Vehicle Extrication

Vehicle Electrical Systems that are a likely ignition source

*Battery Systems* - can impart heat energy to various parts of a wrecked vehicle which increases risk of park and ignition of fuels. *Defoggers* - can produce sparks or shock a person during window removal.

Exhaust Systems Consist of what components?

*Exhaust Piping* - constructed of stainless steel or zinc-plated steel - Channels exhaust gasses from the engine exhaust manifolds to the catalytic converter (if so equipped), from the catalytic converter to the muffler, from the muffler to the air. *Catalytic Converters* - Stainless steel canisters - Convert veh. exhaust emissions into less harmful materials. - Composed of a thin layer of catalytic material (platimum, rhodium, and palladium) arranged over inert supports. - Three-way catalysts are available in veh. that employ a feedback fuel-air-ratio control system. *Mufflers* - Reduce the volume of noise that the engine produces.

Methods used to prevent dashboard from returning to its original position after if has been displaced.

*Unibody Vehicles* - insert cribbing or other stabilization equip. under the A-post *Full Frame Vehicles* - insert cribbing b/w the frame and the body

Manual Cable Winch

- 2-3 ft long - Limited use in confined spaces - The length of the handle and strength of one person provide overload limit - Take care not to fowl cable when rewinding

Alternative Fuel - Propane

- A by product of petroleum refining and natural gas production. - Also known as Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG or LP-Gas) in the US - Often used to power buses, forklifts, and taxis. - Can also be used as a fuel for heating and cooking in campers and rec. vehicles. - When used as a vehicle fuel in other countries, propane is called autogas

Neck Protection Systems (Whiplash protection systems or Active restraint systems)

- A type of passive restraint system - When veh. is involved in a rear-end collision, sensors will immediately recognize the type and severity of the impact and trigger a gas generator, which inflates a small bladder within the headrest. - Moves the headrest up and forward, reducing the space b/w the neck, head, and headrest, minimizing backward movement and injury potential. - From recognition to deployment takes .03-.04 sec. - Usually utilized for front-seat passengers, but developing tech. suggest that rear-seat will be developed in the near future.

Exothermic Cutting Devices

- Also known as burning bars - Can cut through concrete and brick - Can cut heavy metals faster than oxyacetylene - Temps > 8,000 - bars range in diameter from 1/4 - 3/4in and are 22-36 in long Arcair - Uses hallow magn. rod fitted into a handle that allows oxygen to flow through the rod. - Ignited by elec striker - temps 6000-10,000 - Rod last b/w 15-30 sec

Round Slings

- Also known as endless sling - Composed usually of polyester fibers twisted into yarn bundles, from a continuous loop of yarn and covered with a jacket - Yarn bundles are twisted into multiple but separate continuous strands - The strands from the load bearing members of slings. - The # of strands in the sling determines its strength - Polyester jacket acts as protective covering over the load bearing strands. Reduces the potential of mechanical and physical damage to interior strands. *May be Used For* - Vertical, choker, basket, or bridle slings.

Alternative Fuel - Auxiliary Fuel Cells

- Are electrochemical energy conversion devices. - Produce electricity while converting hydrogen and oxygen into water. - B/c electrical output of a single cell is quite limited, a bank or stack of fuel cells is used to generate sufficient DC elec. - Production of Hydrogen *does* result in a net loss of energy. - Currently Hydrogen is not readily available for auto use and the storing of hydrogen for fuel cell usage is difficult. - B/c Hydrogens very low density storage, storing it in cryogenic stage tanks or as a liquid in pressurized tanks simply does not store enough energy for extended driving - Some fuel cells use *REFORMERS* to draw the hydrogen for the cells to use from gasoline, methane, or ethanol.

Sling

- Assembly that connects the load to the material handling equip. - There are 4 common types of slings 1. Chain 2. Wire rope 3. Synthetic round 4. Synthetic web

Bridle Hitch

- Attached 2 or 3 legs to the load. - Slings are secured to a single point on the load, usually in line b/w the center of gravity and the anchor (lifting point). Provides stable lifting, stabilizing, moving, and pulling due to the distribution of the load onto multiple slings.

