UVM PSYS 001 Rudiger Exam 3 Spring 2020

(Psychology in Our Social Lives). "Birds of a feather flock together." "Opposites attract." Which of these sayings is most strongly supported by psychological research on interpersonal attraction?

"Birds of a feather flock together."

(Psychology in Our Social Lives). Which of the following comments is most likely to be made in a group characterized by groupthink?

"I'm glad that we are again in agreement about this decision"

(Emotion & Motivation). As discussed in the AV presentation, Martin Seligman now proposes that psychological well-being is most strongly correlated with attention to 5 factors, represented by the acronym, PERMA. Which of the following is NOT part of his formulation?

Acceptance

(Lifespan Development). Dawn is 1 year old. Ellis is 5 years old. Fritzi is 9 years old. Girard is 15 years old. Which child is correctly matched with the stage (in Piaget's theory of cognitive development) that she is likely in?

Dawn -- sensorimotor

(Psychology in Our Social Lives). The main difference between Stanley Milgram's original 1962 Obedience study and Jerry Burger's 2006 replication (video shown in class) is that:

In the 2006 version of the study, it was not possible for participants to continue administering 'shocks' all the way to 450 volts.

(Psychology in Our Social Lives). How might the presence of a single dissenter influence the degree of conformity seen in a study modeled on Asch's classic investigation?

It would greatly reduce it.

(Emotion & Motivation). Which of the following is the definition of self-efficacy?

NOT: A positive attitude toward the self. Possibly: individual's capacity to produce desired effects.

(Psychology in Our Social Lives). Which of the following reflect a SITUATIONAL attribution for failing a test?

NOT: I didn't get enough sleep last night. Possibly: The test was very hard

(Lifespan Development). Luke is 1 year old. Lana is 4 years old. Jesse is 6 years old. Which of the following statements is accurate with respect to the development of the self-concept in these children?

NOT: Luke can describe himself in basic, physical terms and is aware of his gender. Possibly Lana, is aware of her gender and describes herself in terms of physical attributes

(Lifespan Development). Samantha, aged 12 months, has irregular eating and sleeping schedules, demanding her caregivers' attention at unpredictable times throughout the day and evening. She also becomes extremely upset by changes to her environment, crying intensely and inconsolably in response to unfamiliar stimuli or surroundings. Thomas and Chess would most likely say Samantha has:

NOT: a disorganized temperament. Possibly: a difficult temperament

(Lifespan Development). Four-year-old Darlene is exploring one day and she finds a bottle of vitamins in a cabinet. They look just like the candies she got for Halloween so she eats them all. Darlene's error illustrates the process that Piaget termed:

NOT: accommodation. Possibly assimilation

(Lifespan Development). Francine, aged 13, accidentally spilled orange juice on her sweater at lunch and is now preoccupied with the idea that all of her classmates are staring at the small orange stain on her sleeve. Francine's sense of being the center of her classmates' attention is referred to as __________, typical of the __________ stage of cognitive development.

NOT: adolescent egocentrism; preoperations. Possibly formal operational.

(Psychology in Our Social Lives). As discussed in the AV presentation, a major distinction between social psychology and sociology is in their predominant research design. Social psychology favors _______ designs while sociology favors ______ designs.

NOT: correlational; experimental

(Emotion & Motivation). In the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, physiological reactions _________ emotional experiences.

NOT: follow. Possibly: simultaneously

(Psychology in Our Social Lives). According to a review by Clark and Lemay (2010), the most important characteristic of a close relationship is:

NOT: intimacy. Potentially Responsiveness

(Lifespan Development). In Susan Fiske's research on brain activation and stereotypes, discussed in class and in the AV Presentation, participants in the United States regarded the elderly with _______ while participants in Japan regarded the elderly with _____.

NOT: pity; respect

(Emotion & Motivation). In the study by Rozin and colleagues discussed in the AV presentation, the researchers were interested in whether the eating changes could be attributable not to memory loss in itself but to something else instead. Therefore, they observed the eating habits of two participants ___________ in addition to their cases.

NOT: without any brain damage. Possibly - without memory impairment

(Lifespan Development). According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, what is a safe level of alcohol consumption for a pregnant woman?

