Viruses and Bacteria

During bacterial reproduction, three things must occur. Which of the following apply? (check 3) -DNA must be replicated -DNA must be separated into daughter cells -cell contents must be divided to give both new cells components to sustain life -ribosomes must make protein first

-DNA must be replicated -DNA must be separated into daughter cells -cell contents must be divided to give both new cells components to sustain life

Which of the following apply to vaccines (not antibiotics)? (choose 5) -a biological preparation created to provides immunity to a particular disease -used to prevent diseases -expose hosts to a dead or weakened form -causes the body's immune system builds an immune response that will be employed with future exposure to the same germ -used to cure bacterial diseases by killing the bacterium -are in continuous development

-are in continuous development -a biological preparation created to provides immunity to a particular disease -used to prevent diseases -expose hosts to a dead or weakened form -causes the body's immune system builds an immune response that will be employed with future exposure to the same germ

Which of the following is believed to be true? -prokaryotes were on Earth long before multicellular eukaryotes -multicellular eukaryotes were on Earth long before prokaryotes -prokaryotes and eukaryotes originated around the same time

-prokaryotes were on Earth long before multicellular eukaryotes

9.2a Presentation and H5P: Compare Viruses and Bacteria (SOL BIO.4b,c,d)

9.2 Presentation: Bacteria (SOL BIO.4b,c,d)

binary fission

A form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size

Budding

A form of asexual reproduction of yeast in which a new cell grows out of the body of a parent.

vaccine

A harmless variant or derivative of a pathogen that stimulates a host's immune system to mount defenses against the pathogen

Conjugation

A temporary union of two organisms for the purpose of DNA transfer.

virus

A tiny, nonliving particle that invades and then reproduces inside a living cell.

In addition to the flu and HIV, name another disease caused by a virus: ___________

AIDS

The two domain prokaryotes are placed in are Bacteria and ___________

Archaea

___________ are single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus.

Bacteria

Match the following early beliefs with the correct statement. Spontaneous Generation: The notion that living matter arises from non-living matter. OR The notion that living matter arises from other living matter. Biogenesis: The notion that living matter arises from non-living matter. OR The notion that living matter arises from other living matter.

Biogenesis: The notion that living matter arises from other living matter. Spontaneous Generation: The notion that living matter arises from non-living matter.

The genetic material of prokaryotic cells is usually a single loop of ___________

DNA

Viruses contain ___________ and not much else.

DNA or RNA

Viruses may use _____ as genetic material. (Choose the BEST answer.)

DNA or RNA

Scientists who investigate disease outbreaks within a population are called ___________

Disease Detectives

Eukaryotic cells are thought to be the descendants of ancient prokaryotic communities. Which theory is in place to support this belief?

Endosymbiotic Theory

Viruses can divide by cell division. t/f

False

Name the two minimum required structures that all viruses have?

Genetic material and a capsid

Throughout history, people have created explanations for disease. The _____ is a currently accepted theory that states microorganisms can cause disease.

Germ Theory of Disease

Viruses are not classified as living, but they do share some of the characteristics of living things. Select the correct term from the drop-down menu to complete the sentence. Like living things, viruses have: genetic material / within a host cell / change over time Like living things, viruses: genetic material / within a host cell / change over time Unlike living things, viruses can only reproduce: viruses have: genetic material / within a host cell / change over time

Like living things, viruses have: genetic material Like living things, viruses: change over time Unlike living things, viruses can only reproduce: within a host cell

host cell

Living cell in which a virus can actively multiply or in which a virus can hide until activated by environmental stimuli

Who received credit for disproving the long-disputed theory of spontaneous generation?

Louis Pasteur

Name one ways humans use bacteria: ___________

Making drugs, such as antibiotics and vaccines. Making biogas, such as methane

What is EVERY virus composed of?

