USMLE STEP 1
A 1-day-old newborn is evaluated for possible sepsis. Blood cultures grow gram-positive cocci in pairs and chains that agglutinate with group B antiserum. The most likely epidemiologic risk factor for this infection involves bacterial colonization of which of the following? A .Mother's vagina B .Newborn's gastrointestinal tract C .Newborn's nasopharynx D .Placenta E .Umbilical cord remnant
A
A 14-year-old girl with a 9-year history of type 1 diabetes mellitus is brought to the physician by her mother for a follow-up examination. She has been admitted to the hospital twice in the past 3 months because of diabetic ketoacidosis. She previously had been compliant with monitoring her blood glucose concentration and with her diet and insulin regimen. She acknowledges that, when she is with her peers, she eats whatever she wants and does not check her blood glucose concentration. She adds, "I'm embarrassed to inject myself in front of them." The physician is having a great deal of difficulty with her 15-year-old son who has been truant from school and sneaking out of the house. She says to the patient, "You should be ashamed for not taking care of yourself. We've all worked so hard to keep you healthy." Which of the following terms best describes the physician's reaction to the patient? A .Countertransference B .Identification with the aggressor C .Projection D .Splitting E .Sublimation
A
A 16-year-old boy comes to the physician because of a rash on his left inner thigh that first appeared 2 days after he returned from a hunting trip with friends in Minnesota. A photograph of the rash is shown. Without treatment, this patient is at increased risk for which of the following? A.Carditis B.Glomerulonephritis C.Hepatitis D.Pancreatitis E.Thrombocytopenia
A
A 16-year-old boy is admitted to the emergency department because of a knife wound to the left side of his chest. An x-ray of the chest shows an air-fluid level in the left side of the chest, partial collapse of the left lung, and elevation of the stomach bubble. The mediastinum is in the midline. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? A .Hemopneumothorax, not under tension B .Hemothorax, not under tension C .Pneumothorax, not under tension D .Tension hemopneumothorax E .Tension hemothorax F .Tension pneumothorax
A
A 17-year-old girl has never had a menstrual period. Physical examination shows a normal female body habitus, normal breast development, and normal appearing external genitalia. She has no axillary or pubic hair. The patient refuses to have a pelvic or rectal examination. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for the clinical presentation? A .Androgen insensitivity B .Congenital adrenal hyperplasia C .Ectodermal dysplasia D .A psychiatric disorder E .A sex chromosome mosaicism
A
A 20-year-old man with a history of intermittent asthma comes to the physician because of a 1-week history of chest tightness, wheezing, malaise, and a cough productive of clear sputum. He does not appear to be in distress. His pulse is 72/min, respirations are 14/min, and blood pressure is 120/70 mm Hg. Physical examination shows clear tympanic membranes and no exudates in the oral pharynx. Diffuse expiratory wheezes are heard on auscultation. When asked to take a deep breath, the patient coughs with forced expiration. Which of the following substances is most appropriate to treat this patient's cough at this time? A .Albuterol B .Dextromethorphan C .Guaifenesin D .Pseudoephedrine E .Theophylline
A
A 25-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 10-year history of frequent occurrences of fever blisters. Physical examination shows perioral vesicles. Microscopic examination of culture of scrapings from three vesicles shows herpes simplex virus 1. Which of the following patterns in the figure shown was most likely observed when the viral DNA from the cultures was examined by restriction enzyme analysis on polyacrylamide gels?
A
A 29-year-old man is brought to the physician for removal of a cast from his left leg. He sustained a fracture of the left lower extremity 6 weeks ago and was immobilized in a cast that extended from just below the knee to the foot. At the time of injury, there was severe pain but normal strength in the extremity. When the cast is removed today, physical examination shows a pronounced left footdrop with paresthesia and sensory loss over the dorsum of the left foot and lateral leg. Injury to which of the following nerves is the most likely cause of this patient's condition? A .Common fibular (peroneal) B .Femoral C .Obturator D .Sciatic E .Tibial
A
A 33-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 2-day history of mild nausea, increased urinary urgency and frequency, and constipation. She also has had a 4.5-kg (10-lb) weight loss during the past 2 weeks and a 3-week history of vaginal bleeding. Pelvic examination shows a nodular cervix with an irregular, friable posterior lip, and a rock-hard, irregular, immobile pelvic mass that extends across the pelvis. Examination of biopsy specimens from the cervix and anterior wall of the vagina show well-differentiated keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma. Which of the following best describes the pathogenesis of this patient's disease? A .Inactivation of cellular p53 B .Insertion of viral promotors adjacent to cellular growth factor genes C .Specialized transduction D .Transactivation of cellular growth factor genes by TAX E .Translocation of CMYC to an Ig gene promoter
A
A 35-year-old man who works at a facility processing highly radioactive substances accidentally receives a high, whole-body dose of ionizing radiation estimated to be 1500 rads (15 gray). He dies 1 week later. At autopsy, histologic examination of the skin shows scattered, individual epidermal cells with shrunken, markedly eosinophilic cytoplasm and pyknotic, fragmented nuclei. These morphologic changes most likely indicate which of the following processes? A .Apoptosis B .Coagulation necrosis C .Liquefaction necrosis D .Mutagenesis E .Tumor initiation
A
A 45-year-old man comes to the physician because of right shoulder pain that began after he chopped wood 2 days ago. Examination of the right upper extremity shows no obvious bone deformities or point tenderness. The pain is reproduced when the patient is asked to externally rotate the shoulder against resistance; there is no weakness. In addition to the teres minor, inflammation of which of the following tendons is most likely in this patient? A .Infraspinatus B .Pectoralis C .Subscapularis D .Supraspinatus E .Trapezius
A
A 45-year-old woman with systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) comes to the physician because of a 3-week history of progressive shortness of breath and nonproductive cough. Her temperature is 36.9°C (98.4°F), pulse is 82/min, respirations are 20/min, and blood pressure is 136/85 mm Hg. Crackles are heard in both lower lung fields. Pulmonary function tests show total lung capacity is 80% of predicted, and diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide, corrected for alveolar volume, is 65% of predicted. Histologic examination of a lung biopsy specimen is most likely to show which of the following findings? A .Diffuse interstitial fibrosis B .Intra-alveolar exudates C .Multiple thromboemboli D .Necrotizing vasculitis E .Non-necrotizing interstitial granulomas
A
A 47-year-old woman comes to the emergency department because of a 2-week history of intermittent abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. She has had similar episodes sporadically during the past 4 years. Physical examination shows dehydration, jaundice, and upper abdominal distention. Laboratory studies show hyperbilirubinemia. A CT scan and upper gastrointestinal series of the abdomen with oral contrast are shown; the arrows indicate the abnormality. Which of the following is the most likely cause of these findings? A .Annular pancreas B .Cirrhosis of the liver C .Duodenal constriction by the portal vein D . Duodenal constriction by the superior mesenteric artery E .Pyloric stenosis
A
A 52-year-old man comes to the emergency department because he has had vomiting, nausea, and abdominal pain for the past 12 hours. He says he attempted suicide 3 days ago by "taking everything in the medicine cabinet." He was stuporous for approximately 12 hours after the overdose but felt better the following day. At this time, he has jaundice and pain in the right upper quadrant. Which of the following drugs is most likely to have caused the pain, vomiting, and jaundice? A .Acetaminophen B .Aspirin C .Cimetidine D .Diphenhydramine E .Triazolam
A
A 55-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 2-week history of recurrent, widespread blister formation. Physical examination shows lesions that are most numerous in the flexural areas including the axillae and groin. The blisters do not break easily, and there are no oral lesions. These blisters are most likely the result of adhesion failure involving which of the following? A .Basement membrane B. Dermal papillae C. Langerhans cells D. Melanocytes E .Merkel cells
A
A 55-year-old man is brought to the emergency department because of shortness of breath and confusion for 4 hours. He has hypertension and chronic kidney disease requiring hemodialysis. An ECG shows low voltage with electrical alternans. Physical examination is most likely to show which of the following findings?