None

(Psychology in Our Social Lives). Which of the following is NOT part of Latane and Darley's five-step model of helping?

Recognizing the victim as familiar

(Lifespan Development). Bonnie is 3 months old and her parents inconsistently attend to her. Sometimes they are very attentive, feeding her promptly when she cries and comforting her when she seems upset. Other times, Bonnie cries for a long time before her parents attend to her. Based on Erikson's theory, it is likely that Bonnie will develop:

a general sense of mistrust

(Emotion & Motivation). When Marnie got called on in class the other day and didn't know the correct answer, she felt a surge of embarrassment. She decided at that moment to work harder to keep up with the course readings so that next time she gets called on she will know the answer. Marnie's drive to start studying harder represents: _______________.

a motivation

(Psychology in Our Social Lives). Saying "that test was hard" after receiving a poor grade reflects _____.

a situational attribution

(Emotion & Motivation). Dewey just won the lottery three days ago. Research on affective forecasting suggests that one year from now, he will likely be:

about as happy as he is now

(Psychology in Our Social Lives). Prejudice is as an evaluation of other people based on their group. Thus, prejudice is best seen as a type of:

attitude

(Lifespan Development). Joan's Mom and Dad believe that parents know best. They expect Joan to obey all parental rules without question, and they are quick to impose stern punishments if she does not. They are also somewhat non-responsive to their daughter. In terms of the parenting styles discussed in Acrobatiq, Joan's parents are:

authoritarian

(Psychology in Our Social Lives). A psychotherapist encourages her patients to release their frustration by hitting their pillow as hard as they can. The psychologist apparently believes in the benefits of ________.

catharsis

(Emotion & Motivation). In comparison to the basic emotions, the secondary emotions have more

cognitive appraisal.

(Psychology in Our Social Lives). Lance believes it is wrong to cheat but he ends up cheating on his biology exam. After he cheats he feels a discomfort about this behavior. Lance is experiencing which of the following?

cognitive dissonance

(Lifespan Development). In a cross-sectional study, the people at different ages were also born in different years, and so may have had very different experiences growing up. This fact makes comparing across ages difficult. Which of the following refers to this problem?

cohort effects

(Lifespan Development). Jay complains to his father that he wants more juice. His father takes the juice Jay has in his glass and pours it into a taller but narrower glass. Jay is now content that he has more juice. Jay has apparently failed to develop:

conservation

(Lifespan Development). Mark is a graduate student who is studying identity formation. He interviews a group of 5-year-olds, a group of 10-year-olds, and a group of 15-year-olds, and asks them what they plan to be when they finish school. In this example, Mark is using a __________ research design.

cross-sectional

(Psychology in Our Social Lives). In a classic rope-pulling experiment, Ringelmann (1913) found that groups of three men pulled at 85% of their expected capability, whereas groups of eight men pulled at 37% of their expected capability. Which social psychology concept probably offers the best mechanism by which these results might be explained?

diffusion of responsibility

(Lifespan Development). Lizzie and her caregiver are participating in Ainsworth's 'Strange Situation' task. Lizzie doesn't interact much with her caregiver while they are in the room together, but when the caregiver leaves the room for the first time, Lizzie becomes very upset and cries. When her caregiver returns, however, Lizzie seems confused and uncertain of how to respond. She begins to approach her caregiver, but then appears fearful and 'freezes' in place before backing away and laying down on the floor. From this description, it sounds as though Lizzie's attachment to her caregiver could best be classified as:

disorganized

(Psychology in Our Social Lives). On hearing you describe Milgram's results, your friend remarks that the participants must have been really weak-willed. This explanation of the participants' behavior reflects a _________ attribution for the behavior of the participants.

dispositional

(Lifespan Development). Grace is a 19-year-old college sophomore. She is living away from home for the first time and is trying to decide on a major. Grace is in a phase of life many developmental psychologists term ________ adulthood.

emerging

(Lifespan Development). ____________ is a unique developmental stage that occurs between ages 18 to 25 years and is characterized by exploration and postponement of adult responsibilities.

emerging adulthood

(Emotion & Motivation). The term affect is synonymous with:

emotion

(Emotion & Motivation). Andrea is told by a researcher to smile, and when she does so she starts to feel happy. This is consistent with the ________ hypothesis.