Nucleic acid single or double stranded DNA or RNA. Protein Coat-capsid

capsid

Outer protein coat of a virus

Viruses cannot move on their own. They must somehow get from one cell to the next to continue to reproduce. How viruses are transmitted varies from virus to virus. Drag and drop the images of these viruses to their mode of transmission. -Respiratory Droplets (sneezes): Measles virus / Adenovirus (viral pink eye) / Rabies virus / Yellow fever virus -Hand to eye contact: Measles virus / Adenovirus (viral pink eye) / Rabies virus / Yellow fever virus -Animal bites: Measles virus / Adenovirus (viral pink eye) / Rabies virus / Yellow fever virus -Mosquito bites: Measles virus / Adenovirus (viral pink eye) / Rabies virus / Yellow fever virus

Respiratory Droplets (sneezes): Measles virus Hand to eye contact: Adenovirus (viral pink eye) Animal bites: Rabies virus Mosquito bites: Yellow fever virus

Who proposed a series of postulates (beliefs) based on the reasoning that a specific disease is caused by a specific microbe?

Robert Koch

Prokaryotic cells are distinguished by their ___________.

Shape

What bacteria causes food poisoning?___________

Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella, Clostridium perfringens, Campylobacter, Listeria monocytogenes, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Bacillus cereus, and Entero-pathogenic Escherichia coli

How many influenza pandemics were there in the 20th century? ___________

Three

Bacteria play important roles in the global ecosystem, including a lead role in the cycling of nutrients. t/f

True

Because viruses transmit genetic material into the host cell, they can change the genetic make up of the host cell. t/f

True

Changes in health practices have resulted from the acceptance of the germ theory of disease. t/f

True

Viruses can dramatically affect living things. The influenza, West Nile, and Ebola viruses have killed millions of people. t/f

True

The study of viruses is called ____________

Virology

What are viruses?

Viruses are non-cellular entities that are parasites of cells

Which characteristic distinguishes viruses from microorganisms such as bacteria and amoebae?

Viruses can reproduce only inside a host cell.

What virus was introduced to the U.S. by an infected air traveler in the 1990's? ___________

Yellow fever, smallpox, measles, and polio

A disease that can be spread from animal to humans is called ___________

Zoonotic Diseases

antibiotic

a medicine used to save lives because it destroys harmful bacteria and cures infections

lytic cycle

a viral reproductive cycle in which copies of a virus are made within a host cell, which then bursts open, releasing new viruses

lysogenic cycle

a viral reproductive cycle in which the viral DNA is added to the host cell's DNA and is copied along with the host cell's DNA

Antiviral

acting to make a virus ineffective

Besides spreading through contact, bacteria also spread by ___________ from host to host.

air, water, food, ect...

Viruses are particles that are not ______.

alive

Most viruses can be seen with:

an electron microscope

We know viruses _____. (Check all that apply.) are nonliving and small have a unique structure can infect replicate inside a host cell are living and small are nonliving and large

are nonliving and small have a unique structure can infect replicate inside a host cell

Viruses that infect bacteria are called _____.

bacteriophages

The 3 most common prokaryotic cell shapes are: ___________

cocci, bacilli, and spirals

Name a childhood disease which is prevented with a vaccine. ___________

diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis

Viruses are tiny particles that may cause ___________

disease

Viruses cause _____________ and infections.

diseases

A ___________ is an outbreak of a disease within a specific region.

endemic

Viruses have their own Kingdom of classification. t/f

false

Most prokaryotes have a long, thin protein structure called a ___________ for movement.

flagella

aseptic

free from disease-causing microorganisms

What 2 traits do viruses share with living things? ___________

genetic material, and they can evolve

Cold sores are caused by a ___________ virus.

herpes simplex virus type 1

All viruses replicate, or make copies of themselves. However, viruses need the help of living cells to copy themselves. In order to copy itself, a virus must enter a living cell. The cell in which a virus replicates is called the __________ _________.

host cell.