Airbags

- Auto activated in the event of a collision - Deployed by electrical or mechanical means - Chemical or stored gas inflators fill the airbags *Chemical Inflators* -currently used in *all* driver frontal restraint systems and many passenger frontal restraint systems. They use sodium azide enhanced with potassium nitrate to create nitrogen gas, which inflates the airbag. *Stored Gas Inflators* - Used in *most* side impact airbags, curtains, tubes, and some passenger frontal airbags. The Inflators are usually filled with inert gas, to inflate the airbags.

Alternative Fuel - Hydrogen

- Can be burned in internal combustion engines to produce motive power for vehicles. - Problems assoc. w/ Hydrogen 1. Limitations in hydrogen production 2. Flammability 3. High pressure compressed gas storage

Chain Hoist

- Can lift up to 6 tons with 100 lbs - Do not over pull by using 1 person - Have large take up (up to 10 ft) - Some require only 12 in clearance

Collision Avoidance Systems

- Can use radar, laser, infrared, or other sensors. - Can detect objects, nearby vehicles, and potential roadway hazards in the path of the vehicle. - Alerts the driver either visually and/or audibly - Some take proactive measures such as providing automated braking assistance and engaging vehicle stability control systems.

Turnbuckles

- Commonly used for final tightening of tiebacks - Take up varies from 8-24 in depending on type - Hook ends are 2/3 as strong as the eye or jaw ends

Load Binder

- Commonly used w/ chain assemblies - Ratchet type is more reliable - Wire tie handle for safety - 50:1 ratchet action - 8 in take up

Frontal Impact Airbags

- Considered SRS because they are intended to supplement seatbelts. - Children under 12 should not ride in the front seat with an armed passenger airbag. - Electronically operated and receive their energy from the battery - Designed to activate through a system of *mechanical* or *inertia* switches located forward of the passenger compartment and by *microelectronic controls* that *may* be located under the front seats or in the console b.w the front seats. - Have reserve energy supply that is capable of deploying an airbag even if the battery is disconnected or destroyed in a collision. - *When battery is disconnected* reserve energy supply will eventually drain away, disarming the restraint system. - Manufactures list time estimates on how long it takes for the reserve energy supply to deplete entirely. Estimates range from 1 sec to 30 min. - Many pickups have feature to disarm passenger airbag. - Can be single, dual stage, or dual depth systems. *SINGLE STAGE SYSTEM* - deploys at a standard rate every time *DUAL STAGE SYSTEMS* - utilize sensors that will detect the rate of speed, impact, and weight of the occupant. Uses this info to determine if it should deploy at full capacity or a diminished deployment *DUAL DEPTH SYSTEMS* - work the same way as dual stage, but have two airbags. 1 is normal size and the other is smaller and located inside the larger bag. Purpose of smaller bag is to provide a shorter reaching bag if the systems determines it is necessary. - Dual Depth and Dual Stage are quipped with 2 inflator devices for each airbag unit that can each be deployed once (meaning twice for the unit) Maintain 10 in clearance from driver and 20 in clearance from passenger.

Electric Vehicles (EV) High Voltage Battery System

- Consist of a large, 650 lb, 400v lithium ion battery pack. - Located on the exterior and underneath the vehicle. - Battery pack is covered with a metal enclosure for protection and ease of mounting. - Also have a low voltage elec. system

Extended Range Electric Vehicles (EREV) High Voltage Battery System

- Consists of a large, Approx. 400lb, 350v lithium-ion battery pack. - Battery pack runs lengthwise on the exterior and underneath the vehicle directly beneath the center console - Battery pack is also covered with a metal enclosure for protection and ease of mounting

Energy-Absorbing Features include

- Crushable Bumpers - Bumper Struts - Steering Column - Collision beams - Crumple Zones

Oxyacetylene Cutting Torches

- Cuts by burning - Can cut heavy gauge metal that is resistant to conventional ext, equip - Torch preheats metal to its ign. temp. and then burns a path in the metal with an extremely hot cone of flame by the introduction of pure O2 into the flame. - flame for preheating metal is 4200 - flame for cutting with intro of pure O2 flame is over 5700.