A
A 60-year-old woman develops fever and chills 1 week after completing cytotoxic induction chemotherapy for acute myelogenous leukemia. Her temperature is 39°C (102.2°F). Her leukocyte count is 100/mm 3 (25% neutrophils and 75% lymphocytes). Physical examination and an x-ray of the chest show no abnormalities. This patient's profound granulocytopenia is most likely to predispose her to infection with which of the following organisms? A .Bacteria BDimorphic fungi C .Nontuberculous mycobacteria D .Protozoa E .Viruses
A
A full-term female newborn is examined shortly after birth. She appears to be small for gestational age, and she has excess skin on the nape of the neck and lymphedema of the hands and feet. Chromosomal analysis shows some cells with a normal 46,XY karyotype and some cells with a 45,X karyotype. Which of the following mechanisms best explains this cytogenetic abnormality? A .Nondisjunction in mitosis B .Reciprocal translocation C .Robertsonian translocation D .Skewed X-inactivation E .Uniparental disomy
A
A placebo-controlled clinical trial is conducted to assess whether a new antihypertensive drug is more effective than standard therapy. A total of 5000 patients with essential hypertension are enrolled and randomly assigned to one of two groups: 2500 patients receive the new drug and 2500 patients receive placebo. If the alpha is set at 0.01 instead of 0.05, which of the following is the most likely result? A .Significant findings can be reported with greater confidence B .The study will have more power C .There is a decreased likelihood of a Type II error D .There is an increased likelihood of statistically significant findings E ..There is an increased likelihood of a Type I error
A
A sexually active 23-year-old man with multiple sex partners has dysuria and a yellow urethral exudate. Gram stain of the exudate shows numerous neutrophils, many that contain intracellular gram-negative diplococci. He has had three similar episodes of urethritis over the past 2 years. Which of the following properties of the infecting organism best explains the reinfection? A .Antigenic variation B .Catalase C .Inhibition of B-lymphocyte function D .Inhibition of T-lymphocyte function E .Polysaccharide capsule
A
After being severely beaten and sustaining a gunshot wound to the abdomen, a 42-year-old woman undergoes resection of a perforated small bowel. During the operation, plastic reconstruction of facial fractures, and open reduction and internal fixation of the left femur are also done. Thirty-six hours postoperatively, she is awake but not completely alert. She is receiving intravenous morphine via a patient-controlled pump. She says that she needs the morphine to treat her pain, but she is worried that she is becoming addicted. She has no history of substance use disorder. She drinks one to two glasses of wine weekly. Which of the following initial actions by the physician is most appropriate? A .Reassure the patient that her chance of becoming addicted to narcotics is minuscule B .Maintain the morphine, but periodically administer intravenous naloxone C .Switch the patient to oral acetaminophen as soon as she can take medication orally D .Switch the patient to intramuscular lorazepam E .Switch the patient to intravenous phenobarbital
A
An 83-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 2-day history of constant severe pain of his right knee. He had a similar episode 1 year ago that subsided in 1 month without treatment. His temperature is 37.7°C (99.9°F). Examination of the right knee shows swelling; there is no overlying warmth or apparent deformity. Palpation and movement of the right knee produce pain; range of motion is limited by pain. An x-ray of the right knee shows large subchondral cysts and linear meniscal calcifications. Examination of fluid obtained on joint aspiration of the knee shows: Amount Appearance Leukocyte count Segmented neutrophils Lymphocytes 2 mL cloudy with diminished viscosity and crystals present 49,000/mm 3 65% 35% His pain is moderately improved after the joint aspiration and injection of corticosteroids. Treatment with ibuprofen during the next week significantly improves his condition. Histologic examination of the joint fluid aspirate is most likely to show which of the following types of crystals? (A)Calcium pyrophosphate (B)Cholesterol (C)Oxalic acid D. Potassium phosphate
A
An investigator is studying the effect of the number of hours watching television (Factor A) on the percent of hemoglobin A 1c in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Two different variables, Factor A and hemoglobin A 1c , are compared. The results of the study indicate a correlation coefficient of +0.9. Which of the following graphs shown best corresponds to these results?
A
An otherwise healthy 45-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 3-week history of progressive epigastric heartburn and a 4.5-kg (10-lb) weight loss. The pain tends to be more severe at night and occurs 1 to 3 hours after meals during the day. He has had similar episodes with lesser intensity during the past year. Abdominal examination shows tenderness to deep palpation. Test of the stool for occult blood is positive. Endoscopy shows a bleeding 3-cm ulcer in the antrum of the stomach. A photomicrograph of Steiner silver-stained tissue (400x) from a biopsy of the gastric mucosa adjacent to the ulcer is shown. Which of the following processes is most likely to be involved? A .Elaboration of proteases and urease with local tissue destruction B .Hyperacidity and gastric ulcer development C .Ingestion of preformed toxins in contaminated well water D .Spirochete invasion of gastric cells
A
Six healthy subjects participate in a study of muscle metabolism during which hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia is induced. Muscle biopsy specimens obtained from the subjects during the resting state show significantly increased concentrations of malonyl-CoA. The increased malonyl-CoA concentration most likely directly inhibits which of the following processes in these subjects? A .Fatty acid oxidation B .Fatty acid synthesis C .Gluconeogenesis D .Glycogenolysis E .Glycolysis F .Oxidative phosphorylation
A
A 17-year-old girl is brought to the physician by her mother because she has not had a menstrual period for 6 months. The patient is unconcerned about the lack of menses. Menarche occurred at the age of 12 years, and menses had occurred at regular 28-day intervals until they became irregular 1 year ago. She is a member of her high school gymnastics team. She appears emaciated. She is 163 cm (5 ft 4 in) tall and weighs 40 kg (88 lb); BMI is 15 kg/m 2 . Her pulse is 54/min, and blood pressure is 80/50 mm Hg. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's amenorrhea? A .Hyperthyroidism B .Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism C .Hypothyroidism D .Polycystic ovarian syndrome E .Prolactinoma
B
A 26-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department 3 hours after ingesting approximately 50 tablets of aspirin in a suicide attempt. She is nauseated, confused, and sleepy. Her pulse is 130/min, respirations are 30/min, and blood pressure is 100/60 mm Hg. Which of the following sets of laboratory values is most likely on evaluation of blood obtained before treatment?
