Validity Test

109. In legal terminology, a valid contract is a contract that A. measures what it purports to measure. B. has been executed with the proper formalities. C. is well grounded on principles of evidence. D. was designed with all of the needs of the parties.

has been executed with the proper formalities.

86. Which of the following is the BEST way to minimize test bias? A. create separate norm groups for different groups so that any potential bias is reduced. B. have a panel of experts review the test items at various stages during the test's development. C. pre-screen examiners to be used in the test administration for any signs of bias or prejudice. D. employ the multitrait-multimethod matrix to screen items for bias.

have a panel of experts review the test items at various stages during the test's development.

87. A new test designed to gauge competence to stand trial is found to lack face validity. Which is the MOST likely consequence of this fact? A. Judges will urge assessors to use this test. B. Lawyers will urge assessors not to use this test. C. impression management will be less of a factor in the test results. D. whether defendants are competent will be less of a factor in the test results.

impression management will be less of a factor in the test results

According to the text, face validity may ultimately be more of an issue regarding __________ than ________. A. social values; psychometric soundness B. psychometric soundness; public relations C. public relations; psychometric soundness D. social values; public perception

public relations; psychometric soundness

77. A supervisor unintentionally rates his supervisees less favorably than they really deserve. Which type of error has been made? A. unconscious error B. severity error C. random error D. vocational error

severity error

5. To further improve raters' judgments of competency, Gonsalvez and Crowe (2014) recommended that A. at least three raters be used. B. specific competencies be evaluated. C. all raters be certified as competent themselves. D. All of these

specific competencies be evaluated.

105. Using a test that measures a low base rate trait A. will likely result in more correct than incorrect classifications. B. will likely result in more incorrect than correct classifications. C. will result in an equal number of correct and incorrect classifications. D. will have results that cannot be determined based on the information presented.

will likely result in more incorrect than correct classifications

"How can group differences on cognitive ability tests be reduced while retaining existing high levels of reliability and criterion-related validity?" According to Gottfredson, the answer to this question A. lies in the judicious application of affirmative action strategies. B. must be answered by measurement professionals for themselves. C. must come from strategies designed to minimize adverse impact. D. will not come from measurement-related research.

will not come from measurement-related research.

Which is an example of a false positive? A. A test identifies a client as schizophrenic when the client is not. B. A test correctly identifies a client as schizophrenic. C. A test correctly identifies a client as not having schizophrenia. D. A test indicates that a client is not schizophrenic when he is.

A test identifies a client as schizophrenic when the client is not.

76. Rating errors A. may be unintentional. B. may be intentional. C. may involve a tendency to be lenient in rating. D. All of these

All of these

97. Which is TRUE regarding the adjustment of test scores as a function of group membership? A. It is illegal for purposes of making hiring or promotion decisions according to the Civil Rights Act of 1991. B. It is viewed as helping guarantee the proportional representation of various minority groups in the workplace. C. It is viewed as allowing the preferential treatment of certain groups. D. All of these

All of these

A construct is A. unobservable. B. something that describes behavior. C. something that is assumed to exist. D. All of these

All of these

An investigation of a test's construct validity may yield evidence that A. the test is measuring a single construct. B. the test does not correlate significantly with another test purporting to measure the same construct. C. test scores increase as a function of age. D. All of these

All of these

Face validity A. may influence the way the testtaker approaches the situation. B. relates more to what the test appears to measure than what the test may actually measure. C. is given short-shrift as compared to other indices of validity. D. All of these

All of these

If a test developer has only a "fuzzy" vision of the construct being measured, then A. the content validity of the test is likely to suffer. B. the construct validity of the test is likely to suffer. C. content irrelevant to the targeted construct may be measured. D. All of these

All of these

Test blueprinting is applied in the design of A. an attitude test. B. a personality test. C. an aptitude test. D. All of these

All of these

Test scores may be affected in pre- and post-testing by A. therapy. B. medication. C. education. D. All of these

All of these

The magnitude of a validity coefficient may be affected by A. attrition of the sample. B. restriction of range. C. inflation of range. D. All of these

All of these

The validation of a test is a process A. that can be carried out by the test author. B. that can be carried out by the test user. C. of gathering evidence of the test's validity. D. All of these

All of these

Which is an example of a criterion? A. achievement test scores B. success in being able to repair a defective toaster C. student ratings of teaching effectiveness D. All of these

All of these

Which qualifies as a construct? A. depression B. intelligence C. mechanical aptitude D. All of these

All of these

When the scores on a test undergoing construct validation tend not to correlate with variables that are assumed not to be related to the construct the test is measuring.