Rigging

- Defined as a length of rope/chain/webbing attached to a load for the purpose of stabilizing, lifting, pulling, or moving *Basic rigging components* - hooks, shackles and eyes. - Used for termination points to enable easily-made connections to the load. *Heavy Equipment Company* - May supply rigging; if so, company will provide employees who will have the responsibility for the care, maintenance, selection, and attachment of the rigging to the load and to the crane.

Center-Mounted Airbags

- Deploy from the right side of the drivers seat and position themselves b/w the front row seats near the center of the veh. - Designed to provide restraint during passenger-side crashes when *driver is alone* and also acts as energy absorbing cushion b/w driver and front passenger in both side impact crashes.

Load Limiters

- Designed to release belt tension in a controlled manner so that the passenger is introduced into the airbag gently.

Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV)

- Driven by internal combustion engine and elec. motor - Cannot be plugged in - Batteries recharged by regenerative braking to collect kinetic energy and covert that energy into electricity, which is stored in the batteried until needed. - Batteries usually housed in the trunk. DANGERS - High voltage is stored in the batteries and running through wiring or cables connected to the vehicles electric motor. -Cables can carry up to 650v DC - Most manufacturers color code the cables orange, yellow, or blue to help rescuers recognize the power wires. There is no standard that mandates this.

Alternative Fuel - Alcohol/Gasoline Blended Mixtures

- E85 (85% ethanol and 15% gasoline) - E85 is less costly to purchase than gasoline - In vehicles made before 2002 - Less fuel efficient. - In newer, flex fuel engines - E85 runs more efficiently.

Powered Cable Winch

- Either electric or hydraulic - Use either wire cable or synthetic winch rope - Rated capacity obtained in straight line pull w/ min. of 1 layer of rope wrapped around drum, creating a tensionless attachment that does not reduce the rated capacity of wire rope. *Rated capacities vary* - Portable/pinned range up to 9,000 lbs - Stationary/mounted up to 12,000 lbs - Length of throw varies based on type and manufacturer, but may range up to 100 ft. *Rated Capacity Decreases when:* - Angle of pull does not align directly with winch - With each successed wrap placed on the drum *Rated Capacities Increase when:* - pulleys and shackles are used to create mechanical advantage system.

Side-Impact Protection Systems (SIPS)

- Electronically or mechanically operated - May or may not require power from the vehicle's electrical system to activate. Therefor some SIPS bags may deploy even if the battery has been disconnected. *MECHANICAL SYSTEMS* - Isolating and preventing deployment may require that the connection b/w the sensor and the airbag inflation unit be cut. *ELECTRONICALLY ACTIVATED SIPS* - Isolated by isolating the battery. *PROCEDURES FOR BOTH* will vary from vehicle to vehicle. Refer to manufacturers instructions. Maintain 5in clearance

Powertrain Components

- Engine/motor - Transmission - Drive Shafts - Differentials - Drive Wheels or tracks

Crushable Bumpers

- Federal standards were developed to reduce to monetary cost of low-speed collisions -- those @ 5mph or less originally, later reduced to 2.5 mph - Was the 1st most prevalent design for energy absorbing features - Designed to absorb energy by flexing when struck - *Some* are made of polysterene foam molded into an egg crate structure, covered by a flexible rubber shell. - *Others* are made of synthetic rubber molded into honeycomb structure, covered with a flexible shell *DANGERS* - Are *NOT* a hazard until the fire is out. - When bumpers cool after being exposed to heat of fire, beads of a clear liquid, which is concentrated hydrofluoric acid (HF), form on the surface of the bumper - HF is highly corrosive - Flush bumpers with copious amounts of water to minimize presence of HF

Passenger Air-Suspension Systems

- Gives the vehicle self-leveling capability, increasing the stability, handling, and comfort. - Use sensors that inform the computer of the height of the vehicle and any need for CG modification. - *If the height is too low* onboard compressor pumps air into suspension system until the car is level - *If the height is too high* the air-ride computer released the pressure, reducing the profile of the vehicle. - Computer can control the adjustments of the individual air ride components in milliseconds.