B
A 30-year-old man is admitted to the hospital for evaluation. He has a 6-week history of colicky abdominal pain and diarrhea with occasional blood. Three days after admission, he suddenly develops peritonitis and sepsis. Despite appropriate care, he dies. At autopsy, examination shows a fibrinous exudate over the peritoneal and serosal surfaces, and a punctate opening is seen in the wall of a thickened loop of small intestine. Several lengths of the small and large intestines are also thickened and adherent to one another, with marked areas of narrowing. Photomicrographs of a section of the colon are shown. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? A .Colon cancer B .Crohn disease C .Diverticulitis D .Ischemic necrosis E .Ulcerative colitis
B
A 35-year-old man who recently immigrated to the USA from Mexico comes to the physician because of a 6-month history of lesions on his face and chest. He has a history of asthma and atopic dermatitis. Physical examination shows the findings in the photograph. Which of the following cytokines is most likely to be increased in these lesions? A .Interferon gamma B .Interleukin-4 (IL-4) C .IL-12 D .Transforming growth factor (TGF)-α E . TGF-β
B
A 37-year-old woman with right lower extremity edema is evaluated because of the sudden onset of shortness of breath and pleuritic chest pain. A diagnosis of pulmonary embolism is made. Which of the following signs, if present on physical examination, would be the most specific indicator of pulmonary arterial hypertension in this patient? A .Increased jugular venous pressure B .P 2 louder than A 2 C .Peripheral edema D .Presence of an S 3 E .Pulmonary crackles
B
A 39-year-old woman with a 1-month history of itching, watery eyes, nasal congestion, runny nose, and sneezing undergoes hypersensitivity testing. During the test, allergens are introduced by pricking the skin with lancets coated with pollen and grass extracts. Within 30 minutes, a visible reddening reaction of the skin occurs at the sites of allergen introduction. Which of the following most likely initiates the inflammatory response to these allergens in this patient? A .C3 B .IgE C .Interferon gamma D .Interleukin-2 (IL-2) E .Tumor necrosis factor
B
A 42-year-old man comes to the physician for a follow-up examination 1 week after he passed a renal calculus. X-ray crystallographic analysis of the calculus showed calcium as the primary cation. Physical examination today shows no abnormalities. A 24-hour collection of urine shows increased calcium excretion. Which of the following is the most appropriate pharmacotherapy? A .Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor B .Na + -Cl − symport inhibitor C .Na + -K + -2Cl − symport inhibitor D .Osmotic diuretic E .Renal epithelial sodium channel inhibitor
B
A 42-year-old man comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. Four months ago, he underwent repair of a Dupuytren contracture. Physical examination shows decreased range of motion in the affected hand. The patient is upset that his hand has not fully healed, and he files a malpractice suit against the physician. Which of the following is the most likely precipitating factor in this patient's decision to file a malpractice suit? A .The patient's perception that the physician is incompetent B .The patient's perception that the physician is uncaring C .The patient's socioeconomic status D .The physician's amount of experience in the medical field E .The physician's inability to screen out problem patients
B
A 48-year-old woman comes to the emergency department because of shortness of breath. She has no history of cardiac or pulmonary disease. Her current medication is timolol for glaucoma. Her pulse is 75/min. Diffuse wheezing is heard in the lower lung fields. An ECG shows no abnormalities. In addition to discontinuing timolol, which of the following drugs is the most appropriate treatment to relieve symptoms at this time? A .Adenosine B .Albuterol C .Beclomethasone D .Cromolyn E .Propranolol
B
A 50-year-old man comes to the physician because of a persistent cough for the past 2 months. He has had a 5-kg (11-lb) weight loss during this period. He is a poultry farmer. Current medications include atenolol, enalapril, hydrochlorothiazide, and omeprazole for hypertension and gastroesophageal reflux. Physical examination shows no other abnormalities. Laboratory studies show histoplasmosis infection. Itraconazole therapy is initiated and omeprazole is discontinued. Which of the following best describes the reason for removing omeprazole from this patient's medication regimen? A .It decreases distribution volume of itraconazole B .It decreases gastrointestinal absorption of itraconazole C .It decreases partitioning from blood to lung of itraconazole D .It enhances hepatic metabolism of itraconazole E .It enhances protein binding of itraconazole F .It enhances renal elimination of itraconazole
B
A 57-year-old man receives radiation therapy for a squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. Despite therapy, the tumor progressively increases in size, and he dies 6 months later. His tumor cells contain a point mutation in the p53 gene (TP53), leading to an inactive gene product. Based on this finding, the progressive tumor growth despite irradiation therapy is most likely to be related to a defect in cell cycle arrest in which of the following phases of the cell cycle? A .G 0 B .G 1 C .G 2 D .M E .S
B
A 59-year-old woman comes to the physician because of yellow skin for 5 days. Physical examination shows jaundice. There is mild epigastric tenderness on deep palpation. Serum studies show: Bilirubin, total Direct Alkaline phosphatase AST ALT 9.6 mg/dL 8.9 mg/dL 310 U/L 29 U/L 31 U/L A CT scan of the abdomen shows a 3-cm mass at the head of the pancreas. Examination of material from the mass obtained by fine-needle aspiration shows numerous anaplastic cells. These cells most likely originated from which of the following components of the pancreas? Acinar epithelium B .Duct epithelium C .Interstitial adipose tissue D .Interstitial fibrous tissue E .Islet of Langerhans F .Vascular endothelium
B
A 6-day-old breast-fed boy is brought to the emergency department by his mother because of poor weight gain and irritability since delivery, and a 2-hour history of vomiting. Physical examination shows jaundice and hepatomegaly. A reducing substance test result of the urine is positive, and a glucose oxidase test result is negative. The concentration of which of the following metabolites in liver is most likely increased in this patient? A .Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate B .Galactose 1-phosphate C .Glucose 1-phosphate D .Glucose 6-phosphate
B
A 62-year-old woman comes to the physician because of low back pain for 1 week. Menopause occurred 10 years ago. Physical examination shows localized tenderness over the lumbar spine after movement. X-rays of the spine show a compression fracture of L1-2. A DEXA scan shows decreased bone mineral density. Serum calcium and phosphorus concentrations and serum alkaline phosphatase activity are within the reference ranges. A bisphosphonate drug is prescribed. The expected beneficial effect of this drug is most likely due to which of the following actions? A .Decreased insulin-like growth factor-1 concentration B .Decreased osteoclast activity C .Decreased osteoprotegerin production D .Increased 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol concentration E .Increased osteoblast activity F .Increased receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) prod
B
A 63-year-old homeless man is brought to the emergency department 1 hour after police found him unresponsive. His respirations are 30/min. Crackles are heard over the left upper and the entire right lung fields. Despite appropriate lifesaving measures, he dies. A photomicrograph of a section of the right lung obtained at autopsy is shown. Which of the following mediators is the most likely cause of the position of the cell indicated by the arrow? A .Bradykinin B .C5a C .Histamine D .Nitrous oxide E .Prostaglandins
B
A 63-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 2-week history of fatigue, malaise, nausea and vomiting, and decreased appetite; these symptoms have worsened during the past week. She was diagnosed with tuberculosis 3 months ago; a multidrug regimen was initiated at that time. Her temperature is 37.1°C (98.8°F). Physical examination shows scleral icterus and tenderness over the right upper quadrant of the abdomen; there is no hepatomegaly. Serum studies show a total bilirubin concentration of 6.5 mg/dL, AST activity of 580 U/L, and ALT activity of 650 U/L. Which of the following drugs is the most likely cause of these findings? A .Ethambutol B .Isoniazid C .Levofloxacin D .Streptomycin E .Vitamin B 6 (pyridoxine)
B
A 68-year-old woman has the sudden onset of weakness in her right arm and leg. She can speak, but her words are not enunciated clearly. Neurologic examination 6 weeks later shows an extensor plantar reflex on the right. When she is asked to protrude her tongue, it deviates to the left, and the muscle in the left side of the tongue shows considerable atrophy. Which of the following labeled areas in the transverse sections of the brain stem is most likely damaged?