Discriminant Evidence

A judgement regarding how well a test measures what it is supposed to measure that is based solely on appearances such as the content of the test's items.

Face Validity

A class of mathematical procedures, frequently employed as data reduction methods, designed to identify variables on which people may differ.

Factor Analysis

The extent to which a test is used in an impartial, just, and equitable way.

Fairness

96. Which is TRUE regarding the concept of test fairness? A. In contrast to bias, fairness is relatively easy to determine. B. Fairness is usually determined statistically. C. Fairness often involves moral; ethical issues. D. All of these

Fairness often involves moral; ethical issues

A specific type of miss characterized by a tool of assessment indicating that the test-taker does not process or exhibit a particular trait, ability, behavior, or attribute, when, in fact, the test-taker does.

False Negative

An error in measurement characterized by a tool of assessment indicating that the test-taker possesses or exhibits a particular trait, ability, behavior, or attribute when, in fact, the test-taker does not.

False Positive

AKA leniency error, a less than accurate rating or evaluation by a rater due to the rater's general tendency to be lenient or insufficiently critical.

Generosity Error

A type of rating error wherein the rater views the object of rating with extreme favor and tends to bestow ratings inflated in a positive direction.

Halo Effect

98. "Unequal levels of difficulty between two groups" characterizes the definition of a biased test that would MOST probably be a quote from A. any random member of the general public. B. a court. C. a psychometrician. D. All of these

a court.

A standard against which a test or test score is evaluated is known as A. a facet. B. a correlation coefficient. C. a validity coefficient. D. a criterion.

a criterion.

73. A test is considered to biased if A. 50% of the test-takers fail the test. B. one group, such as males, consistently performs better than another group, such as females. C. a factor inherent in the test systematically prevents accurate measurement. D. the test developer was found to harbor prejudice against some group.

a factor inherent in the test systematically prevents accurate measurement.

Employment test data suggests that an individual applicant is incapable of successfully performing a particular job. However, in reality, this individual would be very successful at the job. Such a scenario exemplifies what is meant by A. a base rate. B. a false positive. C. a false negative. D. a false expectancy.

a false negative

An expectancy chart is A. a graphic representation of an expectancy table. B. a table illustrating the incremental validity of a test. C. a pictorial image of a hit rate versus a miss rate. D. All of these

a graphic representation of an expectancy table.

94. In contrast to a trinitarian view of validity, a unitary view of validity takes into account A. two of the three elements of the trinitarian view. B. none of the elements of the trinitarian view but a new model based on consequences of test use. C. all three elements of the trinitarian view plus additional factors such as cultural values. D. None of these

all three elements of the trinitarian view plus additional factors such as cultural values

80. Issues of "fairness" as applied to tests A. are seldom discussed in the popular media. B. may be determined through mathematical procedures. C. are generally agreed on. D. are rooted in moral and philosophical issues.

are rooted in moral and philosophical issues

1. Ecological validity refers to a judgement regarding how well a test measures what it purports to measure A. but only in a specified environment. B. but only in a specified environment and within certain frequency limits. C. at the time and place that the variable being measured is actually emitted. D. All of these

at the time and place that the variable being measured is actually emitted.

79. A rater systematically assigns ratings in the middle range, thus avoiding extremely positive and negative ratings. Which type of error BEST characterizes this rater's ratings? A. leniency error B. central tendency error C. severity error D. halo effect

central tendency error

Which statistic is appropriate for use to estimate the heterogeneity of a test composed of multiple-choice items? A. point-biserial correlation coefficient B. Pearson-product moment correlation coefficient C. coefficient alpha D. chi square

coefficient alpha

4. Gonsalvez and Crowe (2014) concluded that psychotherapy supervisors' judgments of supervisees' competence is typically A. compromised by leniency errors. B. compromised by severity errors. C. reasonably accurate given subsequent ratings. D. unreliable in the light of subsequent ratings.

compromised by leniency errors.