What virus can cause cervical cancer? ___________

human papillomavirus (HPV)

When do endospores form? ___________

in response to unfavorable growth conditions in the bacterial environment

___________ are the most numerous organisms on the planet.

insects

How does a vaccine work? ___________

it sparks your immune response, helping your body fight off and remember the germ so it can attack it if the germ ever invades again

Viruses that live in a dormant state within the body are called ___________

latent phase

What are the most common vectors of human diseases? ___________

mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas

Bacteria in food can be killed by ___________

normal cooking

The basic viral structure consists of which two items? nucleic acid core protein coat mitochondria cytoplasm

nucleic acid core protein coat

Word bank: RNA / nucleic acids / protein coat / DNA Viruses are made up of ____________ _______, either ______ or ____, surrounded by a _____________ _______.

nucleic acids / DNA / RNA / protein coat

Antibiotic resistance is the ability of a bacteria to resist the effects of medication that once successfully treated bacteria. A primary cause of antibiotic resistance is _____ to antibiotics;

overexposure

Bacteria or other infectious organisms that cause harm to their human hosts are called _____.

pathogens

A ___________ is a virus that infects prokaryotes.

phage

Match the following classification of bacteria with the correct definition. photoautotrophic bacteria: Use sunlight as an energy source and carbon from carbon dioxide to synthesize chemical energy in a form of carbohydrates. / Use inorganic molecules as a energy source. / Rely on more complex organic carbon compounds as nutrients initially by autotrophs. chemoautotrophic bacteria: Use sunlight as an energy source and carbon from carbon dioxide to synthesize chemical energy in a form of carbohydrates. / Use inorganic molecules as a energy source. / Rely on more complex organic carbon compounds as nutrients initially by autotrophs. heterotrophic bacteria: Use sunlight as an energy source and carbon from carbon dioxide to synthesize chemical energy in a form of carbohydrates. / Use inorganic molecules as a energy source. / Rely on more complex organic carbon compounds as nutrients initially by autotrophs.

photoautotrophic bacteria: Use sunlight as an energy source and carbon from carbon dioxide to synthesize chemical energy in a form of carbohydrates. chemoautotrophic bacteria: Use inorganic molecules as a energy source. heterotrophic bacteria: Rely on more complex organic carbon compounds as nutrients initially by autotrophs.

Viruses are small, infectious agents that __________ only inside the living cells of organisms.

replicate

The virus that causes chickenpox may remain latent and then later in life cause ___________

shingles

The DNA in bacteria is _____.

short and cyclic (circular)

The key to the viruses' success is their _____.

simplicity

Bacteria

single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus; prokaryotes

Viruses are ____________ than the tiniest bacterium

smaller

Many prokaryotes have an extra outside layer, ___________, for protection.

the capsule

Germ Theory

the theory that infectious diseases are caused by certain microbes

Viruses are entirely dependent on resources from _____ to produce more viruses.

their host cell

What structural characteristics do all viruses share?

they are small, have DNA or RNA genomes, and are obligate intracellular parasites.

Bacteria can be classified according to how they obtain energy for cellular respiration or fermentation. t/f

true

LISTERINE® a brand of antiseptic mouthwash with the slogan "Kills germs that cause bad breath", was named after Joseph Lister. t/f

true

Viruses are much smaller than a cell. TRUE or FALSE __________

true

Viruses are not cells. t/f

true

Name a disease caused by bacteria? ___________

tuberculosis, Strep throat

The best way to prevent viral diseases is with a ___________ which produces immunity.

vaccine

Because viruses transmit DNA or RNA into the host cell, they can introduce genetic ________________ into the hosts.

variation

An individual virus is called a ___________.

virion

Word bank: cells / respiration / environment / grow / homeostasis Most biologists agree that viruses are not alive because they are not made of ___________, do not respond to stimulation in their ___________________ , don't maintain _______________________, don't grow, don't develop, or carry out _____________.