B
A 7-month-old infant is brought to the physician's office because of poor weight gain despite large food intake. He has had two episodes of pneumonia and has frequent bulky stools. He coughs frequently. X-rays of the lungs show increased markings and hyperinflation. Trypsin is absent in a fresh stool sample, and the fat content is increased. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this infant's disorder? A .Autoimmune disorder B .Defective ion transport at epithelial surfaces C .Disaccharidase deficiency D .Inability to synthesize apolipoprotein B E .Villous atrophy of the jejunum
B
A study is designed to evaluate the feasibility of acupuncture in children with chronic headaches. Sixty children with chronic headaches are recruited for the study. In addition to their usual therapy, all children are treated with acupuncture three times a week for 2 months. Which of the following best describes this study design? A .Case-control B .Case series C .Crossover D ..Cross-sectional E .Historical cohort F .Randomized clinical trial
B
A study of a new antihypertensive drug is being conducted in experimental animals. It is found that one of its pharmacologic effects is a decrease in plasma renin activity and serum angiotensin II concentration. A possible mechanism of action that would produce this effect is blockade of which of the following? A .α 1 -Adrenoreceptor B .β 1 -Adrenoreceptor C .Angiotensin-converting enzyme D .Angiotensin II AT 1 receptor E .Renal tubular Cl − reabsorption F .Renal tubular Na + reabsorption
B
A technician wants to determine whether cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA is present in the blood of a bone marrow transplant recipient. DNA purified from the leukocytes of the patient is reacted in a mixture containing oligonucleotides specific for CMV DNA, thermostable DNA polymerase, and nucleotides. Repetitive cycles of heating and cooling are performed, and the reaction product is detected by gel electrophoresis. The technician most likely used which of the following laboratory procedures on this patient's blood? A. Northern blotting B .Polymerase chain reaction C .Reverse transcription D .Southern blotting E .Western blotting
B
An 18-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 30 minutes after sustaining a closed head injury in a motor vehicle collision. Twenty-four hours later, he is noted to be excreting large amounts of urine with an osmolality of 100 mOsmol/kg. His serum sodium concentration is 154 mEq/L. Which of the following portions of the kidney is the most likely site of the excessive loss of fluid in this patient? A .Afferent arterioles B .Collecting duct C .Efferent arterioles D .Glomeruli E .Proximal convoluted tubule
B
An 84-year-old woman who resides in an assisted living facility is brought to the emergency department because of fever and cough for 1 week. The cough has been productive of foul-smelling, yellow-green sputum for 24 hours. She has a 2-year history of dementia, Alzheimer type. Her temperature is 38.5°C (101.3°F), pulse is 80/min, respirations are 20/min, and blood pressure is 116/66 mm Hg. Coarse inspiratory crackles are heard over the right lung field. Laboratory studies show a leukocyte count of 13,500/mm 3 (72% segmented neutrophils, 8% bands, 1% eosinophils, 16% lymphocytes, and 3% monocytes). A CT scan shows a cavitary lesion in the superior segment of the right lower lobe. The lesion has a thick wall and an irregular peripheral margin; there is no displacement of the adjacent bronchovascular bundle. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the lung lesion in this patient? A.Antecedent viral pneumonia B.Aspiration of gastric contents C.Bronchial obstruction by metastatic carcinoma D.Lung infarction secondary to arterial thrombosis E.Primary carcinoma of the lung F.Secondary infection of a congenital lung cyst G.Septic embolism from an extrapulmonary site
B
An investigator is studying the incidence of the common cold among medical students at various time points during the school year. Results show an increased incidence of upper respiratory tract infections among these students during finals week. It is hypothesized that the stress of studying for examinations adversely affects the immune system, making the students more susceptible to infection. Which of the following laboratory findings in these students during examination week is most likely to support this hypothesis? A .Decreased AM serum cortisol concentration B .Decreased macrophage activity C .Increased basophil count D .Increased lymphocyte count E .Increased natural killer cell activity
B
A 12-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his father because of redness and swelling of his left foot for 24 hours. Three days ago, the boy scraped his foot while wading in a drainage ditch. Examination of the left foot shows a purulent abrasion with edema, erythema, and tenderness on the lateral side. Infection is most likely to next spread from the lateral side of the foot to the regional lymph nodes in which of the following areas? A .Lateral surface of the thigh B .Medial malleolus, posteriorly C .Popliteal fossa D .Sole of the foot E .Superficial inguinal area
C
A 12-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his mother because of a 1-month history of pain below the left knee. His mother says, "He can usually walk around, but he hasn't been able to play in any of his soccer games since this all began." Examination of the left knee shows warmth, swelling, and tenderness. An x-ray of the knee is shown. Which of the following structures is attached to the abnormal anterior tibial area? A .Anterior cruciate ligament B .Gastrocnemius muscle C .Patellar ligament D .Popliteus muscle E .Posterior cruciate ligament F .Soleus muscle
C
A 14-year-old boy is brought to the physician because of a 2-day history of a sore throat and fever that peaks in the late afternoon. He also has a 1-week history of progressive fatigue. He recently began having unprotected sexual intercourse with one partner. He appears ill. His temperature is 39°C (102.2°F). Physical examination shows cervical lymphadenopathy and pharyngeal erythema with a creamy exudate. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? A .Candidiasis B .Herpangina C .Infectious mononucleosis D .Mumps E .Syphilis
C
A 2-day-old male newborn delivered at term develops mild jaundice and scleral icterus. Pregnancy and delivery were uncomplicated. His vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination shows no other abnormalities. This patient most likely has an excess amount of which of the following in his blood? A .Biliverdin B .Direct bilirubin C .Indirect bilirubin D .Stercobilin E .Urobilin F .Urobilinogen
C
A 23-year-old woman with bone marrow failure is treated with a large dose of rabbit antithymocyte globulin. Ten days later, she develops fever, lymphadenopathy, arthralgias, and erythema on her hands and feet. Which of the following is the most likely cause of these symptoms? A .Cytokine secretion by natural killer cells B .Eosinophil degranulation C .Immune complex deposition in tissues D .Polyclonal T-lymphocyte activation E .Widespread apoptosis of B lymphocytes
C
A 26-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department because of an 8-hour history of severe back and abdominal pain and mild but persistent vaginal bleeding. Ultrasonography of the abdomen shows a 2-cm ectopic pregnancy in the ampulla. The ampulla has ruptured into the surrounding tissue. Fluid from this rupture will most likely be found in which of the following locations? A .Lesser peritoneal cavity B .Mesometrium C .Pouch of Douglas D .Uterine cavity E .Vagina
C
A 31-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 2-week history of malaise, nausea, vomiting, and decreased appetite. She is a known user of intravenous heroin. She appears chronically ill. She is 165 cm (5 ft 5 in) tall and weighs 47 kg (103 lb); BMI is 17 kg/m 2 . Her temperature is 36.7°C (98.1°F), pulse is 90/min, respirations are 18/min, and blood pressure is 114/68 mm Hg. Physical examination shows scleral icterus and a liver span of 16 cm. The spleen is not palpable. Serum studies show: Hepatitis B surface antibody Anti-hepatitis B core antibody Hepatitis B DNA Anti-hepatitis C virus Hepatitis C RN positive positive negative positive positive A .Complete resolution of infection B .Latent infection with intermittent viremia C .Lifelong persistent infection D .Patient death from acute infectiON
C
A 32-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. Six months ago, she began treatment with a drug that blocks tumor necrosis factor. She says that initially her symptoms improved, but her joint pain has increased during the past 3 weeks. Physical examination shows swollen, tender, stiff joints in the hands and knees. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the loss of drug efficacy in this patient? A .Decreased B-lymphocyte sensitivity to the drug B .Decreased T-lymphocyte sensitivity to the drug C .Development of antibodies to the drug D .Impaired absorption of the drug from the gastrointestinal tract E .Increased elimination of the drug from the body
C
A 40-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 6-month history of increased facial hair growth. Her last menstrual period was 4 months ago. She is 165 cm (5 ft 5 in) tall and weighs 70 kg (154 lb); BMI is 26 kg/m 2 . Her pulse is 80/min, and blood pressure is 130/82 mm Hg. Physical examination shows temporal balding and coarse dark hair on the upper lip and chin. Pelvic examination shows clitoral enlargement. Her serum testosterone concentration is increased. Serum concentrations of androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone, and urinary 17-ketosteroids are within the reference ranges. Ultrasonography of the pelvis shows a 12-cm ovarian mass. Which of the following best describes this mass? A .Granulosa tumor B .Ovarian carcinoid C .Sertoli-Leydig tumor D .Teratoma E .Thecoma
C
A 42-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department because of double vision that began 20 minutes after she fell from her horse and landed on the left side of her face. Examination of the face shows ecchymoses over the left zygomatic arch. A CT scan of the head is shown. Which of the following arteries is at greatest risk for injury in this patient? A .Facial B .Frontal C .Infraorbital D .Lacrimal E .Ophthalmic
C
A 46-year-old woman receives a non-T-lymphocyte-depleted, allogeneic bone marrow transplant from a matched, unrelated donor. Immunosuppressive therapy with cyclosporine is started. One month later, she has fever. Cytolytic destruction of the skin, gastrointestinal tract, and liver is seen, with associated dermatitis, enteritis, and hepatitis. Which of the following best explains these findings? A .C3b deposition B .Cytomegalovirus infection C .Graft-versus-host disease D .Tolerance induction E .Type I (immediate) hypersensitivity
C
A 49-year-old woman comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. She has a strong family history of coronary artery disease. Her blood pressure has ranged from 150/95 mm Hg to 130/85 mm Hg during the previous three visits within the past 2 months. Her blood pressure today is 140/90 mm Hg. Physical examination shows no other abnormalities. Laboratory studies show: Cholesterol, total HDL-cholesterol LDL-cholesterol Triglycerides 290 mg/dL 40 mg/dL 190 mg/dL 350 mg/dL Treatment with atorvastatin and losartan is initiated. Which of the following serum findings is most likely to occur in this patient?