What type of validity evidence BEST sheds light on how a shorter and less expensive test compares with a longer and more expensive one? A. predictive criterion-related validity B. concurrent criterion-related validity C. content validity D. construct validity

concurrent criterion-related validity

Which of the following is BEST be viewed as varieties of criterion-related validity? A. concurrent validity and face validity B. content validity and predictive validity C. concurrent validity and predictive validity D. concurrent validity and content validity

concurrent validity and predictive validity

Criterion-related validity is to predictive validity as criterion-related validity is to A. construct validity. B. content validity. C. concurrent validity. D. test bias.

concurrent validity.

The form of criterion-related validity that reflects the degree to which a test score is correlated with a criterion measure obtained at the same time that the test score was obtained is known as A. predictive validity. B. construct validity. C. concurrent validity. D. content validity.

concurrent validity.

90. A test developer compares a student's performance on a newly developed math achievement test to the same student's performance on a well established math achievement test for the purpose of exploring the ________ validity of the new test. A. content B. concurrent, criterion-related C. predictive, criterion-related D. construct

concurrent, criterion-related

All validity evidence can be interpreted as ________ validity. A. content B. criterion-related C. predictive D. construct

construct

"It's a measure of validity that arrived at by a comprehensive analysis of how scores on the test relate to other test scores." This statement is a reference to: A. face validity. B. content validity. C. the trinitarian index. D. construct validity.

construct validity

89. A psychologist wants to determine the criterion-related validity of an intelligence test by determining how well it predicts a student's placement in a special class. If the psychologist used the intelligence test for both diagnosis and special class placement, that criterion would be said to be A. irrelevant. B. contaminated. C. invalid. D. negatively skewed.

contaminated

Before constructing a comprehensive final examination that covers everything you have studied since Day 1 of your course, your instructor reviews the objectives of the course, the textbook, and all lecture notes. Your instructor is clearly making a diligent effort to maximize the __________ validity of the final examination. A. content B. criterion-related C. predictive D. internal consistency

content

Blueprinting is BEST associated with A. construct validity. B. content validity. C. criterion-related validity. D. architectural validity.

content validity

A significant, positive relationship exists between scores on a new test of intelligence and scores on the fourth edition of the Stanford-Binet intelligence scale. These data may be viewed as supportive of which type of validity evidence for the new test? A. criterion-related validity B. content validity C. convergent evidence of construct validity D. discriminant evidence of construct validity

convergent evidence of construct validity

95. If a newly developed test designed to measure happiness correlates with other tests of happiness but not with tests of sadness, this is referred to as __________________ and _________________ evidence of validity, respectively. A. convergent; discriminant B. discriminant; convergent C. homogeneous; concurrent D. concurrent; homogeneous

convergent; discriminant

Relating scores obtained on a test to other test scores or data from other assessment procedures is typically done in an effort to establish the __________ validity of a test. A. content-related B. criterion-related C. face D. about-face

criterion-related

Predictive and concurrent validity can be subsumed under A. content validity. B. criterion-related validity. C. face validity. D. true score validity.

criterion-related validity

If a test is a valid measure of a particular construct, we would expect that A. groups of people who differ with respect to the construct will obtain different test scores. B. groups of people who differ with respect to the construct will obtain similar test scores. C. groups of people who obtain similar scores will have similar personalities. D. None of these

groups of people who differ with respect to the construct will obtain different test scores.

75. Which term is used to refer to the tendency of a rater to evaluate ratees higher than they objectively deserve because of the rater's inability to discriminate between aspects of the ratee's behavior? A. halo effect B. random error C. generosity error D. severity error

halo effect

78. Which type of error has occurred when a music critic's review of Lady GaGa's latest album is more positive than most person on the planet believe was warranted? A. fashion error B. central tendency error C. severity error D. halo effect

halo effect

Less than accurate rating or error in evaluation due to the rater's tendency to be over critical

Severity Error

82. Which of the following is TRUE of test bias as compared to test fairness? A. Test bias is dependent on statistical analyses while test fairness relates to values. B. Test bias is dependent on values while test fairness relates to statistical analyses. C. Whether a test is fair can be answered with certainty while whether a test is biased cannot. D. None of these statements are true.

