USHC Units One - Eight

Trail of Tears

"Somebody must explain the four-thousand silent graves that mark the trail of the Cherokee to their exile." John G. Burnett's , 1838 quote about the effect of Indian Removal

Mexican-American War

(1846-1848) The war between the United States and Mexico in which the United States acquired one half of the Mexican territory.

Chinese Exclusion Act

(1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate.

16th Amendment

(1913) gave Congress the power to tax income.

Battle of Okinawa

(1945) World War II victory for the Allied troops that resulted in the deaths of almost all of the 100,000 Japanese defenders; the battle claimed 12,000 American lives

Roe v Wade

(1973) legalized abortion on the basis of a woman's right to privacy; sparked a Pro-Life Movement by conservatives

Polio vaccine

(1995) created by Dr. Jonas Salk. worked by introducing killed or weak pieces of the virus to allow body to develop antibodies thus preventing polio

Social Security Act

(FDR) 1935, guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health

Iron Curtain

(HT) , Term used by Churchill in 1946 to describe the growing East-West divide in postwar Europe between communist and democratic nations

Kristallnacht

(Night of the Broken Glass) November 9, 1938, when mobs throughout Germany destroyed Jewish property and terrorized Jews.

TVA

(Tennessee Valley Authority Act) Relief, Recover, and Reform. one of the most important acts that built a hyro-electric dam for a needed area.

Immigration quotas

+This was passed in 1924 which cut quotas for foreigners from 3 % to 2% of the total number of immigrants. The main purpose was to freeze America's existing racial composition which was largely Northern European. It also prevented Japanese immigration which led to fury in Japan.

NATO

..., North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries

Woodrow Wilson

.Progressive democrat that was President during World War I

Andrew Johnson

17th president of the United States, came to office after Lincoln's assassination and opposed Radical Republicans; he was impeached

Louisiana Purchase

1803 purchase of the Louisiana territory from France. Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US.

Monroe Doctrine

1823 - Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere (North and South America) and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S.

Battle of the Alamo

1836 attack on the Alamo mission in San Antonio by Mexican forces during the Texas Revolution, became a rallying cry for the fight against Mexico

Henry Ford

1863-1947. American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents.

New Territory after the Spanish American War

1898 First land added to the US outside the continent of North America; included Guam, Puerto Rico, Philippines

Prohibition

18th Amendment A law forbidding the sale of alcoholic beverages

Scopes Trial

1925 court case in which Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan debated the issue of teaching evolution in public schools

Nuremburg Laws

1935 laws defining the status of Jews and withdrawing citizenship from persons of non-German blood

Fair Labor Standards Act

1938 act which provided for a minimum wage and restricted shipments of goods produced with child labor

Battle of Midway

1942 World War II battle between the United States and Japan, a turning point in the war in the Pacific

Korematsu v. United States

1944 Supreme Court case where the Supreme Court upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japanese Americans.

Yalta Conference

1945 Meeting with US president FDR, British Prime Minister(PM) Winston Churchill, and and Soviet Leader Stalin during WWII to plan for post-war

Truman Doctrine

1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

Cuban Missile Crisis

1962 crisis that arose between the United States and the Soviet Union over a Soviet attempt to deploy nuclear missiles in Cuba

Tet Offensive

1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment

First Moon Landing

1969 led to greater emphasis on math and science

War Powers Act

1973. A resolution of Congress that curtailed the powers of the President during military action, Presidents can only send troops into action abroad by authorization of Congress or if America is already under attack or serious threat.

W.E.B Dubois

1st African American to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910 to seek equal rights, opportunity, and justice

Knights of Labor

1st effort to create National union. Open to all races and almost everyone (but lawyers and bankers), Discredited in the Haymarket Riot

Theodore Roosevelt

26th president, known for: conservationism, "trust-busting", Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo-Japanese War

Baby Boom

30 million war babies were born between 1942 and 1950.

Harry Truman

33rd President of the United States. Led the U.S. to victory in WWII making the ultimate decision to use atomic weapons for the first time. Shaped U.S. foreign policy regarding the Soviet Union after the war.

John F. Kennedy

35th President of the United States 35th President of the United States; only president to have won a Pulitzer Prize; events during his administration include the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the building of the Berlin Wall, the Space Race, the African American Civil Rights Movement and early events of the Vietnam War; assassinated in Dallas, TX in 1963

African Americans in the WWI

42,000 served separately from most white male soldiers but under their command in 92nd and 93rd Infantry Divisions

Hoovervilles

A "Hooverville" was a shanty town built during the Great Depression by the homeless in the United States. They were named after Herbert Hoover, who was POTUS when the economy collapsed

Palmer Raids

A 1920 operation coordinated by Attorney General Mitchel Palmer in which federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organization in 32 cities

Flapper

A 1920s term used to describe a new type of young woman; rebellious, energetic, and bold

Battle of the Bulge

A 1944-1945 battle in which Allied forces turned back the last major German offensive of World War II.

Pentagon Papers

A 7,000-page top-secret United States government report on the history of the internal planning and policy-making process within the government itself, led to the huge increase in the credibility gap as it proved the President Johnson had misinformed and lied about several issues in the Vietnam War

Soviet Union

A Communist nation, consisting of Russia and 14 other states, that existed from 1922 to 1991.

Farmer's Alliance

A Farmers' organization founded in late 1870s; worked for lower railroad freight rates, lower interest rates, and a change in the governments tight money policy; threatened to become leading source of Populist support in the South leading to racial divisions

Huey Long

A Louisiana Democrat who served as both governor and senator. He proposed more radical methods than Roosevelt's New Deal, entitled Share Our Wealth. He had presidential ambitions, but was assassinated in 1935

Andrew Carnegie

A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry.