C
A 52-year-old man with a 15-year history of hypertension, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipidemia comes to the physician because of a 2-month history of shortness of breath. He underwent coronary artery bypass grafting 5 years ago. His pulse is 90/min, respirations are 22/min, and blood pressure is 160/86 mm Hg. Jugular venous pressure is 20 cm H 2 O. There are crackles bilaterally halfway up the chest. Cardiac examination shows a grade 2/6 holosystolic murmur and an S 3 gallop at the apex. Which of the following is most likely to be helpful in establishing the most appropriate treatment at this time? A .Assessment of blood pressure readings over the past 2 years B .Determination of hemoglobin A 1c C .Evaluation of left ventricular ejection fraction D .Measurement of fasting serum cholesterol concentration E .Review of the operative report of the bypass surgery
C
A 52-year-old woman is admitted to the hospital because of breast cancer metastatic to the liver. Her prognosis is poor. She begs her husband to stay with her at the hospital because she is afraid to be left alone. Which of the following defense mechanisms best explains her behavior? A .Denial B .Displacement C .Regression D .Repression E .Sublimation
C
A 55-year-old woman with small cell carcinoma of the lung is admitted to the hospital to undergo chemotherapy. Six days after treatment is started, she develops a temperature of 38°C (100.4°F). Physical examination shows no other abnormalities. Laboratory studies show a leukocyte count of 100/mm 3 (5% segmented neutrophils and 95% lymphocytes). Which of the following is the most appropriate pharmacotherapy to increase this patient's leukocyte count? A .Darbepoetin B .Dexamethasone C .Filgrastim D .Interferon alfa E .Interleukin-2 (IL-2) F .Leucovorin
C
A 59-year-old man is brought to the emergency department because of a 4-day history of nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. He also has been confused and agitated during this period. He has a history of mild hypertension. His current medication is a diuretic. His temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 108/min, respirations are 26/min, and blood pressure is 70/47 mm Hg. Physical examination shows delayed capillary refill of the lips and nail beds and cool extremities. His oxyhemoglobin saturation in a central vein is 60% (N=70-75). These findings are most consistent with which of the following types of shock? A .Cardiogenic B .Distributive C .Hypovolemic D .Obstructive E .Septic
C
A healthy 28-year-old woman comes to the physician for advice on losing weight. She is 150 cm (4 ft 11 in) tall and weighs 56 kg (124 lb); BMI is 25 kg/m 2 . Physical examination shows no other abnormalities. The physician recommends a diet that will restrict her daily intake by 500 kilocalories. Which of the following processes is most likely to increase in this patient as a result of following this diet? A .Adipocyte glucose uptake B .Cerebral ketone utilization C .Hepatic lipid oxidation D .Muscle glucose uptake E .Resting energy expenditur
C
A male stillborn is delivered at 32 weeks' gestation to a 30-year-old woman. The pregnancy was complicated by oligohydramnios. Examination of the stillborn shows the absence of a urethral opening. Which of the following additional findings is most likely in this stillborn? A .Congenital diaphragmatic hernia B .Intralobar sequestration C .Pulmonary hypoplasia D .Situs inversus E .Tracheoesophageal fistula
C
A previously healthy 3-month-old boy is brought to the physician because of a runny nose and a dry cough for 2 days. Physical examination shows tachypnea, a nasal discharge, and wheezing. An x-ray of the chest shows hyperexpansion but no infiltrates. The causal virus was most likely transmitted by which of the following routes? A .Blood transfusion B .Ingestion of contaminated formula C .Inoculation onto mucous membranes D .Insect bite E .Transplacental transfer
C
An investigator is studying the effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in experimental animals. During an 8-hour period, Animal X is infused with PTH and Animal Y is infused with 5% dextrose in water. Which of the following sets of findings best describes the most likely serum concentrations in Animal X compared with Animal Y at the end of the infusion?
C
Over 1 year, a study is conducted to assess the antileukemic activity of a new tyrosine kinase inhibitor in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in blast crisis. All patients enrolled in the study are informed that they would be treated with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor. They are assigned to successive dose cohorts of 300 to 1000 mg/day of the drug. Six to eight patients are assigned to each dose. Treatment efficacy is determined based on the results of complete blood counts and bone marrow assessments conducted regularly throughout the study. This study is best described as which of the following? A .Case-control study B .Crossover study C .Open-labeled clinical trial D .Randomized clinical trial E .Single-blind, randomized, controlled trial
C
Vascular control is studied in an intact hind extremity of an anesthetized experimental animal. After a normal control period, the blood flow to the extremity is completely occluded for 1 minute. When the occlusion is released, blood flow increases abruptly and exceeds the control value for several minutes (reactive hyperemia). After an appropriate recovery period, the procedure is repeated and the extremity is actively exercised during the occlusion period. Which of the following best describes the reactive hyperemia after the second occlusion compared with that after the first occlusion? A .Abolished B .Decreased but not .abolished C .Increased D .Unchanged
C
A 14-year-old girl has had nausea, intermittent diarrhea, and a 2.2-kg (5-lb) weight loss over the past 4 weeks. Examination shows a migrating serpiginous pruritic perianal rash. Her leukocyte count is 8000/mm 3 with 20% eosinophils. Which of the following tests is most likely to yield an accurate diagnosis? A .Blood smear B .Bone marrow biopsy C .KOH preparation D .Microscopic examination of the stool E .Skin snip
D
A 19-year-old man is brought to the emergency department because of a 12-hour history of severe headache and double vision. He underwent extraction of all four third molars 1 week ago. Ophthalmologic examination shows exophthalmos on the right and weakness with abduction of the right eye. Further studies confirm the diagnosis of cavernous sinus thrombosis. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the diplopia in this patient? A .Compression of the oculomotor nerve B .Compression of the trochlear nerve C ..Compression of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve D .Compression of the abducens nerve E .Infection of the inferior oblique muscle F .Infection of the inferior rectus muscle G .Infection of the lateral rectus muscle H .Infection of the medial rectus muscle I .Infection of the superior oblique muscle J .Infection of the superior rectus muscle
D
A 22-year-old woman contacts a medical student and asks if he would like to join her for dinner. The student met the woman when he was assigned to her care during her 2-week hospitalization for treatment of major depressive disorder. He has not treated or seen the patient since she was discharged from the hospital. He is attracted to this former patient and would be interested in dating her. Which of the following is the most appropriate action by the medical student regarding this patient's invitation? A .He can date her because he was a medical student, not a physician, when he contributed to her care B .He can date her because she is no longer his patient C .He can date her, but only after at least 1 year has passed since he treated her D .He cannot date her because she was once his psychiatric patient E .He cannot date her unless she agrees never to seek care at his hospital in the future
D
A 26-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by ambulance 30 minutes after being shot in the leg. He is unconscious and appears markedly pale. His pulse is 120/min, respirations are 16/min, and blood pressure is 80/60 mm Hg. Compared with a healthy adult, which of the following findings is most likely in this patient?