Test bias is dependent on statistical analyses while test fairness relates to values

A correlation coefficient that provides a measure of the relationship between test scores and scores on a criterion measure.

Validity Coefficient

A judgement regarding how adequately a score or index on a test or other tool of measurement can be used to infer an individual's most probable standing on some measure of interest

Criterion-Related Validity

See "Generosity Error";a less than accurate rating or evaluation by a rater due to the rater's general tendency to be lenient or insufficiently critical.

Leniency Error

The proportion of people a test or measurement fails to identify accurately as possessing or not possessing a particular trait, behavior, or attribute based on test scores.

Miss Rate

An index, usually expressed as a proportion, of the extent to which a particular trait, characteristic, behavior, or attribute exists in a population.

Base rate

A factor inherent within a test that systemically prevents accurate, impartial measurements.

Bias

93. Which is an example of convergent evidence for the construct validity of a test measuring fear of cats? A. a high correlation between the test and an existing validated test measuring fear of cats B. a high correlation with an existing validated test measuring more-generalized fear C. a low correlation between the test and a test to measure fear of dogs D. Both a high correlation between the test and an existing validated test measuring fear of cats and a high correlation with an existing validated test measuring more-generalized fear

Both a high correlation between the test and an existing validated test measuring fear of cats and a high correlation with an existing validated test measuring more-generalized fear

Evidence of the homogeneity of a test can be found in the A. correlation between a test and some criterion. B. correlation between test items and total test scores. C. correlation between subtest scores and total scores. D. Both correlation between test items and total test scores and correlation between subtest scores and total scores.

Both correlation between test items and total test scores and correlation between subtest scores and total scores

A type of rating error wherein the rater exhibits a general reluctance to issue ratings at either the positive or negative extreme and so all or most ratings cluster in the middle of the rating continuum.

Central Tendency Error

A form of criterion-related validity that is an index of the degree to which a test score is related to some criterion measure obtained at the same time.

Concurrent Validity

An informed, scientific idea developed or generated to describe or explain behavior.

Construct

A judgement of the appropriateness of inferences drawn from test scores regarding individual standings on a variable called a construct.

Construct Validity

Describes a judgment of how adequately a test samples behavior representative of the universe of behavior that the test was designed to sample.

Content Validity

When the scores on a test undergoing construct validation tend to correlate highly in the predicted direction with scores on older, more established, and already validated tests designed to measure the same (or a similar) construct.

Convergent Validity

The standard against which a test score is evaluated.

Criterion

The proportion of people who are accurately identified as possessing or not possessing a particular trait, behavior, or attribute based on test scores.

Hit rate

The degree to which a test measures a single trait.

Homogeneity

An index of the explanatory power of additional predictors over and above the predictors already in use.

Incremental Validity

A logical result or deduction in the reasoning process.

Inference

74. Which is TRUE regarding a rating? A. It refers only to a numerical judgment that places a person or an attribute along a continuum. B. It refers only to a verbal judgment that places a person or an attribute along a continuum. C. It tends not to involve a judgment. D. It refers to either a numerical or a verbal judgment that places a person or an attribute along a continuum.

It refers to either a numerical or a verbal judgment that places a person or an attribute along a continuum

88. Which BEST describes the concept of validity as applied to tests? A. It refers to how well a test measures what the test authors intend it to measure. B. It refers to whether the same results could have occurred by chance less than five times in a hundred. C. It refers to how well a specific sample performs on an administration of a test. D. It refers to whether or not a test is administered under standardized conditions.

It refers to how well a test measures what the test authors intend it to measure.