Containment

A U.S. foreign policy adopted by President Harry Truman in the late 1940s, in which the United States tried to stop the spread of communism by creating alliances and helping weak countries to resist Soviet advances

corporation

A business owned by many people (stockholders) and treated as though it were a single person, investors share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts

Will Rogers

A celebrity, actor, comedian, and social commentator of the 1920s and 1930s. Known for saying "I never yet met a man that I didn't like."

monopoly

A company that controls all production and sales of a particular product or service

Space Race

A competition of space exploration between the United States and Soviet Union.

Cold War

A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.

Clarence Darrow

A famed criminal defense lawyer for Scopes, who supported evolution. He caused William Jennings Bryan to appear foolish when Darrow questioned Bryan about the Bible.

Stock Market Crash

A famous dramatic loss of value in the shares of stock in corporations that hit the U.S. in 1929

FDIC

A federal guarantee of savings bank deposits initially of up to $2500, raised to $5000 in 1934, and frequently thereafter; continues today with a limit of $100,000

Taliban

A group of fundamentalist Muslims who took control of Afghanistan's government in 1996

Muckrakers

A group of investigative reporters who exposed the abuses of big business and the corruption of urban politics in their works; included Frank Norris (The Octopus) Ida Tarbell (A history of the standard oil company) Lincoln Steffens (the shame of the cities) and Upton Sinclair (The Jungle)

Trust

A legal relationship under which title to property is transferred to a person, called a trustee, who has control over the property, and must manage it for some other person -- called a beneficiary.

Cotton Gin

A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793; increased southern dependence on slavery and made cotton the king of southern exports and economy

Holocaust

A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled.

Al Capone

A mob king in Chicago who controlled a large network of speakeasies with enormous profits. His illegal activities convey the failure of prohibition in the twenties and the problems with gangs.

Era of Good Feeling

A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.

Manifest Destiny

A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined by God or some divine power to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific and spread Christianity, democracy, and capitalism

Political Machine

A party organization that recruits voter loyalty with tangible incentives and is characterized by a high degree of control over member activity and the electoral process

Installment Plan

A payment plan that allows customers to make payments at set intervals over a period of time until the total debt is paid

Camp David Accords

A peace treaty between Israel and Egypt where Egypt agreed to recognize the nation state of Israel

Red Scare

A period during the Cold War where the American public was terrified of Communists and the spread of Communism.

Marshall Plan

A plan that the US came up with to revive war-torn economies of Europe. This plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe.

imperialism

A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically.

Nativism

A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones

Depression

A prolonged period with large numbers of unemployed, declining incomes,and general economic hardship

Rosie the Riveter

A propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in the factories. It became a rallying symbol for women to do their part.

Cornelius Vanderbilt

A railroad owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and New York. He popularized the use of steel rails in his railroad, which made railroads safer and more economical.

New Deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

Zoot Suit Riots

A series of riots in L.A. California during WW2, soldiers stationed in the city and Mexican youths because of the zoot suits they wore.

Lincoln-Douglas debates

A series of seven debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas on the issue of slavery in the territories

Okies

A slang term for a person from Oklahoma. It is sometimes used, generically, to refer to migrants who settled in California during the Great Depression

Protective Tariff

A tax on imported goods that raises the price of imports so people will buy domestic goods

Communism

A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.

Hydrogen Bomb

A thermonuclear bomb which uses the fusion of isotopes of hydrogen

Berlin

A wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West

Berlin Wall

A wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West

Berlin Wall

A wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West, the fall of this marked the end of the Cold War two years before it was official

Bessemer Process

A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities.

Stay at home mom

A woman who stays home to look after her children, or clean the house/ do chores while her husband work

13th Amendment

Abolished slavery. First of three "Reconstruction Amendments" passed after Civil War (1865-70)

Organized crime

Activities of individuals and groups that supply illegal goods and services for profit.

Booker T. Washington

African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually through self-reliance, jobs, and education, to achieve equality.

A. Phillip Randolph

African-American civil rights leader who pressured FDR to ban racial discrimination in war production factories

Bomb shelters

After WWII and the atomic bombs, thousands of families built these in their yards to be safe from possible attacks.

Adams-Onis Treaty

Agreement in which Spain gave up all of Florida to the United States

AAA

Agricultural Adjustment Administration: attempted to regulate agricultural production through farm subsidies; ruled unconstitutional in 1936; disbanded after World War II

Berlin Airlift

Airlift in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin

Bank holiday

All the banks were ordered to close during the early New Deal until new laws could be passed. An emergency banking law set up new ways for the federal government to funnel money to troubled banks and required the Treasury Department to inspect banks before they could re-open.

Gulf of Tonkin Incident

Alleged attack of US ships by North Vietnamese torpedoes in the Tonkin Gulf on August 4, 1964. Prompted Pres. Johnson's escalation of the War in Vietnam in the following Resolution of Congress and led to Operation Rolling Thunder

Franklin Roosevelt

American President during WWII - until his death in April of 1945

Battle of Britain

An aerial battle fought in World War II in 1940 between the German Luftwaffe (air force), which carried out extensive bombing in Britain, and the British Royal Air Force, which offered successful resistance.

Central Intelligence Agency

An agency created after World War II to coordinate American intelligence activities abroad. It became involved in intrigue, conspiracy, and meddling as well.

Warsaw Pact

An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO

Speakeasies

An illegal bar where drinks were sold, during the time of prohibition.

Urbanization

An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.