D
A 28-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 1-year history of pain with urination that has increased in severity during the past month. He also has had episodes of blood in his urine during the past 5 years. He lived in sub-Saharan Africa until he came to the USA 6 months ago for graduate school. His temperature is 38°C (100.4°F), pulse is 80/min, respirations are 16/min, and blood pressure is 110/84 mm Hg. Physical examination shows suprapubic tenderness. Laboratory studies show: Imaging studies show bilateral hydroureter and hydronephrosis and foci of calcification in the region of the bladder. A biopsy specimen of the bladder shows marked chronic inflammation with fibrosis and scattered granulomas. Which of the following best explains the biopsy findings? A .Exposure to a chemical toxin B .Interstitial cystitis C .Malacoplakia D .Schistosomiasis E .Vesicoureteral reflux
D
A 36-year-old man with profound intellectual disability is brought to the physician by staff at his facility because of increasing abdominal girth during the past 2 weeks. He is unable to speak, and no medical history is currently available. Physical examination shows a protuberant abdomen with a fluid wave and shifting dullness. There are no signs of trauma to the area. Laboratory studies show no abnormalities. A CT scan of the abdomen is shown. Fluid is present in which of the following areas as indicated by the arrow? AEpiploic foramen B .Gastrosplenic ligament C .Hepatorenal pouch (of Morison) D .Omental bursa (lesser sac) E .Sulcus pericolicus
D
A 42-year-old woman comes to the physician because of anxiety, tremor, and a 5-kg (11-lb) weight loss over the past 4 months despite good appetite. Physical examination shows fine thin hair, exophthalmos, goiter, and warm moist skin. Cardiac examination shows tachycardia and a widened pulse pressure. Which of the following sets of laboratory values is most likely in this patient's serum?
D
A 44-year-old man is brought to the emergency department because of a 2-day history of severe headache and blurred vision. His blood pressure is 185/95 mm Hg. Physical examination shows no other abnormalities. His plasma renin activity is 210 μU/mL (N=5-97). Losartan therapy is initiated. Which of the following sets of findings is most likely in this patient after 28 days of treatment?
D
A 45-year-old man comes to the physician for HIV testing. He says that he has been having an extramarital affair with a woman for 6 months, and he hopes this affair will continue because it has made him very happy. He has no plans to tell his wife about the affair. The wife is also a patient of the physician. Physical examination shows no abnormalities, and the result of a serum HIV antibody test is negative. Which of the following is the most appropriate action by the physician? A .Alert the local public health department to the patient's activities B .Explain to the patient that one of them must tell the wife about the affair for her own safety C .Refer the patient for counseling D .Say nothing about the affair to anyone other than the patient E .Tell the patient's wife about the affair so she can make an informed decision about possibly being placed at risk in the future
D
A 45-year-old man has abnormal circadian variation in body temperature, disruption of the sleep-wake cycle, and an impaired nocturnal surge of secretion of melatonin. An MRI of the brain is most likely to show a lesion involving which of the following nuclei? A .Accessory optic B .Lateral preoptic C .Pretectal D .Suprachiasmatic E .Supraoptic
D
A 6-month-old male infant is admitted to the hospital for treatment of bacterial pneumonia. Examination shows absence of B lymphocytes and surface immunoglobulins; there are minimal CD3+ T lymphocytes. An x-ray of the chest shows absence of the thymic shadow and a right lower lobe infiltrate. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? A .AIDS B .Chronic granulomatous disease C .DiGeorge syndrome D .Severe combined immunodeficiency E .X-linked agammaglobulinemia
D
A 6-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his parents because of a 3-day history of fever, headache, and cough productive of a green, foul-smelling discharge that also exits from his nose. He has had repeated episodes of similar symptoms during the past 4 years. He appears pale and lethargic. His height and weight are both below the 10th percentile. Coarse rhonchi are heard bilaterally. An x-ray of the chest shows scattered peripheral opacities, dilated and thickened airways consistent with bronchiectasis, and a cardiac apex that is directed toward the right. The most likely cause of his recurrent infections is a dysfunction of which of the following cell types? A .Alveolar capillary endothelial cell B .Alveolar macrophage C .Chondrocyte D .Ciliated columnar epithelial cell E .Clara cell F .Goblet cell G .Kulchitsky cell H .Squamous epithelial cell I .Type I pneumocyte J .Type II pneumocyte
D
A 64-year-old man comes to the physician because of swelling in his feet for the past 2 years. He says that his skin is dry and itchy and his feet "feel heavy." One of his legs is shown. Which of the following is the most likely cause of his condition A .Arteriolar constriction and arteriolar hypertension B .Arteriolar dilation and venous hypertension C .Venous constriction and arteriolar constriction D .Venous hypertension and incompetent valves E .Venous hypertension and venous constriction
D
A 67-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department 30 minutes after she had a generalized tonic-clonic seizure. Her family says that she seemed mildly confused before her eyes rolled backward and she had the onset of uncontrollable jerking movements of her arms and legs and loss of consciousness. During the seizure, she passed urine and bit her tongue. At the scene, her vital signs were within normal limits. She has a 6-month history of a 7-kg (15-lb) weight loss despite no changes in appetite. She received the diagnosis of small cell carcinoma of the lung last week and has not begun treatment. She has hypertension well controlled with lisinopril. On arrival, she is awake but does not respond to verbal stimuli. She is not in distress. Her temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 70/min, and blood pressure is 130/88 mm Hg while supine. Examination shows no abnormalities. Laboratory studies show:
D
A new blood test to detect prostate cancer is evaluated in 300 male volunteers. A needle biopsy of the prostate gland is done on all men with serum prostate-specific antigen concentrations greater than 5 ng/mL (N<4). One hundred men undergo biopsy procedures; 90 are found to have prostate cancer, and five are found to have chronic prostatitis. Which of the following is necessary to calculate the sensitivity of this test? A .Incidence of chronic prostatitis in the general population B .Number of men with test results greater than 5 ng/mL and a normal biopsy specimen C .Prevalence of chronic prostatitis in the general population D .Prostate biopsies of men with test results equal to or below 5 ng/m
D
A patient being treated with clindamycin for aspiration pneumonia develops diarrhea. The stool contains a toxin that kills cultured epithelial cells. Stool culture grows an anaerobic gram-positive rod. The same organism is cultured from his bedpan. Which of the following is most likely to sterilize the bedpan? A .Boiling for 45 minutes B .Exposure to benzalkonium chloride for 1 hour C .Exposure to ethyl alcohol for 1 hour D .Exposure to saturated steam (121°C) for 15 minutes E .Heating in an oven at 150°C for 30 minutes
D
A previously healthy 24-year-old woman comes to the emergency department because of fever and diarrhea for the past 5 days. She has more than 10 bowel movements daily, accompanied by abdominal cramping and the passage of mucus and blood clots. She has not traveled out of the United States. Tympanic temperature is 39°C (102.2°F). Bowel sounds are increased. Test of stool for occult blood is positive. Which of the following is the most likely causal organism? A.Bacillus cereus B.Cryptosporidium parvum C.Giardia lamblia D.Shigella sonnei E.Staphylococcus aureus
D
A previously healthy 40-year-old man is brought to the emergency department because of constant substernal chest pain for 12 hours that is exacerbated by coughing and inspiration. The pain is relieved with sitting up and leaning forward. There is no family history of heart disease. His temperature is 38°C (100.4°F), pulse is 120/min, and blood pressure is 110/60 mm Hg. The lungs are clear to auscultation. Cardiac examination shows distant heart sounds. An ECG shows diffuse ST-segment elevation in all leads. An x-ray of the chest shows normal findings. The most likely cause of his condition is injury to which of the following tissues? A .Aortic intima B .Esophageal sphincter C .Myocardium D .Pericardium E .Pleura
D