Messick is to unitarian as __________ is to trinitarian. A. Cronbach B. Lawshe C. Landy D. Dangerfield

Landy

107. If the rate of a particular disorder occurring in the population is low, what impact does this have on the classification of individuals based on the results of a psychological test? A. There will be no impact on the accuracy of the classification. B. More individuals will be incorrectly classified as not having the disorder. C. More individuals will be incorrectly classified as having the disorder. D. The impact cannot be determined based on the information provided.

More individuals will be incorrectly classified as having the disorder.

Which magnitude of validity coefficient is typically acceptable to conclude that a test is valid? A. 1.50 B. 1.80 C. above 1.90 D. None of these

None of these

A form of criterion-related validity that is an index of the degree to which a test score predicts some criterion measure.

Predictive Validity

The ordinal ordering of persons or variables into relative positions of degree of value.

Rankings

A numerical or verbal judgement that places a person or attribute along a continuum identified by a scale of numerical or word descriptors called a rating scale.

Rating

A judgement that results from the intentional or unintentional misuse of a rating scale.

Rating Error

A system of ordered verbal or numerical descriptors on which judgements about presence/absence or magnitude of a particular variable are indicated.

Rating Scale

In an undergraduate measurement course, an instructor announces that the first examination will cover the topics of reliability and validity. One student in the class, Jamarr, publicly predicts that only questions on reliability will be posed. As it turns out, true to Jamarr's prediction, all of the test questions are only on the topic of reliability. Given this background, which of the following is the most reasonable conclusion that Jamarr's fellow students could draw? A. The first examination lacked concurrent validity. B. The first examination lacked content validity. C. The first examination lacked face validity. D. Jamarr should be consulted prior to the second examination.

The first examination lacked content validity.

If you were a psychologist working in the field of human resources, which claim for a new personnel selection test by a test publisher would be MOST compelling and persuasive? A. The test identifies a large number of false positives. B. The test improves the hit rate. C. The test identifies a large base rate. D. The test improves the selection ratio.

The test improves the hit rate.

A team of consumer psychologists is interested in conducting research to test the palatability of Papa John's Pizza (PJP). A PJP Palatability Test is developed on the basis of the opinions of a sample of death row prison inmates. These same inmates are then used to validate a paper-and-pencil "PJP Palatability Survey." What error has been committed by the researchers? A. The researchers used an inappropriate population to test. B. The test validation was invalid due to criterion contamination. C. Convergent evidence was confused with discriminant evidence. D. Serving the inmates PJP was a violation of a Constitutional prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment.

The test validation was invalid due to criterion contamination

The process of gathering and evaluating validity evidence.

Validation

Research that entails gathering evidence relevant to how well a test measures what it is supposed to measure for the purpose of evaluating the validity of a test or other measurement.

Validation Studies

Referring to a judgement regarding how well a test or other measurement tool measures what it is supposed to measure.

Validity

100. A test reviewer comes to the conclusion that a certain test is "a valid test." This means that the reviewed test has been shown to be valid for A. a particular use with a particular population for the life of the test. B. a particular use with a universal population of testtakers for a limited time. C. universal use with all testtakers for the life of the test. D. a particular use with a particular population at a particular time.

a particular use with a particular population at a particular time.

A coefficient of correlation is calculated between Henry's score on a test of sociopathy and a clinician's rating of Henry on the variable of sociopathy. This coefficient of correlation might also be referred to as A. an index of reliability. B. an index of sociopathy. C. a validity coefficient. D. a content-related validity coefficient.

a validity coefficient.

Which assessment technique is the BEST example of a face valid method? A. a personality test in which testtakers are asked to describe what they see in inkblots B. administering a word processing test to a person applying to be a word processor C. asking testtakers to draw a picture of their family to assess family relationships D. measuring the height of applicants applying for a semi-pro basketball team

administering a word processing test to a person applying to be a word processor

"The effect of instituting this remedy for adverse impact is to make equivalent all scores that fall within a particular range." Here, the "remedy for adverse impact" is more technically referred to as A. within-group norming. B. differential cut-offs. C. preference policies. D. banding.

banding.