Removing Laminated Glass precaution

- If windshield must be removed, remove the glass while leaving the A-post and roof edge intact. - In most modern vehicles, the windshield, the two A-post, and the forward edge of the roof compose part of the structural integrity of the vehicle body

Web Slings

- Includes endless, stranded eye, and twisted eye *Endless* - has both ends of 1 piece of webbing lapped and sewn together to form a continuous piece. - used for vertical, bridle, choker, and basket hitches *Stranded Eye* - consist of a single piece of webbing sewn with an eye at either end in the same place as the sling body *Twisted Eye* - consist of a single piece of webbing with an eye at either end, sewn 90 degrees to the plane (tappered or full length) of the sling. - The twisting allows for better rigging of choker slings

Wire Rope

- Is the strongest type of material used for slings - There are 3 wire rope construction forms 1. Braided - formed by plaiting (braiding) component wire ropes 2. Cable laid - composed of 6 wire ropes wrapped around a fiber of wire rope core 3. Strand laid - A wire rope made w/ strands (usually 6-8) wrapped around a fiber core, wire strand core, or independent wire rope core.

Roll Bars

- Made of hardened, tubular-steel stock, that is anchored to the vehicle body or frame, and extend up behind the passenger cabin. Intended to protect the vehicle occupants in rollover crashes.

Bumper Struts

- Make veh. less vulnerable to damage from low-speed collisions - 2 struts mounted b/w front bumper and the vehicle frame or chassis - 2 struts mounted in the rear of the vehicle - Similiar to conv. shock absorbers, these sealed containers contain hydraulic fluid and compressed gas *DANGERS* - When exposed to fire they can explode - If *both* struts explode simultaneously can launch bumper 100 ft or more. - If *one* strut explodes the other acts as pivot point and bumper can swingin an arc across the front or rear of the vehicle - If vehicle exposed to heavy flame all personnel stay out of danger zone. - directly in front of the bumper and to each side a distance equal to the length of the bumper.

Rescue Chain (Specs and inspection process)

- Min. 3/8 in - Grade 8 or 10 (Grade 80 or Grade 100) *pg 131 states Grade 8 is the best chain for rescue work* - Alloy Steel chains only -They are strong, resistant to abrasion, and chem, degradation. - When using hook make sure that are of the same grade b/c this grade can absorb shock loads better than other grades of chain rated the same strength - Inspect chains regularly and look link by link for signs of cracks, nicks, gouges, bent links, corrosion, elongation or other defects. - Remove defective chain from service

Knee Bolsters

- On some veh. intended to protect lower legs of driver - Also intended as antisubmarine devices--that is, they are intended to help prevent the driver from sliding forward and becoming wedged under the dashboard.

Head Protection Systems (HPS)

- On vehicles equipped with side-impact collision, these airbags deploy from a narrow opening b/w the headliner and the top of the door frame. - There are two types of HPS 1. *Window Curtain* - upon activation, a high pressure cylinder instantly inflates window curtains. Auto. deflate after deployment. 2. *Inflatable Tubes* - instantly inflate upon activation. Inflation shortens the tubes and snap them down into place across the side window and remain inflated after deployment. - One *DANGER* with both systems is that if rescuer is working through the window, they may be likely in the deployment path. Danger can be *DANGER MITIGATED BY* complete roof removal. - Typically use compressed gas inflators - Inert gas, such as argon or helium, are used as the propellant and are stored in steel or aluminum cylinders at pressure of 2,500-4,000 psi or higher - Cylinders can be *LOCATED* in a variety of locations, usually in the A-post, roof rail, and C-post. Maintain 12-18 in of clearance

Elect. Component of HID Headlights

- Operate on high voltage; however, the amperage is low. - An elec. ballast converts the car's 12v DC to up to 25,000v of AC, when the headlight is first turned on. - High voltage creates an arc that jumps across the small gap inside the electrodes of the sealed lamp unit, that energizes the Xenon gas. - Once the arc is formed and the headlight warms up, the voltage drops to approx. 80v AC.