Urbanization

An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements; by 1920 urban populations in the US out numbered rural populations = more people lived in cities

Labor Unions

An organization formed by workers to strive for better wages (pay) and working conditions; 8 hours for work, sleep, and to do w hat we will was their slogan

Labor Unions

An organization formed by workers to strive for better wages and working conditions

OPEC

An organization of countries formed in 1961 to agree on a common policy for the production and sale of petroleum. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

Temperance movement

An organized campaign to eliminate alcohol consumption

Which group would not support the Constitution until the Bill or Rights was added?

Anti-federalists including Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Lee, and Samuel Adams

Income inequalty

As a result of the post WWI economic boom, the rich got richer and the poor seemed to get poorer creating two separate spheres of haves and have nots

Foreign Investments

As industrialization progressed through the Gilded Age and Progressive era, this also increased

Court packing

Attempt by Roosevelt to appoint one new Supreme Court justice for every sitting justice over the age of 70 who had been there for at least 10 years. Wanted to prevent justices from dismantling the new deal. Plan died in congress and made opponents of New Deal inflamed.

Vicksburg

Battle which gave the Union control of the Mississippi River, a major part of their Anaconda plan

Creationism

Belief that all life was created by God.

Booker T. Washington

Black activist who led Tuskegee Institute; believed racism would end when blacks acquired skills that demonstrated their economic value to society

W.E.B DuBois

Black intellectual who challenged Booker T. Washington's ideas on combating Jim Crow; he called for the black community to demand immediate equality and was a founding member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).

Ida B. Wells-Barnett

Black journalist who strongly opposed the practice of lynching. Also prominent in the women's suffrage movement.

Lusitania

British ship sunk by a German submarine

Maryland and Pennsylvania displayed religious toleration to which two groups?

Catholics, Quakers

War bonds

Certificates sold by the United States government to pay for the war.

Origin of the Species

Charles Darwin's book that describes how evolution occurs

If the senate rejects the president's appointment to the supreme court they are illustrating what concept?

Checks and Balances

15th Amendment

Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude

CCC

Civilian Conservation Corps. It was Relief that provided work for young men 18-25 years old in food control, planting, flood work, etc.

Arms Race

Cold war competition between the U.S. and Soviet Union to build up their respective armed forces and weapons

Fidel Castro

Communist leader of Cuba

The two biggest debates at the _______ _________ were representations of big and small sates and the division of power b/w state and national governments.

Constitutional Convention

Fifteenth Amendment

Constitutional amendment guaranteeing that the right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

Thirteenth Amendment

Constitutional amendment ratified after the Civil War that forbade slavery and involuntary servitude.

Fourteenth Amendment

Constitutional amendment that required states to grant citizenship to "all persons born naturalized in the U.S." and promised "equal protection of the laws."

Birth of a Nation

Controversial but highly influential and innovative silent film directed by D.W. Griffith. It demonstrated the power of film propaganda and revived the KKK.

Israel

Country recognized first by the US; new home for the Jews after World War II

South Vietnam

Country that the US tried to protect from communists but was taken over by North Vietnam in 1975, two years after the withdrawal of American troops

Labor unions

Created to improve working conditions for people.

Problems of Urbanization

Crime, corruption, sanitation and sewer, electricity, transportation, overcrowding

Agricultural Depressions

Crop prices fell as demand fell leading to economic difficulty for farmers, many moved to cities to find work in factories in the late 19th Century

Invasion of Normandy

D-day; Otherwise known as D-Day, or Operation Overlord, this battle opened up the Western Front; it was the largest approach by sea of any battle in U.S. history.

Which document says that we have fundamental rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness?

Declaration of Independence

14th Amendment

Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws

Genocide

Deliberate extermination of a racial or cultural group

Which political party believed that they national government should be weaker and wanted states to have more power?

Democratic Republicans

38th Parallel

Dividing line between North and South Korea

De Lome Letter

Document that was intercepted and published calling President McKinnley weak and turning people against Spain

War Production Board

During WWII, FDR established it to allocated scarce materials, limited or stopped the production of civilian goods, and distributed contracts among competing manufacturers

Bonus Army

During the Great Depression(specifically 1932), this group of veterans protested in Washington D.C., to receive their 'bonus' for fighting in WWI, though payment wasn't required until the next decade

Oil Embargo

Economic crisis of 1973 that occurred when OPEC nations refused to export oil to Western nations. Ensuing economic crisis plagued Gerald Ford's time in office.

WWII

Ended the Great Depression

The Bill of Rights made the people sovereign over the national government like which document had done in England?

English Bill of Rights

Universal ideals such as nationalism, religious tolerance, and consent of the governed originated in what European movement?

Enlightenment

John D. Rockefeller

Established the Standard Oil Company, the greatest, wisest, and meanest monopoly known in history

U.S.S. Maine

Exploded in Cuba, a cause of the Spanish-American War

Salves were allowed to own property, but not allowed to read or write.

FALSE

cash and carry

FDR policy that allowed the Alllies to buy war materials in the US if they paid cash and transported the materials themselves

Eleanor Roosevelt

FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter. Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women

Causes of the US Entering WWI

Failure of Neutrality = submarine warfare, trade w/ Britain needed to be preserved, making the world safe for democracy, Zimmerman Note

Benito Mussolini.

Fascist leader of Italy during WWII - Axis ally of Germany/Hitler

Red Scare

Fear of Communism after WWI, caused by: Russian Revolution, labor strikes post WWI, nativism; led to a crackdown on immigrants and radicals (suppression of rights)

Which concept stated that powers not delegated to the national government were reserved for the states?

Federalism

Agricultural advancements 1960s

Fertilizers, pesticides

Sputnik

First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.