101. Studies that indicate that Attention Deficit Disorder occurs in approximately 2% of the population. Here, 2% is the __________ for the disorder. A. hit rate B. base rate C. miss rate D. sample

base rate

3. On Twitter, the tweets of die-hard fans of Justin Bieber after a Bieber performance can be expected to reflect a ________ error. A. leniency B. generosity C. both leniency and generosity D. None of these

both leniency and generosity

A statistically insignificant correlation exists between scores on a new test of depression and a well-established measure of satisfaction with life. These data may be construed as which type of validity evidence with regard to the test of depression? A. criterion-related validity B. convergent evidence of construct validity C. discriminant evidence of construct validity D. None of these because there was an insignificant relationship.

discriminant evidence of construct validity

Which is NOT a method of evaluating the validity of a test? A. evaluating scores on the test as compared to scores obtained on other tests B. evaluating the content of the test C. evaluating the percentage of passing and failing grades on the test D. evaluating test scores as they relate to predictions from a particular theory

evaluating the percentage of passing and failing grades on the test

99. Which of the following is NOT included in the traditional "trinitarian" conceptualization of validity? A. face validity B. content validity C. construct validity D. criterion-related validity

face validity

Comedian Rodney Dangerfield was cited in the text to illustrate a point about how which of the following is viewed? A. test validation B. content validity C. face validity D. construct validity

face validity

103. The extent to which a particular factor contributes to a test score is referred to as a A. true score. B. base rate. C. factor loading. D. hit rate.

factor loading

2. A study of the ecological validity of a test is likely to be conducted A. by a researcher interested in learning about behavior that occurs at a specific time and place. B. only during the season that the targeted behavior occurs if the targeted behavior is seasonal in nature. C. in an environment which is similar to that in which the targeted behavior will typically occur. D. All of these

in an environment which is similar to that in which the targeted behavior will typically occur.

106. This Child Abuse Potential (CAP) Inventory boasts an accuracy rate of approximately 90%. Properly interpreted, this means that A. 90% of the people who score high on the CAP physically abuse children. B. 90% of the people who score low on the CAP do not physically abuse children. C. in groups with a 50% base rate, 90% of those who abuse children are correctly identified. D. in groups with a 90% base rate, 50% of those who abuse children are correctly identified.

in groups with a 50% base rate, 90% of those who abuse children are correctly identified.

It has to do with the degree to which an additional predictor explains something about the criterion measure that is not explained by predictors already in use. It is A. the false positive rate. B. evidence of construct validity. C. predictive validity. D. incremental validity.

incremental validity

84. If new predictors explain something about a predicted score that was not already explained by existing predictors, the new predictor might be praised for its A. test-retest reliability. B. incremental validity. C. construct validity. D. face validity.

incremental validity.

104. According to your textbook, factor analysis A. derives its name from the "factoring" of correlations. B. is a data reduction technique. C. will typically yield a publishable study for a researcher. D. None of these

is a data reduction technique

In order to remain consistent with a test's blueprint, a test administered on a regular basis is likely to require A. item pool management. B. base rate maintenance. C. predictive validity certification. D. None of these

item pool management

72. In the context of test bias, a biased test A. may be used fairly. B. may be used unfairly. C. may be used either fairly or unfairly. D. is only used by biased test users.

may be used either fairly or unfairly

A test is considered valid when the test A. measures what it purports to measure. B. measures whatever it is that it measures consistently. C. can be administered efficiently and cost-effectively. D. has little or no error associated with it.

measures what it purports to measure

110. As the term is applied to a test, validity is a judgment or estimate of how well a test A. measures what it purports to measure. B. measures what it purports to measure in a particular context. C. satisfies the deductions that could logically be made from inferences about it. D. a test result can be duplicated under the same or similar circumstances.

measures what it purports to measure in a particular context.

108. Each of the three approaches to validity assessment in the trinitarian model should BEST be thought of as A. mutually exclusive as evidence of a test's validity with any one source necessary and sufficient for demonstrating a test's validity. B. one type of evidence that, with others, contributes to a judgment concerning the validity of a test. C. insufficient, either by themselves or together with the other two, to demonstrate the validity of a test. D. None of these

one type of evidence that, with others, contributes to a judgment concerning the validity of a test.