Rear-Looking Collision-Avoidance Systems

- Operates and senses distances of 20 ft or less - Uses cameras, radar, or lasers *When driving forward* senses objects that are approaching from the rear. *When driving in reverse* the system can sense pedestrians and fixed objects toward the rear of the vehicle.

Choker Hitch

- Pass 1 end of the sling under the load and through the other end of the sling - This sling is secured back onto itself - Creates vice-like grip on the load - Prevents problem of load stability

Basket Hitch

- Passes the sling under the load and attaches both ends to the hook or master link. - Does *NOT* keep the load balanced

Entry through the Floor Precautions

- Prior to cutting identify the locations of fuel and hydraulic lines - On Hybrid Vehicles look for high voltage cables that run from battery (usually located in rear if the veh.) forward to engine compartment. - Battery packs on *electric vehicles* may consume the entire floor underneath vehicle, making floor entry impossible - Check the interior before cutting to ensure victims are not in contact w/ portion of the floor that is about to be cut. - If you are unable to locate them through conventional openings, remove drain plugs in the bottom of the floor pan. May see victims through these holes.

Alternative Fuel - Liquefied Natural Gas

- Produced from oil and natural gas fields around the world. - Burns cleaner and produces fewer greenhouse gases, considered to be environmentally friendly.

Energy Absorbing Steering Column

- Proven effective in saving lives and limiting injuries during front end crashes. - Along with driver-side airbags, protect the driver by absorbing the force of the driver's forward movement during a collision. Types - Compression cylinder and Collapsible column

Oxygasoline Cutting Torches

- Relatively new - Fueled by mix of gas and O2 - Use conv. cutting rich and dual-hose config. - Produce a flame in the range of 2,800 - With help from spec. equip. can be used under water

Synthetic Slings

- Responders typically use *Synthetic Round Slings* and *Web Slings* in rescue work to quickly set up anchors and attachments for lifting, stabilizing, pulling, and moving operations. - Edge guards, movable slings, and coatings, increase the life of the sling - Inspect them on both sides and in good light every *30 days* and after each incident. *When inspecting* - pay particular attention to the stitching and ends for wear. - Check the body of the sling for cuts, tensile damage, abrasion, punctures, snags, chem. damage, and heat damage. - Remove and that show excessive wear or damage from service

Electric Vehicles (EV)

- Run exclusively on electricity from onboard batteries - Propelled by a battery-power motor and are charged by plugging into an outlet - Have no gasoline engine - Have longer driving ranges than PHEV and generally travel 60 to 80 miles per charge, though some models can travels over 200 miles

Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV)

- Similar to conventional hybrids in that they both are powered by conventional fuels or alternative fuels as well as electric power stored in the battery - The PHEV battery can be recharged by: - Pluggin into outside power source, by the internal combustion engine, or - By regenerative braking. - Can run only on electricity, up to 40 miles, when fully charged - Good option for driving longer distances if recharging locations or options are unknown

Alternative Fuel - Biodiesel

- Similar to diesel and derived from animal fats and veg. oil such as corn or soy. - Is nontoxic, biodegradable, and produces fewer emissions than petroleum-based diesels during combustion. - Classified as nonflammable liquid - Flashpoint of 320 F.

Alternative Fuel - Jet Propellant-8 (JP-8)

- Since 1990's U.S. Military and NATO have been using it as a single fuel to power diesel and turbine engines in land-based veh. - Petroleum based - Primarily used as an aircraft fuel - Military forces have begun using it as a fuel source for land-based vehicles.