Mao Zedong

First communist ruler of China

Women in WWI

First official war service but in non-combat roles, many served as nurses and did clerical work, they worked in factories on the homefront to support the war effort

Moral Diplomacy

Foreign policy proposed by President Wilson to condemn imperialism, spread democracy, and promote peace

Dollar Diplomacy

Foriegn Policy idea by Taft to make countries dependant on the U.S. by heavily investing in their economies

Treaty of Versailles

France and Britain blamed Germany and wanted to punish them; 1) surrender of German Territory, 2) reparations to Britain and France, 3) occupation of Rhineland by Allies, 4) Germany had to admit guilt for starting war 5), League of Nations established with Article X, example of multilateralism

Vietnam War

France tried to keep control of SE Asia, but Vietminh (Ho Chi Minh), North was Vietminh govt, South was anti communist, US refused to let SV have elections because the Communists would win, We also helped them with military troops under the Johnson administration but it was terribly unpopular and killed the success of Johnson's Great Society Domestic Policies

Abolition

Frederick Douglass, Denmark Vesey, and Nat Turner along with SC residents Sarah and Angelica Grimke worked to end slavery

Laissez-Faire

French term that means "allow to do", the philosophy that government should stay out of the market

Cuba and USSR

Friends/allies that made the US fearful of an attack during the Cold War

19th Amendment

Gave women the right to vote

blitzkrieg

German word meaning lightning war - involved a quick, decisive military strike with overwhelming force

Which supreme court case said that only Congress could regulate interstate commerce through legislation?

Gibbons v. Ogden

Farmer's Organizations

Grange, Farmer's Alliance, and Populist Party were all created to assist this group with economic problems

Which compromise provided for two houses, one to represent the states, the other to represent the states' populations

Great or Connecticut

What did Fulton's steam boat side-wheelers, the development of high pressure steam engines do for shipping freight?

Grew a northern agricultural and industrial reliance on New Orleans as a free port.

Lost Generation

Group of writers in 1920s who shared the belief that they were lost in a greedy, materialistic world that lacked moral values and often choose to flee to Europe

Socialists

Group that believed nation's resources and industries should be owned and operated by the government on behalf of the people

Women, African-Americans

Groups the New Deal did not protect

Democratic Party

Had been in the minority for 40 years since the Civil War but gained the immigrant vote by offering jobs, housing, and help during emergencies

Herbert Hoover

He was the 31st POTUS. He was progressive, humanitarian, and Republican. He lost favor with the American public due to the Great Depression and his ill-fated technical solutions

Samuel Gompers

He was the creator of the American Federation of Labor. He provided a stable and unified union for skilled workers BUT excluded African-Americans and other "unskilled" workers

Atomic Bombs

Hiroshima, Nagasaki

Final Solution

Hitler's program of systematically killing the entire Jewish people

Laissez-faire

Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs; this philosophy was opposed by both Populists and Progressives

Causes of the Spanish American War

Imperialism: new markets, spread democracy and Christianity, Yellow Journalism blamed Spain for sinking the Maine, help Cubans, DeLome Letter

Indian Removal Act

In 1830, Congress passed an executive order by President Jackson to remove Cherokee from Southeast

Bay of Pigs

In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure.

Iran-hostage Crisis

In November 1979, revolutionaries stormed the American embassy in Tehran and held 52 Americans hostage. The Carter administration tried unsuccessfully to negotiate for the hostages release leading to Reagan's landslide victory in the 1980 election. On January 20, 1981, the day Carter left office, Iran released the Americans, ending their 444 days in captivity

Iran Hostage crisis

In November 1979, revolutionaries stormed the American embassy in Tehran and held 52 Americans hostage. The Carter administration tried unsuccessfully to negotiate for the hostages release. On January 20, 1981, the day Carter left office, Iran released the Americans, ending their 444 days in captivity.

Penicillin

Introduction of the first antibiotics

Operation Torch

Invasion of N. Africa to gain control of oilfields in the Middle East

Al Qaeda

Islamist terrorist organization that launched a series of attacks against U.S.

Al Qaeda

Islamist terrorist organization that launched a series of attacks against U.S., claimed responsibility for the 9/11 attacks leading to the War on Terror

Universal Male Suffrage

Jacksonian Democracy saw the extension of the right to vote to all males regardless of social standing or race, whose movement had begun in the early-mid 1800's

Who was the author of Federalists Paper #10 that said opposing state majorities would cancel each other out, as a means to get people to support the ratification of the Constitution?

James Madison

Harlem Renaissance

Jazz age with African American artists, writers, and entertainers promoting black pride that crossed racial lines but did little to combat stereotypes in much of America, some began to question inequality

Blue collar jobs

Jobs where workers manufacture goods for sale

the election of 1824

John Q Adams won thanks to "corrupt bargain" after going to the House of Representative to decide the outcome. Henry Clay became Secretary of State and Andrew Jackson lost the Pres. even though he received the most votes.

Which term means to determine if a law is Constitutional?

Judicial Review

What actually set up the federal court system?

Judiciary Act of 1789

Suez Crisis

July 26, 1956, Nasser (leader of Egypt) nationalized the Suez Canal, Oct. 29, British, French and Israeli forces attacked Egypt. UN forced British to withdraw; made it clear Britain was no longer a world power

Queen Liliuokalani

Leader of Hawaii that was deposed in an American led revolt

Shah of Iran

Leader of Iran who wanted to nationalize their oil and improve economy, sparks Iranian Revolution and Shah is overthrown (1979)

Mechanization of Farming

Led to corporate take over of family farms and consolidation

Which branch of government existed under the Constitution and Articles of Confederation to make laws?