facial feedback

(Emotion & Motivation). According to research presented in the AV Presentation, people telling high-stakes lies might give themselves away by ____________.

facial signs of fear and disgust

(Emotion & Motivation). Unlike other methods of lie detection, measuring P300 wave with an EEG brain scan is able to detect _________.

familiarity

(Emotion & Motivation). You are at the zoo and see a lion escaped from his cage. You process this information using the _____ emotional pathway.

fast

(Lifespan Development). Lee is in high school. He states that he is a Democrat. However, he has given little thought to politics; he is a Democrat mainly because his parents and neighbors are Democrats. Lee's example illustrates Marcia's _________ stage of identity formation.

foreclosure

(Lifespan Development). During adolescence, brain development proceeds relatively slowly in the _______ lobe, a region implicated in self-regulation.

frontal

(Emotion & Motivation). Which of the following is NOT a "basic" emotion?

guilt

(Emotion & Motivation). Laura completes a questionnaire asking about the number of stressful life events she has experienced in her lifetime. Her numerical score on the questionnaire indicates that she is slightly below the average in terms of the overall number of stressful life events she's experienced. Laura's reported overall quality of life is likely to be:

higher than average

(Psychology in Our Social Lives). The social norm that condones responding to insults with aggression is termed the culture of _________; in the U. S., it is most prevalent in the ___________.

honor; South and West

(Lifespan Development). As discussed in the AV presentation, children adopted from Romanian orphanages showed differences in their intellectual and social functioning compared to children adopted from outside of these institutions. Researchers believe that these differences arise due to the Romanian adoptees'_________,

lack of opportunity to form an attachment to a caregiver during the first year of life.

(Psychology in Our Social Lives). We tend to like people we see again and again: Social psychologists refer to this phenomenon as the effect of ________.

mere exposure

(Emotion & Motivation). In Schachter and Singer's classic experiment, participants who didn't have an explanation for their arousal took on the emotion expressed by the confederate. According to the interpretation of the results described in Acrobatiq, we can say that these participants _____.

misattributed their arousal

(Psychology in Our Social Lives). Milgram's 1962 Obedience study, where participants were told by an experimenter to give increasingly strong electric shocks to another person, found that:

most participants obeyed the experimenter all the way to the highest level of shock (450 volts).

(Psychology in Our Social Lives). The likelihood that an individual will help someone in an emergency situation is ___________ correlated with the number of other people present.

negatively

(Psychology in Our Social Lives). In determining the causes of others' behavior, we overemphasize ________ factors; this is the ___________.

personality; fundamental attribution error

(Psychology in Our Social Lives). Joey's mom wants him to wear his rain boots to school today because it is raining. She nags him several times to take the boots but he argues that he doesn't need them. Finally Joey's mom says "OK, I don't care - don't wear the boots" after which Joey puts the boots on. Before his mom changed her mind, Joey was probably experiencing which of the following?

psychological reactance

(Emotion & Motivation). As discussed in the AV presentation on lying, we would expect the P300 brain wave to get larger in response to:

seeing a familiar object

(Psychology in Our Social Lives). In Juanita's community, girls are not expected to enjoy or excel at mathematics. Juanita's algebra grades drop. When she enters her junior year of high school, she enrolls only in basic mathematics courses. Which concept does Juanita's example BEST illustrate?

self-fulfilling prophecy

(Psychology in Our Social Lives). The tendency to perform tasks better in the presence of others is called _______. By contrast, the tendency to perform tasks more poorly in others' presence is termed _________.

social facilitation; social inhibition

(Psychology in Our Social Lives). Students participating in a group project may engage in ___________, putting forth less individual effort when their individual contributions can't be picked out from those of others in the group.

social loafing

(Emotion & Motivation). Consider the fight-or-flight and the tend-and-befriend responses to stress. Of the two, the __________ is healthier, because it is not associated with the release of the stress hormone _______.

tend-and-befriend; cortisol

(Psychology in Our Social Lives). When we attribute our success to internal causes while blaming others for our failures, we are applying

the self-serving bias.

(Psychology in Our Social Lives). As discussed in the AV presentation, social and personality psychologists are least able to predict behavior when personality traits are __________ or when social situations are ____________.

weak; weak