Collision Beams

- Since late 1960's have helped to reinforce vehicles resistance to side impact collisions. - Newer designs have made two major changes, the construction of door beams and the addition of dashboard support beam. - Newer designs incorporate stronger materials such as High-Strength-Low-Alloy Steel (HSLA), Micro Alloy Steel (MA), and Ulta-High-Strength Steel (UHSS) HSLA - Tensile strength of 40,000-70,000 psi MA - Tensile strength of 110,00-215,000 psi UHSS - Tensile strength of up to 442,000 psi - These new materials may to hard for the blades of available power cutters - These bars may embed themselves into the A, B, or C post when the vehicle is compressed from to back creating a *DEADBOLT LOCK* - These materials also used in construction of some dashboard support beams - These beams span the width of the vehicle from A-post to A-post.

Seat Belt Airbags

- Some newer vehicles are equipped with these - They can be located in the front or rear seats, but are typically only found in the rear. - Help reduce head, neck, and chest injuries to passengers who may be more vulnerable to such injuries, such as children and elderly. - When deployed, each of the accordion-folded airbags inflate and expand up tp 3X normal size. - When inflated covers wearers torso and shoulder and provides tighter hold. - Inflates slower than regular airbags b/c seatbelt is already on body - Deployment process from detection to inflation lasts only 40 milliseconds.

Side-Sensing Collision-Avoidance Systems

- Sometimes called active blind-spot assistance - Uses cameras, radar, or lasers - Generally sense objects from 6.5 - 30 ft from the side of the veh. in the blind spot area - Warn the driver of danger through audible and/or visual alarms.

Double Choker Hitch

- Spreads apart 2 single slings around the load - Does not make full contact with the load surface. - Can be double wrapped to help control or hold the load. - When using straps, rescuers should arrange hooks on the straps so that the hooks will pll from opposite sides to create a better gripping action.

`How many classes of levers are there

- There are 3 classes. *CLASS I* - Most efficient - Consist of force at 1 end, a load at the opposite end, and a fulcrum b/w the two. - When using consider the stability of the surface upon which the fulcrum rests. - Both the fulcrum and the ground must be capable of holding twice the weight of the load. ex) hammer and seesaw *CLASS II* - move object horizontally - Consist of a fulcrum at 1 end, a load in the middle, and a force on the other end. ex) wheelbarrow *CLASS III* - Least efficient - Sacrifices force for distance - Consist of a load on 1 end, the fulcrum on the opposite end, and the force in the middle. - Depends on the rescuer's strength to move the load, not the multiplication of force. ex) shovels and brooms

Forward-Looking Collision-Avoidance Systems

- Typically use radar or laser sensors to detect and warn the driver of potential danger (approaching or stationary) in front of the vehicle - Systems scans 330 ft or more forward of the vehicle.

Plasma Arc Cutter

- Ultra-high-temp metal-cutting devices - temps up to 50,000 - work by sending an elec arc through a gas that is passing through a constricted opening. - High speed has cuts through molten metal - Uses up to 200 amperes of elec - use many types of gasses inclu. Argon, Nitrogen, & air. - Air is the most commonly used gas in the fire service. - Does not work well in wet, or in poor conductive conditions.

Rood Removal

- Unibody vehicles designed to function as a unit; therefore, removing doors and roof can seriously compromise structural integrity - Therefore place step chock or other support under the B-post of unibody vehicles before removing the roof. - The windshields, A-post, and forward edge of the roof of modern cars compose structural integrity of veh. body. - Therefore, rescuers should cut the roof just behind the A-post and then cut the remaining door post and lift the roof off.

HID Headlights

- Use an inert and highly pressurized Xenon gas to produce a slightly bluish-looking light - Are up to 3X brighter than the more common halogen bulbs. *Xenon* - Odorless, colorless, nontoxic, and chemically inert gas. It is contained inside a small, sealed bulb deep inside the HID assembly.