Legislature

Standard of Living

Level of economic prosperity

H.L. Mencken

Lost Generation author who attacks American Middle Class idea

Ernest Hemingway

Lost Generation writer, spent much of his life in France, Spain, and Cuba during WWI, notable works include A Farewell to Arms

Federal Defense highway Act

Made by the Eisenhower administration to help build highways.

Push Factors

Many African Americans moved to the north due to discrimination and Jim Crow laws promoting segregation

Pull Factors

Many African Americans moved to the north to find jobs in industry, many middle class individuals settled in segregated communities like Harlem which contributed to the Harlem Renaissance

Great Migration

Many African-Americans moved to Northern cities to find unskilled jobs in industry

Which supreme court case claimed the right of judicial review for the Supreme Court?

Marbury v. Madison

Civil Rights Strategies

Martin Luther King, Jr led non-violent marches and boycotts and wanted cooperation with whites while the Black Power leaders like Stokely Carmichael were more radical and rejected cooperation with whites

Russian Revolution

Massive revolutionary upheaval in 1917 that overthrew the Romanov dynasty in Russia and ended with the seizure of power by communists under the leadership of Lenin

Signers of this document established self-government for the Plymouth Colony

Mayflower Compact

Which colonial region developed economies on shipbuilding, grain harvesting, and trading?

Middle Colonies

Immigration

Migration into a place (especially migration to a country of which you are not a native in order to settle there)

Race Riots

Migration of African Americans to nothern cities increased racial tensions, which led to violence in many cities. Conditions were no better in the South than in the North.

Suburbanization

More and more Americans moved to suburbs after WWII (cars, Interstate Highway System, Levittown)

Feminine Mystique

Name of the book by Betty Friedan that discussed the frustration of many women in the 1950's and 1960's who felt they were restricted to their roles of mother and homemaker.

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination, to oppose racism and to gain civil rights for African Americans, got Supreme Court to declare grandfather clause unconstitutional and over turned Separate but Equal in the Brown v Board of Education decision

Which colonial region was NOT known for exporting cash crops?

New England

One success of the Articles of Confederation was the _________ ___________ because the government proved it could regulate slavery in the territories

Northwest Ordinance

Republican Party

One of the two major American political parties. It emerged in the 1850s as an antislavery party and consisted of former northern Whigs and antislavery Democrats.

Surgery advancements

Open heart surgery

New Deal program built:

Parks, bridges, hospitals, schools

17th Amendment

Passed in 1913, this amendment to the Constitution calls for the direct election of senators by the voters instead of their election by state legislatures.

After the Revolution, these two groups of colonists continued to resent each other for a long time.

Patriots and Tories

White collar job

People who work in service industries and require specified training

Eisenhower Doctrine

Policy of the US that it would defend the Middle East against attack by any Communist country

Conservatives

Political Party that reacted to Brown with disdain, refused to enforce the decision, created private schools, and called for the resignation of the Supreme Court justices; believed States should be given more powers to determine welfare and the federal government should not be involved in welfare, and that the government should tighten its belt during economic downturns and cut spending;; thought Abortion should be illegal and tax cuts should be given to the wealthy so money will trickle down; supply side economics

Vertical Integration

Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution; example: Carnegie controlled iron and coal -> production of steel

Spoils System

President Jackson started this practice of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power

Great Society

President Johnson's domestic program of Democratic reform program including Medicare, Medicaid, civil rights legislation (including Voting rights and Civil Rights Acts), and federal aid to education; greatly expanding the power of the federal government

Santa Anna

President of Mexico during the Texas Revolution

FDR

President of the United States during the Depression and WWII. He instituted the New Deal. Served from 1933 to 1945, he was the only president in U.S. history to be elected to four terms

Andrew Jackson

President that connected with the "common man" and forced the removal of Indians from desired land

Nixon

President that regained the support of the South for the Republican Party when he promised Law and Order, the dismantling of the Great Society, and return to conservative values

Mass Production

Process of making large quantities of a product quickly and cheaply

William Howard Taft

Progressive Republican that believed investing in Latin America and the Far East would improve other nations' opinions of the US and support American business.

Theodore Roosevelt

Progressive Republican that wanted to show American genius through the Panama Canal

18th Amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

18th amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

Northwestern Europe

Region that had previously send many emigrants to the US in the 1800s but had the greatest decline in numbers by 1920

Asia

Region that sent few emigrants to the US but the numbers steadily increased from 1880 through 1920 despite legislation that opposed them

Puritans believed that _____________ and ___________ should be closely linked so only church members could vote.

Religion, Government

21st amendment

Repeal of Prohibition

Reagan

Republican President who promised to balance the budged by cutting social welfare programs but the national debt actually soard to an all time high when he passed his tax cuts for the wealthy and increased defense spending

Railroads

Revolution in transportation that enabled US industry to expand everywhere by moving large amounts of items quickly

One of the main cash crops of South Carolina

Rice

This concept is illustrated by the fact that we have three branches of government: executive, legislative, and judicial

Separation of Powers

Slave codes

Set of laws that formally regulated slavery

Texas

Settlers fought for and won their independence from Mexico but was not allowed to immediately join the union because of the conflict over expanding slavery

__________ _________ revealed that the United States could stop local rebellions before they turned deadly

Shays' Rebellion

Southern economy

Slavery-based, subsistence farming, and opposition to high tariffs.

Ku Klux Klan (KKK)

Southern society formed in 1866 to prevent freed men and women from exercising their rights and to help whites regain power; used in the 1920's to terrorize foreigners, Catholics, Jews, etc.

East Germany

Soviet union controlled East Germany after WWII. Allies had West Germany.

Big Three

Stalin, FDR, Churchill

Jim Crow laws

State and local laws passed in the post-Reconstruction Era South to enforce racial segregation and otherwise restrict the rights of African Americans.

