitive Slave Act, the —— was established
Underground Railroad
Anthony Burns: Anthony Burns escaped slavery in —- and fled to Boston Was caught and put on —— A—— group worked to save him Federal government sent in troops, ships, and lawyers to Boston FSA ——— and Burns was sent back to VA
VA trial biracial enforced
Kansas wrote Lecompton Constitution for ———— to the Union ——— of settlers in Kansas did not support the pro-slavery Constitution Buchanan's mistake- he asks Congress to ——- it anyway Congress did ——
admission majority accept not
What specifically is Hammond angry about in the last few lines of his speech?
angry that the north is interfering and getting slaves to think about freedom
Whig Party after wp
began as the Anti-Jackson party, Supported by Clay, Webster, and JQA. There is a division over slavery. ● Northern Whigs- "conscience whigs", slavery is morally wrong ● Southern Whigs-"cotton whigs", slavery is needed for economy
Which of the following amendments eventually overturned the Dred Scott decision? ____a. The Tenth Amendment ____b. The Thirteenth Amendment ____c. The Fourteenth Amendment ____d. The Seventeenth Amendment
c and b
Lincoln's question to Douglas
could the settlers of a territory vote to exclude slavery before the territory became a state (canpopularsovereigntywork?)
Missouri Compromise was ———unconstitutional All e
deemed prohibited
What was a big issue in California?
free or slave state **neither
North exonomy
industry
Personal liberties v. property rights
laws designed to guarantee that free blacks would not be taken from the state and that fugitive slaves could not be removed without a fair hearing and clear evidence that the liberty laws violated sacred constitutional obligations and threatened the property of citizens of slaveholding states
Free Soil Party after wp
made up of Northern Democrats and Whigs ● Anti-Slavery Expansions ● Support the Wilmot Proviso
Stephen Douglas pushed to ——- the territory in the west into Kansas and Nebraska. He —— each part of the Compromise of 1850 He believed popular——- was the best option for the new territories However to do this, he would need to—— the Missouri Compromise This would allow slavery above the 36'30' (North) This does not go well
organize Separated sovereignty repeal
Election of 1852
Whig- Winfield Scott of VA-gained support from the North but at the cost of alienating the South because he was against the FSA.Planned to focus on internal issues (ignored slavery) Free Soil- John Hale (NH) Democrat- Franklin Pierce, Supported the Fugitive Slave Act"Dough Face" - Northerner who sympathizes with the South
Which two of the following statements explain the Court's ruling in the case? ____a. Under the Constitution slaves could not be citizens. ____b. Slavery was to be prohibited in all new territories. ____c. The Thirteenth Amendment ending slavery was unconstitutional. ____d. Congress had no constitutional authority to ban slavery in territories like Wisconsin.
a and d
Douglas response to Lincoln's question
"Slavery could not exist a day or an hour anywhere unless it is supported by the local police regulations."
Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
$10 for every slave returned/ $1000 fine if you helped a fugitive slave This law is now controlled by the federal government Slaves have NO right to a trial and could not testify on their own behalf
Violence in the Senate
"Caning of Sumner" May 19- Sumner (senator from MA) gives passionate speech- "The Crime Against Kansas"- called out many pro-slave colleagues, including SC Senator Butler May 22- Butler's nephew, Congressman Preston S. Brooks beat Sumner with his cane causing brain damage Sumner did not return to his Senate duties for 3 years Southerners applauded Butler- sent him more canes, one was inscribed with "hit him again" Northerners outraged and believed this was another example of Southern brutality
What does Election of 1856 show US?
Democrats could win with a national candidate Know-Nothings were in decline Republicans are a strong political force
D and L closing statement
D: He promotes popular sovereignty L: Lincoln is saying something needs to change, everyone should unite instead of being divided.
D and L fugitive slave laws
D: He supports the fugitive slave laws. L: Against