Displacing B-Post

- Used to alleviate intrusion and displace impacted side outward, allowing the removal of doors and the B-post w/o causing further injury to the victim *Cross Ramming* - Push the post out and away from the passenger using hydraulic ram placed on transmission tunnel/hump, and extending to the veh. B-Post - If Ram is long enough it can be used b/w the B-posts to move them away from victim *Interior Spreading* - Position spreader behind victim, usually from the rear floorboard to the lower B-post. - Place cribbing on the floorboard to provide adequate base for the spreader arms. - Operating the spreaders in this fashion with apply force to the compromised b-post, forcing the intrusion outward and relieving pressure to the trapped victim.

Vertical Hitch and when to not sue

- Uses a single leg of rope, chain, or webbing to support a load Should no be used when - Load is hard to balance - Center of gravity is hard to establish - Load is loose - Load extends past point of attachment.

Extended Range Electric Vehicles (EREV)

- Uses an internal combustion engine to ower an electric generator that charges the battery system in a linear process - Engine powers generator which in turn charges the battery - Only the elec. motor powers the wheels. - Internal combustion engine only charges the batteries.

Infrared Night Vision Systems

- Uses and operates infrared sensors - Detects people, animals, objects, or vehicles and warns the driver well b/f the headlights can illuminate them.

Adaptive Cruise Control

- When cruise control is active it senses the distance between vehicles. - Uses radar or lasers - The system measures, monitors, and maintains a safe distance b/w vehicles by controlling the speed of the host vehicle through throttle control *or* braking.

Cutting Flares

- can cut metal and concrete if they are exothermic flares - approx. size and shape of road flares - produce a 6800 flame that last 15sec-2min depending on length and diameter. - advantage of requiring no hose or power cord, lightweight, and portability.

Door removal Precuation

- if vehicle door contains an airbag, a cable (possibly yellow) can be found b/w the door and the A-post when door is removed. - IF rescuers must cut the wires b/w door and A-post only do so after the battery has been disconnected and the reserve power dissipated. - Cut and separate wires 1 at a time with handheld cutters - Cutting the yellow wire in these situations may deploy supp. restraint systems

Cumple Zones

- lengthen the time a vehicle takes to come to a complete stop during an accident - Thus reducing the force of deceleration upon the vehicle's passengers.

Double Basket Hitch

- provides more stability than a single basket hitch - Uses 2 slings, each attached to 1 central hook but are each wrapped at separate locations around the load - Allows the center attachment to be located above center of gravity - Sling makes contact all the way around the load surface. Increasing the security of the load and works well for cylinders

Wire Rope Tighteners

- used for lifting light loads or as tightening cable tiebacks and other rigging - Take care not to overload

Alternative techniques for Creating Access and Egress Openings on Passenger Vehicles with Advance Steel

1. *Pie Cut* - Used when B-Post contains advanced steel and not the roof rail. - Cut the roof rail of the B-post in a pie cut fashion and lay b-ost down 2. *B-Pillar Lift* - Used when B-Post and the entire roof rail consist of advanced steel. - Cut the B-post at the bottom and lift it up and away. 3. *Cross Ramming* - Used when cutters will not cut through B-Post or there is increased intrusion to the pass. compartment from lateral side impact. - Push the post out and away from the passenger using hydraulic ram placed on transmission tunnel/hump, and extending to the veh. B-Post - If Ram is long enough it can be used b/w the B-posts to move them away from victim 4. *Ramming the roof off* - Used when cutters will not cut advanced steel in B-Post or roof rail. - Initial push from behind B-Post, and 2nd push along front side of B-Post may completely tear the B-post from the roof rail. - Need to place cribbing beneath rocker panel to support the push of the ram 5. *Partial or total sunroof* - Used when advanced steel is located in key locations of the roof pillars, roof rail, and rocker panel. *Partial Sunroof Technique* - Cut the roof from the windshield header to the rear window, inside the roof rail. - Make relief cuts on the hinge side of the roof and lift panel up and away. *Total Sunroof Technique* - Same as above but make a 2nd cut on the opposite side from the windshield header to the rear window. - Lift entire roof panel off, creating a total sunroof