Dred Scott case

Supreme Court case in which the Court ruled that ruled that African Americans had no claim to freedom or citizenship

Mass Media

TV, billboards

Rationing

Taking items that are in short supply and distributing them according to a system. For instance, during World War II, gas, sugar, and butter were a few of the items rationed in the United States.

Protective tariff

Tax on imports designed to protect American manufacturers

Zimmerman Note

Telegram that stated German plans to offer America to Mexico, reason for US entering World War I

Mexico was outraged over _________ joining the US, which led to the Mexican-American War

Texas

Florida

The American Victory in the War of 1812 increased American migration into here

Korean Conflict

The Korean War was fought from 1950 to 1953. The North was supported by USSR and later People's Republic of China while the South was supported by U.S. and small United Nations force. The war ended in stalemate, with Korea still divided into North and South.

Nuremburg War Crimes Trials

The Nazi's responsible for the Holocaust were tried and sentenced at these trials

PLO

The Palestine Liberation Organization is an organization founded in 1964 with the purpose of the "liberation of Palestine" through armed struggle, leading to terrorist attacks against Israel to regain Palestinian independence in the Middle East

Pacific Theater

The Part of the War fought in Asia and Oceania

Big Stick Diplomacy

The Roosevelt Corollary in this foreign policy involved using the navy to enforce the Monroe Doctrine

Effects of the Spanish-American War

The US becomes a world power economically and politically, Spain lost all claims to Cuba, Guam, and Puerto Rico, Expansionists and Imperialists were happy

Panama

The US helped this country win independence from Columbia and gained control of the land we needed to build the canal linking the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans

National Defense Education Act

The act that was passed in response to Sputnik; it provided an opportunity and stimulus for college education for many Americans. It allocated funds for upgrading funds in the sciences, foreign language, guidance services, and teaching innovation.

Social Darwinism

The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.

100% Americanism

The end of WWI brought about this movement which celebrated all things American and attacked all ideas and people it viewed as foreign or anti American.

Bull Run

The first battle of the Civil War that had casualties in it, also known as Manassas where Stonewall Jackson got his nickname.

Japanese Internment Camps

The forcible relocation of approximately 110,000 Japanese Americans to housing facilities called "War Relocation Camps", in the wake of Imperial Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor.

Unemployment

The lack of jobs for willing workers

Gettysburg

The most violent battle of the American Civil War and is frequently cited as the war's turning point, fought from July 1 - July 3, 1863.

Black Tuesday

The name given to the day in October of 1929 when the Stock Market crashed

Mass Culture

The production of works of art and entertainment designed to appeal to a large audience

Fall of Berlin Wall

The removal of the wall that separated East and West Germany in 1989. Symbolized the end of the Cold War.

Suburbia

The residential districts or suburbs outside the boundaries of a city or town. Dramatically increased in size after WW2.

Corporate Merger

The result of two firms forming one company.

Alamo

The site of the death of many Americans as they revolted against Mexico for Texan Independence

McCarthyism

The term associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy who led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s through his leadership in the House Un-American Activities Committee.

Dust Bowl

The term given to the area of the Great Plains that was most greatly affected by the Great Drought of the 1930s

Improvements in Transportation

The transcontinental railroad, steam engine, and national railroad

Soup Kitchens

These facilities were organized and sponsored by churches or charities during the Great Depression in an effort to feed the homeless and needy

Federal Reserve Act

This early 20th century law created a federal system for the control of the money supply

Industrialization

This gradually changed the way that things were produced, starting in the mid 18th century, but escalating greatly by the mid 19th century.

Populist Reforms

This party advocated: direct election of U.S. Senators, graduated income tax, and government ownership of railroads

Protective Tariff

This tax on imports supported American business because it led to an increase the demand for American manufactured goods.

Wealth Inequality

This term refers to the "gap" between rich and poor that helped contribute to the Great Depression

Great Depression

This was a period of global economic crisis that lasted from 1929-1939. There was widespread poverty and unemployment

Lewis and Clark Expedition

Thomas Jefferson authorized this to explore new territories that lay west of the Mississippi River

Relief, recovery, reform

Three components of the New Deal. The first "R" was Relief: the effort to help the one-third of the population that was hardest hit by the depression, & included social security and unemployment insurance. The second "R" was recovery: the effort to restore the economy to normal health; the third "R" was reform: let government intervention stabilize the economy by balancing the interests of farmers, business and labor and keep another depression from occurring

Which Compromise was a result of southern states' fear that they would lose representation if their slave populations did not count?

Three-Fifths

Effects of WWI on US

Treaty of Versailles conflict b/w President and Senate, Neutrality Acts and return to Isolation, blaming Germany leads to World War II

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million

Lend-Lease Act

US policy of lending or leasing war materials to the Allies -UK, France, China, and the Soviet Union (after Germany invaded the USSR)

Joseph McCarthy

US senator; claimed that their were Soviet spies and Communists within the government but had no evidence; discredited by the US senate

Victory gardens

US strategy to promote the conservation of food by encourage citizens to grow some of their own

Dwight Eisenhower

United States general who supervised the invasion of Normandy and the defeat of Nazi Germany

Bracero Program

United States labor agents recruited thousands of farm and railroad workers from Mexico. The program stimulated emigration for Mexico.

William Jennings Bryan

United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925)

Alfred T. Mahan

Urged the United States to create a large navy, responsible for the race for sea power among powerful nations of the world

What was the first elected government in America?