An otherwise healthy 26-year-old woman has had petechiae on her legs during the last 24 hours. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin Hematocrit Leukocyte count Neutrophils Lymphocytes Monocytes Mean corpuscular volume Platelet count 13.1 g/dL 39.7% 8500/mm 3 65% 30% 5% 82.2 μm 3 20,000/mm 3 A peripheral blood smear shows normal red cell morphology; a bone marrow smear shows mature megakaryocytic hyperplasia. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? A. Acute megakaryocytic leukemia B. Acute myelogenous leukemia C.Aplastic anemia D. Immune thrombocytopenic purpura E. Epstein-Barr viral infection F Papovavirus infection G. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
D
In a cohort study of elderly women, the relative risk ratio for hip fractures among those who exercise regularly is 1.2 (95% confidence interval of 1.1 to 1.8). Which of the following is the most appropriate conclusion about the effect of regular exercise on the risk for hip fracture? A .Statistically nonsignificant increase in risk B .Statistically nonsignificant overall decrease in risk C .Statistically significant overall decrease in risk D .Statistically significant overall increase in risk
D
Significant findings can be reported with greater confidence The study will have more power There is a decreased likelihood of a Type II error There is an increased likelihood of statistically significant findings There is an increased likelihood of a Type I error A .0% B .25% C .33% D .50% E .66% F .75% G .100%
D
A 14-year-old boy is brought to the physician for a physical examination prior to participating in sports. He appears reluctant to remove his shirt for the examination, and says that he is embarrassed because he has grown breasts during the past year. He is at the 50th percentile for height and weight. Physical examination shows bilateral 1.5-cm fibroglandular masses located beneath the nipple-areolar complex and normal penis and testes. Pubic hair development is Tanner stage 3. Serum concentrations of gonadotropic hormones, estrogens, and testosterone are within the reference ranges. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's breast enlargement? A .Breast adenocarcinoma B .Estradiol-secreting Leydig cell tumor C .Peutz-Jeghers syndrome D ,.Seminiferous tubule dysgenesis (Klinefelter syndrome) E .Normal development
E
A 15-year-old girl comes to the physician because of a 3-month history of acne. Breast and pubic hair development began at the age of 12 years. Menarche occurred at the age of 14 years. Physical examination shows scattered open and closed comedones over the cheeks and forehead. Breast and pubic hair development are Tanner stage 5. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's acne? A .Decreased parasympathetic stimulation to the sebaceous glands B .Increased estrogen stimulation of the sebaceous glands C .Increased responsiveness of the sebaceous glands to follicle-stimulating hormone D .Increased sympathetic stimulation to the sebaceous glands E .Stimulation of the sebaceous glands by androgens
E
A 17-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department 30 minutes after being found with a "blank stare" and flat facial expression at a party. His pulse is 72/min, and blood pressure is 104/68 mm Hg. He is sitting upright and appears catatonic. Physical examination shows rigidity. During the examination, he becomes hostile and attempts to assault the physician. This patient most likely ingested which of the following drugs? A . Cocaine B .Diazepam C .Methamphetamine D .Oxycodone E .PCP (phencyclidine)
E
A 2-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department because of shortness of breath and left-sided abdominal pain for 3 hours. He appears pale. Physical examination shows hypotension and tachycardia. There is splenomegaly with the spleen tip palpated 8 cm below the left costal margin. Laboratory studies show: A photomicrograph of a Wright-stained peripheral blood smear is shown. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's current condition? A .Aplastic crisis B .Autoimmune hemolysis C .Congestive heart failure D .Salmonellal sepsis E .Splenic sequestratio
E
A 2-year-old boy is brought to the physician for a well-child examination. He was delivered at term after an uncomplicated pregnancy. His birth weight was 3500 g (7 lb 11 oz), and Apgar scores were 8 and 10 at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively. At the age of 15 months, physical examination showed no abnormalities, but he was not yet talking. Both of his parents had learning difficulties in school, and his mother stopped attending after the 10th grade. He has a maternal uncle with cognitive disabilities. He is at the 25th percentile for height, 15th percentile for weight, and 90th percentile for head circumference. He appears irritable, he resists making eye contact, and he is flapping his hands. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's condition? A .Creation of an alternative splice site B .Frameshift mutation C .Missense mutation D .Nonsense mutation E .Trinucleotide repeat expansion
E
A 20-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 5-year history of heavy bleeding with menses that often requires her to change her sanitary pads three times hourly. Menses occur at regular 28-day intervals. She recently sustained a minor cut to her finger, and the bleeding took longer to stop than usual. She has not had easy bruising or change in weight. She only takes an oral contraceptive, but she has not been sexually active for the past 6 months. Her temperature is 37.5°C (99.5°F), pulse is 72/min, respirations are 12/min, and blood pressure is 120/66 mm Hg. Physical examination shows mildly pale conjunctivae. Pelvic examination shows no abnormalities. Laboratory studies show:
E
A 23-year-old woman comes to the physician for genetic counseling prior to conception. Her brother and maternal uncle had Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and died at the ages of 28 and 17 years, respectively. Genetic analysis was not performed on either relative prior to death. Serum studies show a muscle creatine kinase concentration of 120 U/L (N=22- 198). The patient's 50-year-old mother has a serum muscle creatine kinase concentration of 300 U/L. Which of the following is the most appropriate assessment of this patient's carrier status for this disease? A .The patient has a 50% risk for developing DMD B .The patient has a 50% risk of having a child with DMD C . The patient is a carrier of the disease based on her family history of DMD D .The patient is not a carrier of the DMD based on her normal creatine kinase concentration E .The patient's DMD carrier status is uncertain because of random X inactivation
E
A 24-year-old woman comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. One week ago, she was treated in the emergency department after she accidentally spilled hot grease on her left leg while working at a fast-food restaurant. Examination of the left lower extremity shows a 7-cm, pink, soft, granular, edematous wound. The formation of this tissue was most likely caused by increased activity of which of the following? A .Complement C3b B .Glycosylation-dependent cell adhesion molecule-1 C .P-selectin D .Stromelysin E .Vascular endothelial growth factor
E
A 31-year-old woman with type 2 diabetes mellitus comes to the physician because of an oozing, foul-smelling wound on her foot for 2 days. Physical examination shows a 4-cm, necrotizing wound with a purplish black discoloration over the heel. Crepitant bullae producing profuse amounts of serous drainage are seen. A Gram stain of a tissue biopsy specimen shows gram-positive rods. The causal organism most likely produces which of the following virulence factors? A .Endotoxin B .Fimbriae C .Pneumolysin D Polysaccharide capsule E .α-Toxin
E
A 35-year-old man comes to the physician because of pain and swelling of his right arm where he scraped it on a tree branch 2 days ago. His temperature is 38.3°C (101°F). Examination of the right forearm shows edema around a fluctuant erythematous lesion at the site of trauma. The area is extremely tender to palpation. Which of the following is most likely the primary mechanism of the development of edema in this patient? A .Degranulation of eosinophils B .Disruption of vascular basement membranes C .Increased hydrostatic pressure D. Release of thromboxane E .Separation of endothelial junctions
E
A 4-year-old boy is brought to the physician because of slow growth during the past year. He has had recurrent urinary tract infections since the age of 1 year. He is at the 10th percentile for height and 25th percentile for weight. Physical examination shows pallor. Laboratory studies show a normochromic, normocytic anemia and increased serum concentrations of urea nitrogen and creatinine. Urinalysis shows a low specific gravity. Which of the following sets of additional serum findings is most likely in this patient?