3 Common ways to Stabilize Side Resting Vehicle w/ Struts

1. *Same-Side, opposing force system* - Attach chains to highest possible point of undercarriage b/w front and rear axels - Connect chain attachment on car to an anchor chain wrap, using a chain and tensioning device - Leave slack in chain and place two struts appropriately - Tensions the chain system until struts become loaded - Reassess system 2. *Opposite-side, opposing force system (Tensioned Buttress)* - One strut placed on undercarriage side of vehicle and the remaining strut placed on the passenger side. - Connects bases of struts using tensioning strap - Tension the bases simultaneously until struts are loaded. - Based on vehicle or accident dynamics multiple tensioned buttress systems may be required 3. *Opposite-side, independent system* - Similar to tensions buttress system but connects the bases of mirrored struts to a low point on the vehicle. - Tension the strut on passenger compartment side first until undercarriage strut is loaded. - - Based on vehicle or accident dynamics multiple independent systems may be required.

Methods to displace pedals

1. Bending them with hydraulic spreaders 2. Attaching a chain, web strap, or rope around the pedal arm near the foot and pulling laterally 3. Strapping the pedal to a functional, partially opened door and fully opening the door 4. Strapping the pedal to the steering wheel and then turning the wheel to bend the pedal upwards

Wire Rope Fittings and Termination Designs

1. Flemish Eye - most reliable and *efficient* termination - 100% efficient - Must be installed in a shop 2. Wedge Socket - Next most reliable type of termination - If installed properly, reduces cap. by 10-20% 3. Fold Back Eye - Least reliable - Should not be used for rescue work 4. Cable Clips - Reduce cap. by about 20% - Inst. in succession and torqued to manu. specs 5. Thimble - Used when attaching wire rope to a hand point that would cause the cable to bend sharply. - The thimble guides the cable into a natural curve and helps protect the wire rope

4 Basic Methods that rescuers typically use to extricate victims

1. Manipulative extrication 2. Disassembly 3. Cutting 4. Forcing

How to calculate mechanical leverage of a lever

1. Measure the dustacneb/w the load and the fulcrum side 2. Measure distance b/w fulcrum and force side - If the length of the lever is 3X as long on the force side of the fulcrum as on the load side, the lever has a 3-to-1 mechanical advantage.

Automobile batteries used in ignition systems are generally . . .

Lead-acid Type

What method works well for removing doors on vehicle equipped with airbags in the doors

Opening or removing a door with a power ratchet, power impact wrench, or manual socket set

How should pneumatice lifting bags be used?

Pneumatic lifting bag should be used in pairs at opposing sides of an unstable vehicle.

High Strength/Low Alloy (HSLA) steel

Used in body and safety components. Includes DP and TRIP Steel.

Ultra High Strength Steel (UHSS)

Used in body and safety components. Includes boron and martensite.

Copper

Used in electrical systems

Alloys

Used in engines and vehicle body components

Plastics

Used in light covers, body components, exterior/interior panels, dashboard, and seats.

Magnesium

Used in tire rims, engine components, transmission housings, steering columns, frame support members, and dashboards.

Rubber

Used in tires and electrical wiring insulation.

Composite materials

Used in various vehicle components

Aluminum

Used in vehicle bodies, engines, and frames.

Mild steel

Used in vehicle frames, body components, and I-beam safety components.

Dual Phase (DP) steel

Used in vehicle frames, body components, and safety components.

Transformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP) Steel

Used in vehicle frames, body components, and safety components.

Glass

Used in windshields, windows, lights, and light covers.

Vehicles with pressed metal hinges

may be quicker to cut the hinges, as opposed to spreading them.

Cast Iron

used in agricultural and construction equipment bodies

Medium Trucks

weight b/w 13,000 and 33,000 lbs