Virginia House of Burgesses

Examples of representative government institutions in the colonies

Virginia House of Burgesses, New England Town Meeting, Mayflower Compact

Office of Price Administration

WWII Office that installs price controls on essential items to prevent inflation

Selective Service Act

WWII conscription act - first peacetime draft in US history

Texas Revolution

War between Texas settlers and Mexico from 1835-1836 resulting in the formation of the Republic of Texas

19th Century sources of fuel

Whale oil->kerosene->Coal

Government subsidies

When the government pays farms when certain commodity prices are low or when it is bought by the government and then the government sells that to foreign governments.

WPA

Works Progress Administration Writers, artists, ators

F. Scott Fitzgerald

Wrote literature opposing society, was not famous in his day but is now known for Great Gatsby and many other writings.

Freedmen's Bureau

a U.S. federal government agency that aided distressed freedmen (freed slaves) in 1865-1869, during the Reconstruction era of the United States.

Massachusetts 54th

a black regiment led by white officers, it earned honor and respects for its black soldiers by continuing to fight after suffering heavy losses

dictatorship

a form of government under complete control of one individual - absolute control

Fugitive Slave Act

a law that made it a crime to help runaway slaves; allowed for the arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery was illegal and required their return to slaveholders

Stagflation

a period of slow economic growth and high unemployment (stagnation) while prices rise (inflation) during the last 5 years of the Vietnam War that resulted in limited growth of the US's economy but a large increase in prices of goods

Compromise of 1850

a series of congressional measures intended to settle major disagreements between free and slave states

collective bargaining

ability of labor unions to organize and negotiate with their employers as a group, granted in the New Deal

Atlantic Charter

agreement between FDR and Winston Churchill prior to Pearl Harbor that outlined the US and British goals for WWII

Munich Pact

agreement between Neville Chamberlain (United Kingdom) and Hitler that gave Germany control of Czechoslovakia - seen as appeasement of Hitler

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

an 1890 law that banned the formation of trusts and monopolies in the United States; later used against unions bargaining for wages making that illegal

Ulysses S. Grant

an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.

Compromise of 1877

an agreement to settle the disputed presidential election of 1876; Democrats agreed to accept Republican Rutherford B. Hayes as president in return for the removal of federal troops from the South, federal money to improve Southern infrastructure and appointment of a Southern cabinet member

Operation Rolling thunder

bombing campaign over North Vietnam, supposed to weaken enemy's ability and will to fight

ration coupon booklets

booklets provided to US consumers for the purpose of controlling the amount of key goods they could purchase at a given time

Death Camps

camps used under the rule of Hitler in Nazi Germany for the purpose of killing prisoners immediately.

Flappers

carefree young women with short, "bobbed" hair, heavy makeup, and short skirts

Conservation Movement

characterized by the Clean Air Act, the Endangered Species Act, and the EPA

Which group had the power to raise taxes in the colonies?

colonial legislatures

Fair Employment Practice Act

companies with government contracts not discriminate on the basis of race or religion. It was intended to help African Americans and other minorities obtain jobs in the homefront industry during World War II.

Afghanistan and Iraq

countries is the US currently trying to support democratic institutions after years of war

totalitarian

dictatorial, centralized government that demands complete loyalty to the state and/or its leader

Watergate Scandal

event led to the downfall of Richard Nixon and eventually to his resignation in lieu of an impeachment trial

Cold War

event was taking place as the Civil Rights Movement developed that forced the US to live up to constitutional promises or face embarrassment on the international stage

Xenophobia

fear or hatred of foreigners or strangers

Anti-Imperialists

feared that foreigners would want to move here, opposed increase in taxes to support overseas territories, and thought empire building was contradictory to our own fight for independence from the British in the American Revoltuion

Charles A. Lindbergh

first person to make a solo transatlantic airplane flight

Sandra Day O'Connor

first woman supreme court justice. appointed by Reagan

NAFTA, GATT, and EU

growing trend towards expansion and integration of worldwide trading networks

Coal Industry

hardship hit this element of the economy when people turned to electricity for a source of energy

Anti-Semitism

hostility or prejudice towards Jews

black markets

illegal markets for the sale of rationing coupons

The necessary and proper clause added __________ powers to the national government like the creation of a national bank.

implied

Which of the following plantation laborers worked to relieve their debts?

indentured servants

Fireside chat

informal talks given by FDR over the radio; sat by White House fireplace; gained the confidence of the people

Automobile

invention that allowed people to move to the suburbs because they did not have to work and live in the same place, affordable for many

Emancipation Proclamation

issued by Abraham Lincoln on September 22, 1862, it declared that all slaves in the rebellious Confederate states would be free

Household inventions

items like the washing machine, vacuum cleaner, and iron made chores easier for many middle class women but lower class women could not afford these items

What action did the colonial legislatures take when they received the Massachusetts Circular and Virginia Resolves?

joined in non-importation boycotts

Battle of Iwo Jima

lasted 6 weeks, several thousand marines, and more than 20,000 Japanese soldiers were killed, this battle is also notable for the famous photograph of US marines lifting the American flag to a standpoint

GI Bill

law passed in 1944 to help returning veterans buy homes and pay for higher educations

Gorbachev

leader of the USSR that passed glasnost and perestroika and helped lead to the downfall of the Soviet Union

McCulloch v. Marlyland stated that _______ legislatures could not ________ or control U.S. institutions.

legislatures, tax

World War II

major event led to African American veterans getting lynched, northern African Americans experiencing Jim Crow laws, President Truman desegregating the military, and called into questions race relations in the US

appeasement

making political or economic concessions to a rival to avoid conflict

Suburbs

many white middle class families who could afford a car moved here

Hideki Tojo

miiltaristic prime minister of Japan during WWII - Axis ally of Germany and Italy

Western economy

mixture of mining, ranching, and agriculture

Securities and Exchange Commission

monitors the stock market and enforces laws regulating the sale of stocks and bonds

