UTA INSY 3303 - Chapter 5

Router 3 functions

(1) it determines a path for a packet to travel over (2) it transmits the packet across the path (3) it supports communication between a wide variety of devices and protocols.

broadcast messages

-Addresses starting with 255

Authoritative Name Server

A computer of the Domain Name System that knows for its domain the IP address of all computers and authoritative name servers in it.

subnet

A part of a network in which all nodes shares a network addressing component and a fixed amount of bandwidth.

Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP)

A proprietary protocol used in large networks to overcome the limitations of RIP.

Internet address classes

A range of addresses. IPv4

port address

A unique address given to each application layer software package using TCP/IP.

reserved addresses

Addresses starting from 224 are _________________ that should not be used on IP networks.

application layer address

Also known as a server name. Application software that uses Internet addresses. Whenever a user types in an Internet address into a Web browser, the request is passed to the network layer as part of an application layer packet formatted using the HTTP protocol.

Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)

Computers wishing to participate in a multicast send a message to the sending computer or some other computer performing routing along the way using a special type of packet called

Interface

Each connection is called a___________ e, is numbered from 0 to 3

subnet mask

Every computer in a TCP/IP network is given a subnet mask to enable it to determine which computers are on the same subnet (i.e., LAN) that it is on and which computers are outside of its subnet.

interface

IOS uses a command line interface rather than a graphical user

classless addressing

IP addressing standards created in 1993 that allow address allocation based on prefix length rather than predefined class ranges. uses a slash to indicate the address range

broadcast message

Is received and processed by all computers on the same LAN (which is usually designed to match the IP subnet).

multicast message

Is used to send the same message to a group of computers.

Internet Addresses

No one is permitted to operate a computer on the Internet unless he or she uses approved addresses. I

User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

P is used when the sender needs to send a single small packet to the receiver (e.g., for a DNS request, which we discuss later in this chapter).When there is only one small packet to be sent, the transport layer doesn't need to worry about segmenting the outgoing messages or reassembling them upon receipt, so transmission can be faster

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

Part of the TCP/IP protocol for determining the MAC address based on the IP address.

exterior routing protocols.

Protocols used between autonomous systems are called

network interface port

TCP/IP port.

loopback

The 127 address range is reserved for a computer to communicate with itself and is called the _____. used mostly by developers and system administrators when testing software.

Domain Name Service (DNS)

The Internet service that manages access to Internet domain names and the naming system it uses for computers and resources connected to the Internet or in a private network.

segment

The Protocol Data Unit (PDU) at the transport layer is called a

top-level domain (TLD)

The last section of a domain name, specifying the type of organization or its country of origin

Cisco Internetwork Operating Systems (IOS)

The operating system that is used in about 90% of routers is the ________________.

private IPv4 address space

This address space can be used internally by organizations, but routers on the Internet do not route packets that use private addresses (they simply discard them). Used to increase security

address resolution

To send a message, the sender must be able to translate the application layer address (or server name) of the destination into a network layer address and in turn translate that into a data link layer address.

root servers

What computers are the highest authorities in the Domain Name System hierarchy?

dynamic addressing

a server is designated to supply a network layer address to a computer each time the computer connects to the network. This is commonly done for client computers but usually not for servers.

centralized routing

all routing decisions are made by one central computer or router.

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP).

allows dynamic IP address allocation so users do not have to have a preconfigured IP address to use the network

Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP)

are used to create a connection (or session) and request a certain minimum guaranteed data rate

session

can be thought of as a conversation between two computers.

link state dynamic routing

computers or routers track the number of hops in the route, the speed of the circuits in each route, and how busy each route is.

console port(management port)

configures router

Access Control List (ACL)

defines what types of packets should be routed and what types of packets should be discarded.

name servers

have address databases that store thousands of Internet addresses and their corresponding IP addresses.

Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)

is a dynamic distance vector exterior routing protocol used on the Internet to exchange routing information between autonomous systems—that is, large sections of the Internet.

Routing Information Protocol (RIP)

is a dynamic distance vector interior routing protocol that is commonly used in smaller networks, such as those operated by one organization

Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)

is a dynamic hybrid interior routing protocol developed by Cisco and is commonly used inside organizations.

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)

is a dynamic hybrid interior routing protocol that is commonly used on the Internet. It uses the number of computers in a route as well as network traffic and error rates to select the best route.

Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS)

is a link state interior routing protocol that is commonly used in large networks.

Static routing

is decentralized, which means that all computers or routers in the network make their own routing decisions following a formal routing protocol.

hops

is one circuit

ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers)

is responsible for managing the assignment of network layer addresses (i.e., IP addresses) and application layer addresses (e.g., www.indiana.edu). sets the rules by which new domain names

autonomous system

is simply a network operated by one organization, such as IBM or Indiana University, or an organization that runs one part of the Internet.

Routing

is the process of determining the route or path through the network that a message will travel from the sending computer to the receiving computer.

Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)

is the simplest interior routing protocol on the Internet. ICMP is simply an error-reporting protocol that enables computers to report routing errors to message senders.

Server name resolution

is the translation of application layer addresses into network layer addresses (e.g., translating an Internet address such as www.yahoo.com into an IP address such as 204.71.200.74)

source port address

linking to the application layer; the port address of the application layer program

Connectionless messaging

means each packet is treated separately and makes its own way through the network. Unlike connection-oriented routing, no connection is established.

Segmenting

means to take one outgoing message from the application layer and break it into a set of smaller segments for transmission through the network

unicast message

one computer sends a message to another computer

distance vector dynamic routing

routers count the number of hops along a route

dynamic routing (or adaptive routing)

routing decisions are made in a decentralized manner by individual computers. This approach is used when there are multiple routes through a network, and it is important to select the best route.

Quality of Service (QoS)

routing is a special type of connection-oriented messaging in which different connections are assigned different priorities.

interior routing protocols.

routing protocols used inside an autonomous system

resolving name server

server that requests corresponding IP address

Connection-oriented messaging

sets up a TCP connection (also called a session) between the sender and receiver.

auxiliary port

that allows an administrator to log via a direct, nonnetwork connection (e.g., using modems), this connection is rarely used today.

data link layer address

the network layer identifies the ____________________ of the next computer to which the message should be sent.

destination port address

the port address at the destination computer

Routers

they are the devices that connect subnets together and enable messages to flow from one subnet to another as the messages move through the network from sender to receiver.

Real-Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP)

to send packets across the connection

network layer address

used on the Internet is IP, so this Web address (www.indiana.edu) is translated into an IP address that is 4 bytes long when using IPv4 (e.g., 129.79.127.4)

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)

was developed for the U.S. Department of Defense's Advanced Research Project Agency network (ARPANET) by Vinton Cerf and Bob Kahn in 1974. TCP/IP is the transport/network layer protocol used on the Internet. It is the world's most popular protocol set, used by almost all BNs andWANs.

multicasting

which is sending messages to a group of computers rather than to one computer (which is normal) or every computer on a network (called broadcast).