Viruses, Viroids, and Prions

Virus family

-viridae

Virus genus

-virus

What are viruses?

A virus is a non cellular particle made up of genetic material and protein that can invade living cells.

What are viruses that become dormant inside a cell called?

Latent viruses

Common names

Are used for species

What do the six small spikes on the base of a contractile tail do?

Attach to the host cell and inject viral Dna into cell

Viruses that attack bacteria are called

Bacteriophage

Complex shaped viruses are called

Bacteriophages

Attenuated viruses

Become weakened and less vigorus

Who discovered viruses?

Beijerinck in 1897.

Are viruses living or nonliving

Both and neither.

What do they do when replication is finished?

Break open the bacterial cell

What is the protein coat called

Capsid

Complex viruses

Capsid (head), dna, sheath, tail fiber, pin, and baseplate

Individual subunits are called

Capsomeres

Who developed a small pox vaccine

Edward Jenner, using cowpox viruses

Some viruses are enclosed in a protective

Envelope

How are viruses measured?

In nanometers

Are viruses active or inactive outside a host cell

Inactive

What are prions

Infectious proteins

How do bacteriophages replicate

Inject their nucleic acid

Prions form

Insoluble deposits in the brain

What happens when a retrovirus infects a cell?

It injects it's RNA and reverse transcriptase enzyme into the cytoplasm of that cell

Example of prion

Mad cow disease

Do prions have RNA or DNA

Neither

Can they maintain homeostasis?

No, they cannot maintain a constant internal state.

Are virus structures living or nonliving?

Non living structures

Are they cellular or noncellular?

Noncellular

What are viruses made up of?

Nucleus acid and protein

Subspecies are designated by a number or letter?

Number

Are they capable of reproducing?

Only inside a host cell

What do viroids infect

Plants

What shape is the influenza virus

Polyhedral

Main protein involved in human and mammalian prion diseases is called

PrP

Attenuate

Procedure that weaken an agent of disease by heating

Head and tail fibers are made of

Protein

What are viral capsids made of?

Protein subunits

Retroviruses contain

RNA

Reverse transcriptase

RTase

What do viruses use to reproduce

Raw materials and enzyme of the host

What do viroids resemble

Resemble introns cut out if eukaryotic

Contain enzyme called

Reverse transcriptase

Viroids

Small circular RNA molecules without a protein coat

Virus are host

Specific

Most viruses only infect

Specific host cells

What do some viruses have that help them attach to host cells?

Spikes

The most commonly studied T-pages are

T4 and T7

Humans rarely share viral diseases with other animals

True

What are deadly viruses called

Virulent

Are viruses smaller or bigger than cells?

Viruses are smaller than the smallest cell

Who crystallized sap from sick tobacco plants

Wendell Stanley

When were viruses able to be seen?

With the electron microscope in the 20th century

Are virus free cells rare?

Yes

Can they be crystallized?

Yes

Do some viruses cause disease?

Yes

Do viruses come in a variety of shapes?

Yes

Do eukaryotic virus's have a protective envelope

Yes, made from the host cell membrane

Family of Retrovirus

retroviridae

Virus species

A group of viruses sharing the same genetic information and ecological niche

T-pages are a specific class if bacteriophages with

Icosahedral heads, double stranded DNA, and tails

Attenuated viruses are capable

If stimulating an immune response and creating immunity but not causing illness

Bacteriophage has a head with

20 triangular surfaces

What is an example of an eukaryotic virus

Chickenpox later becomes shingles

Prions are normal body proteins that get

Converted into an alternate configuration

Capsids contain

DNA

What is the nucleus acid core made of

DNA or RNA

How long can eukaryotic viruses remain dormant

For many years

Examples of retroviruses

HIV and aids

What are examples of latent viruses?

HIV and herpes

Polyhedral viruses

Have Capsomeres, nucleic acid, and capsid

Helical viruses

Have capsids, Capsomeres, and nucleic acid

What did beijerinck study?

He studied filtered plant juices and found they caused healthy plants to become sick

The Ebola virus is what shape

Helical