Immigrants

moved to cities, provided a ready and cheap supply of workers but jobs were dangerous and wages high, they were resented by others for breaking strikes; lived in ethnic neighborhoods where they spoke their home language in business and church

Civil Rights Movement

movement that started in the mid 1900's to secure full rights of citizenship for African Americans

Free Soil Party

opposed the expansion of slavery into the western territories of the United States

Doves

people opposed to the Vietnam War including college students, hippies, and members of the Counterculture movement of the 1960s and 1970s

Anarchists

people who oppose all forms of organized government

Radical Reconstruction

period beginning in 1867, when the Republicans, who had control in both houses of Congress, took charge of Reconstruction; wanted to destroy the political power of former slaveholders and to give African-Americans full citizenship and the right to vote (males)

Neutrality

policy of not helping either side in a conflict

Liberals

political party who believed in tax cuts should be designed to be given to the poor (demand side economics), that the federal government should be in control of healthcare, and abortion is part of a woman's right to privacy and should be legal in the first trimester

George W. Bush

president came to office with the controversial election of 2000 that instituted tax cuts but his economic plan was ruined by the War on Terror

William Jefferson (Bill) Clinton

president was impeached but was not convicted in the Senate and was able to maintain his presidency

British American "_________" charters contained a provision for what representatives in the colony

proprietary

Expansion

reasons included demand for raw materials and new markets, manifest destiny, and hopes to spread Christianity; this helped improve the US economy

German invasion of Poland

seen as the start of WWII in Europe

Kuwait

small country was invaded by Iraq that was defended by the US with a large coalition of countries to protect oil interests in the region in the Gulf War during George H.W. Bush's administration

destroyers for bases

step FDR proposed to support the allies prior to WWII - it involved swapping mothballed ships for Caribbean bases

Non-Violent and Direct Action

strategy by Civil Rights activists used sit-ins, marches, demonstrations, and boycotts

Island-Hopping

the American navy attacked islands held by the Japanese in the Pacific Ocean. The capture of each successive island from the Japanese brought the American navy closer to an invasion of Japan.

Nuclear Arms Race

the Cold War competition between superpowers to develop more powerful and greater numbers of nuclear weapons

Appomattox Courthouse

the Virginia town where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant in 1865, ending the Civil War

Bootlegging

the act of making of transporting alcoholic liquor for sale illegally

mobilization

the action of a country or its government to prepare and organize the nation for war - military and the general population

Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor

the event that brought the United States into WWII - attack on US naval forces in Hawaii

Women's Suffrage Movement

the fight to extend to women all rights of citizenship, including the right to vote to out vote aliens (immigrants), self-protection, and cleaning up political corruption

Antietam

the first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Northern soil. It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with almost 23,000 casualties. After this "win" for the North, Lincoln announced the Emancipation Proclamation

Cotton

the king of southern exports

Reconstruction

the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union

Secession

the withdrawal of eleven Southern states from the Union in 1860 which precipitated the American Civil War

skilled workers

this group became less important after WWI because of mass production and assembly lines, people only needed to be able to complete one simple task on the line instead of being able to complete an entire product from start to finish

Farmers

this group faced many hardships and prices fell and surpluses caused another depression

radio

this invention brought Americans together listening to news, sports, and music and contributed to the mass culture of the '20s

aviation

this invention had little impact because few could afford this type of travel but it did improve the mail delivery system

Labor Unions

this long time establishment in the US lost power as technology decreased the number of manufacturing jobs available and many factory positions were outsourced overseas

West Characteristics

this region had a mix of agriculture, mining, and ranching; they only supported tariffs to gain support for internal improvements like roads and canals; the question about expanding slavery here led to the Civil War

South Characteristics

this region had plantations that were dependent on slaves to grow cash crops; they opposed the national bank and tariff but supported states rights and the expansion of slavery

North Characteristics

this region had small farms, trade, and growing industry; immigrants settled in growing cities; the people favored the national bank, tariffs, and opposed slavery

Advertising

this tool helped spread the mass consumer culture through encouragement of installment buying and information about new gadgets

Progressive Era

time at the turn of the 20th century in which groups sought to reform America economically, socially, and politically; they advocated income tax, 8 hour work days, child labor laws, direct elections of senators, prohibition, and women's suffrage

Embargo

to block shipment of goods to or from a given country

Women Suffrage

to organize their struggle, the national american woman suffrage association was created by women like Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, and Susan B. Anthony

Media

tool for advertising the buy now, pay later installment payments, it pushed people to buy things they could not afford and reinforced traditional values

Joseph Stalin

totalitarian dictator of the Soviet Union during World War II

Adolph Hitler

totalitarian leader of Germany during World War II - rose to power during the world-wide depression

Northern economy

trade and manufacturing led to increased immigration and little to no slavery

Describe the federal government under the Articles of Confederation

very limited powers

Planters

wealthy plantation owners with more than 20 slaves and large landed estates of cash crops; they dominated southern culture, politics, and society

What did the experience of organizing an army, fighting through repeated defeats, and finally winning, lead to?

widespread nationalist support

Barack Obama

won the election of 2008 and immediately passed a stimulus package designed to help the Great Recession, and finally pushed through Universal Healthcare

White Flight

working and middle-class white people move away from racial-minority suburbs or inner-city neighborhoods to white suburbs and exurbs; decreases the tax base and cities fall to disrepair

The Feminine Mystique

written by Betty Friedan, journalist and mother of three children; described the problems of middle-class American women and the fact that women were being denied equality with men; said that women were kept from reaching their full human capacities

KKK

xenophobic and racist groups like this one experienced a resurgence to combat increased opportunities for African Americans and immigrants.