cells / environment / homeostasis / grow / respiration

Lytic Cycle Overview: -Attachment: Genetic material is injected into the host cell / Virus attaches to the host cell. / Virus enzymes cause the cell to burst and viruses are released from the host cell. These new viruses can infect other cells. / The virus takes over the cell's metabolism, causing the creation of new proteins and nucleic acids by the host cell's organelles. / Proteins and nucleic acids are assembled into new viruses. -Entry: Genetic material is injected into the host cell / Virus attaches to the host cell. / Virus enzymes cause the cell to burst and viruses are released from the host cell. These new viruses can infect other cells. / The virus takes over the cell's metabolism, causing the creation of new proteins and nucleic acids by the host cell's organelles. / Proteins and nucleic acids are assembled into new viruses. -Replication: Genetic material is injected into the host cell / Virus attaches to the host cell. / Virus enzymes cause the cell to burst and viruses are released from the host cell. These new viruses can infect other cells. / The virus takes over the cell's metabolism, causing the creation of new proteins and nucleic acids by the host cell's organelles. / Proteins and nucleic acids are assembled into new viruses. -Assembly: Genetic material is injected into the host cell / Virus attaches to the host cell. / Virus enzymes cause the cell to burst and viruses are released from the host cell. These new viruses can infect other cells. / The virus takes over the cell's metabolism, causing the creation of new proteins and nucleic acids by the host cell's organelles. / Proteins and nucleic acids are assembled into new viruses. -Release: Genetic material is injected into the host cell / Virus attaches to the host cell. / Virus enzymes cause the cell to burst and viruses are released from the host cell. These new viruses can infect other cells. / The virus takes over the cell's metabolism, causing the creation of new proteins and nucleic acids by the host cell's organelles. / Proteins and nucleic acids are assembled into new viruses.

1. Attachment: Virus attaches to the host cell. 2. Entry: Genetic material is injected into the host cell. 3. Replication: The virus takes over the cell's metabolism, causing the creation of new proteins and nucleic acids by the host cell's organelles. 4. Assembly: Proteins and nucleic acids are assembled into new viruses. 5. Release: Virus enzymes cause the cell to burst and viruses are released from the host cell. These new viruses can infect other cells.

Match the order of steps with the correct process, for confirming that a pathogen is the cause of a particular disease using Koch's postulates. -The cultured "germ" must cease the same disease when injected into a healthy animal. -The suspected "germ" must be absent in healthy animas AND present in diseased animals. -The suspected "germ" must be isolated from the diseased animal and grown in culture. -The suspected "germ" must be Re-Isolated from the injected diseased animal.

1. The suspected "germ" must be absent in healthy animas AND present in diseased animals. 2. The suspected "germ" must be isolated from the diseased animal and grown in culture. 3. The cultured "germ" must cease the same disease when injected into a healthy animal. 4. The suspected "germ" must be Re-Isolated from the injected diseased animal.

Match the following types of bacterial reproduction with the correct action. binary fission: A type of asexual cell division which results in two daughter cells. / A type of asexual cell division which results in which results in one large cell and one very small cell. / A type of sexual reproduction in which bacteria exchange genetic material. budding: A type of asexual cell division which results in two daughter cells. / A type of asexual cell division which results in which results in one large cell and one very small cell. / A type of sexual reproduction in which bacteria exchange genetic material. conjucation: A type of asexual cell division which results in two daughter cells. / A type of asexual cell division which results in which results in one large cell and one very small cell. / A type of sexual reproduction in which bacteria exchange genetic material.

binary fission: A type of asexual cell division which results in two daughter cells. budding: A type of asexual cell division which results in which results in one large cell and one very small cell. conjucation: A type of sexual reproduction in which bacteria exchange genetic material.

Viruses are just genetic material with a protein coat called a ___________

capsid

Word bank: common cold / influenza / retroviruses / cells Viruses cause disease by destroying ________ and by disrupting the body's normal homeostasis. A virus can be fast-acting, such as the virus that causes the ____________ ________ , or may belong to the group of viruses called ______________________, which includes the virus that causes _______________.

cells / common cold / retroviruses / influenza