Each of the three approaches to validity assessment in the trinitarian model should BEST be thought of as A. mutually exclusive as evidence of a test's validity with any one source necessary and sufficient for demonstrating a test's validity. B. one type of evidence that, with others, contributes to a judgment concerning the validity of a test. C. insufficient, either by themselves or together with the other two, to demonstrate the validity of a test. D. None of these

one type of evidence that, with others, contributes to a judgment concerning the validity of a test.

91. Comparing SAT scores earned in high school with the first semester college GPA of that same student is a process related to establishing the ________ validity of the SAT. A. content B. concurrent criterion-related C. predictive criterion-related D. construct

predictive criterion-related

What type of validity evidence BEST sheds light on whether a college admissions test is valid for selecting students who will complete the program within 4 years? A. predictive criterion-related validity B. concurrent criterion-related validity C. content validity D. construct validity

predictive criterion-related validity

The form of criterion-related validity that reflects the degree to which a test score correlates with a criterion measure that was obtained some time subsequent to the test score is known as A. predictive validity. B. construct validity. C. concurrent validity. D. content validity.

predictive validity.

81. Quotas may be viewed as one type of remedy for A. low reliability of selection tests. B. previously unfair practices. C. low validity of selection tests. D. All of these

previously unfair practices.

85. In psychological testing and assessment, bias BEST refers to A. random variation in test performance attributable to covert prejudice on the part of the test developer. B. systematic variation in test performance that is unrelated to the construct that the test is intended to be measured. C. a test or testing practice that systematically favors the performance of one group of testtakers over another. D. All of these

systematic variation in test performance that is unrelated to the construct that the test is intended to be measured

Face validity refers to A. the most preferred method for determining validity. B. another name for content validity. C. the appearance of relevancy of the test items. D. validity determined by means of face-to-face interviews.

the appearance of relevancy of the test items.

92. The results of a predictive validity study of a test will likely be affected most by A. the characteristics of the sample tested, such as attrition and self-selection. B. the number of items on the test, with longer tests demonstrating higher predictive validity. C. the correlation coefficient chosen to measure the validity. D. the administration time required for the test compared with that of the criterion test chosen.

the characteristics of the sample tested, such as attrition and self-selection.

Criterion contamination occurs when A. the criterion measure is influenced by the predictor measure. B. subjects talk to one another about the test. C. the characteristic being measured occurs with low frequency in the group being studied. D. All of these

the criterion measure is influenced by the predictor measure

83. Any definition of test fairness as used in a psychometric context would be likely to include reference to A. the percent of items answered correctly by members of different groups. B. the mean scores earned by various groups on a particular test. C. the degree to which a test is used in an impartial, just and equitable way. D. All of these

the degree to which a test is used in an impartial, just and equitable way.

Which BEST represents an unobtrusive measure of marital adjustment? A. the number of years a couple has been married B. self-ratings of marital satisfaction by each spouse C. ratings of marital satisfaction made by trained observers D. scores on a valid test of marital adjustment

the number of years a couple has been married

102. Which of the following is the BEST definition of hit rate? A. the proportion of people the test correctly identifies as possessing a particular trait, behavior, characteristic, or attribute B. the proportion of people in the general population who possess the particular trait, behavior, characteristic, or attribute C. the proportion of people the test incorrectly identifies as possessing a particular trait, behavior, characteristic, or attribute D. the degree of validity of a particular test

the proportion of people the test correctly identifies as possessing a particular trait, behavior, characteristic, or attribute

A key difference between concurrent and predictive validity has to do with A. the time frame during which data on the criterion measure is collected. B. the magnitude of the reliability coefficient that will be considered significant at the .05 level. C. the magnitude of the validity coefficient that will be considered significant at the .05 level. D. Both the magnitude of the reliability coefficient that will be considered significant at the .05 level and the magnitude of the validity coefficient that will be considered significant at the .05 level.

the time frame during which data on the criterion measure is collected.

The names attributed to different factor loadings in a factor analysis are A. dictated by the factors themselves. B. subject to change as new analyses occur. C. thoroughly validated against dictionary definitions. D. typically dependent on the researcher's judgment.

typically dependent on the researcher's judgment.