E
A 40-year-old woman receives an intravenous infusion of drug X that selectively constricts the efferent arterioles in her kidneys. Following the infusion, total cardiac output and renal afferent arteriolar tone are unchanged, but renal efferent arteriolar tone and total renal vascular resistance have both increased. Which of the following sets of changes most likely occurred following the infusion of drug X?
E
A 42-year-old woman comes to the physician for a routine examination. She says that she has felt well except for occasional episodes of constipation, abdominal discomfort, and mild fatigue. She was treated for a renal calculus 10 years ago and was told she had a "lazy gallbladder." Her pulse is 82/min, and blood pressure is 150/80 mm Hg. Physical examination shows no other abnormalities. Laboratory studies show: The most likely cause of this patient's condition is a small, well-defined nodule in which of the following locations? A .Adrenal gland B .Anterior pituitary gland C .Gallbladder D .Kidney E .Parathyroid gland F .Thymus
E
A 55-year-old man who is a business executive is admitted to the hospital for evaluation of abdominal pain. He is polite to the physician but berates the nurses and other staff. The patient's wife and two of his three adult children arrive for a visit. The patient says with disgust that the missing child is and always has been worthless. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for this patient's behavior? A .Countertransference B .Projection C .Projective identification D .Reaction formation E .Splitting
E
A 56-year-old man comes to the emergency department because of a 4-day history of colicky right flank pain that radiates to the groin and hematuria. Ultrasound examination of the kidneys shows right-sided hydronephrosis and a dilated ureter. Which of the following is most likely to be found on urinalysis? A .Erythrocyte casts B .Glucose C .Leukocyte casts D .Oval fat bodies E .Uric acid crystals
E
A 62-year-old man comes to the physician for a follow-up examination after he was diagnosed with chronic inflammatory interstitial pneumonitis. Following pulmonary function testing, a biopsy specimen of the affected area of the lungs is obtained. Compared with a healthy man, analysis of this patient's biopsy specimen is most likely to show which of the following patterns of changes in the cell populations of alveoli?
E
A 72-year-old man collapses while playing golf. He has a 5-year history of angina and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Paramedics arrive in 10 minutes. Examination shows no respirations or blood pressure; an ECG shows asystole. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is attempted for 10 minutes without success. Which of the following is the most likely cause of death in this patient? A .Cardiac tamponade B .Embolus to the right middle cerebral artery C .Necrosis of the myocardium D .Rupture of the papillary muscle E .Ventricular fibrillation
E
A 73-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 2-month history of diffuse weakness and tingling of her arms and legs. Neurologic examination shows weakness of the extensor and flexor muscles of the lower extremities. Knee and ankle deep tendon reflexes are exaggerated. Sensation to vibration and position is decreased in all extremities, but the decrease is more prominent in the lower extremities than in the upper extremities. This patient most likely has a deficiency of which of the following vitamins? A .Niacin B .Vitamin B 1 (thiamine) C .Vitamin B 2 (riboflavin) D .Vitamin B 6 (pyridoxine) E .Vitamin B 12 (cyanocobalamin)
E
A previously healthy 27-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 30 minutes after sustaining stab wounds to the right side of his neck and arm. He has lost approximately 1000 mL of blood. His pulse is 110/min, respirations are 22/min, and blood pressure is 95/65 mm Hg. Physical examination shows lacerations of the right side of the neck and right upper extremity. Which of the following responses by the kidneys is most likely? A .Acute tubular necrosis B .Osmotic diuresis C .Sodium wasting D .Vasoconstriction E .Water conservation
E
A 32-year-old woman with HIV infection is brought to the emergency department 15 minutes after she had a generalized tonic-clonic seizure. She has a 1-day history of right-sided weakness. Her temperature is 38.5°C (101.3°F). Muscle strength is 4/5 in the right upper extremities and 4/5 in the right lower extremity. Laboratory studies show a positive anti-Toxoplasma IgG and positive anti-cytomegalovirus IgG. Her CD4+ T-lymphocyte count is 32/mm 3 (N≥500), and plasma HIV viral load is 84,000 copies/mL. A gadolinium-enhanced MRI of the brain shows multiple ring-enhancing lesions. Infection with which of the following agents is the most likely cause of the findings in this patient? A .Cryptococcus neoformans B .Cytomegalovirus C .Epstein-Barr virus D .Neisseria meningitidis E .Streptococcus pneumoniae F .Toxoplasma gondii
F
A 5-year-old girl is brought to the physician by her father because of a 6-week history of an increasingly severe itchy rash confined to the crease of the elbows and the back of the knees. She has had intermittent episodes of a similar rash since infancy. Examination of the rash shows erythematous papules and vesicles overlying an erythematous base. Dermal scrapings are negative for fungi and ectoparasites. After a short course of a potent topical corticosteroid, treatment with pimecrolimus cream is begun. Which of the following is the primary mechanism of action of this drug? A .Blockade of histamine-1 receptors on tissue mast cells B .Blockade of leukotriene receptors in inflamed tissue C .Blockade of sodium channels in peripheral sensory nerves C .Inhibition of IgE binding to tissue mast cells and basophils D .Inhibition of phospholipase A activity in cell membranes E .Inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine formation by T lymphocytes
F
A randomized clinical trial is conducted to assess whether statin use decreases mortality due to myocardial infarction (MI). A total of 2000 participants are enrolled: 1000 participants receive treatment with statins, and 1000 participants receive placebo. Participants are followed for an average of 5 years. Results are shown: Fatal MI Treatment Yes 15 25 40 Statins Placebo Total No 985 975 1960 Total 1000 1000 2000 The investigators calculate that the cost of the drug is $1000 per patient per year. Based on these data, which of the following best represents the cost of the drug to prevent one death due to MI over the 5-year period? A .$1500 B .$5000 C .$15,000 D .$50,000 E .$150,000 F .$500,000
F
A 52-year-old man with recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. Laboratory studies show an increased hemoglobin A 1c despite patient compliance with diet and exercise recommendations. Treatment with a sulfonylurea is started. Which of the following is most likely to occur in this patient? A .Decreased entry of glucose into the muscle cells B .Decreased production of glucose from the liver C .Decreased secretion of insulin from the pancreas D .Decreased speed of carbohydrate absorption from the intestines E .Increased entry of glucose into the muscle cells F .Increased production of glucose from the liver G .Increased secretion of insulin from the pancreas H .Increased speed of carbohydrate absorption from the intestines
G
A 64-year-old man with non-Hodgkin lymphoma comes to the physician because of a 3-week history of progressive numbness in his hands and feet and weakness in his legs when he stands. He received his third course of chemotherapy 4 weeks ago. Physical examination shows areflexia. Which of the following drugs is the most likely cause of these adverse effects? A .Bleomycin B .Cyclophosphamide C .Cytarabine D .Doxorubicin E .Fluorouracil F .Methotrexate G .Vincristine
G
A 65-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 30 minutes after the onset of acute chest pain at rest that radiates to his left arm. His pulse is 110/min, respirations are 20/min, and blood pressure is 150/80 mm Hg. Physical examination shows diaphoresis. The lungs are clear to auscultation of the chest. An ECG shows a new left bundle branch block. The tentative diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome is made. Treatment with oxygen via nasal cannula, oral aspirin, and sublingual nitroglycerin, followed by an intravenous dose of a β-adrenergic blocker, is begun. Which of the following sets of changes is most likely to occur in this patient after the intravenous dose?
G