Vitamin

What is the best way to get phytochemicals in the diet?

Eat a variety of whole plant foods

What is the interaction between vitamin E and vitamin K?

Excessive levels of vitamin E will reduce the clotting ability of vitamin K.

vitamin E

Helps protect the skin from the harmful effects of the sun's UV light. -tocopherols and tocotrienols

Excessive intake of Vitamin E can interfere with which vitamin?

K

What is the leading cause of legal blindness among North American adults over the age of 65?

Macular degeneration

Which of the following are defining characteristics of vitamins?

Prolonged absence of the compound from the diet produces deficiency symptoms. The body is unable to synthesize enough of the substance to maintain health.

Which two food groups supply the most thiamin & B-6 viatimin in the typical American diet

Protein foods Grains

Cow's milk is an excellent source of

Riboflavin

Which statement about the difference between synthetic and natural vitamins is considered true.

Synthetic and natural vitamins are the same chemical compounds and work equally well in the body, with only a few exceptions.

Which of the following are true about vitamin A deficiencies?

-Problems include impaired vision, weakened immune function, and stunted growth. -Vitamin A deficiency is a major health problem in other parts of the world. -Americans are at low risk for a vitamin A deficiency.

Who is likely to benefit from supplements containing vitamin D?

-Strict vegetarians (i.e., vegans) -Breastfed infants with limited sun exposure -People with fat malabsorption

Functions of riboflavin include

-assisting antioxidant reactions -release of energy from fatty acids

______ as found in fruits and vegetables lessen the risk of macular degeneration and cataracts.

Carotenoids

Choose the processes that stop blood loss and maintains hemostasis.

1. vasoconstriction-narrowing of blood vessels 2. platelet plug formation- Platelets adhere to one another and to damaged tissue 3. coagulation-Blood changes from liquid to solid

The RDA for vitamin B-6 for women is ______ mg/day.

1.3

The human body can synthesize niacin from an amino acid: _____ mg of tryptophan can be converted into about 1 mg of niacin

60

hormone

A compound manufactured by one organ that has a physiological effect on another organ or tissue

People experiencing which condition would be most at risk of a B vitamin deficiency?

Alcoholism

Alcoholics tend to have impaired absorption of which of the following vitamins?

B vitamins

water soluble vitamins

B vitamins, vitamin C, choline

Because it is necessary for over 100 reactions in amino acid metabolism, a deficiency of ______ leads to widespread symptoms, including depression, skin disorders, and nerve problems.

B6

Select the carotenoids that can be converted into vitamin A in the body.

Beta-carotene

Which of the following are characteristics of pellagra, the deficiency disease for niacin?

dermatitis. diarrhea. dementia.

Bioavailability refers to the degree to which a nutrient can be

digested and absorbed.

Pork is an excellent source of thiamin. For an individual that does not eat pork, what are some food choices that would also be good sources of thiamin?

dried beans ready-to-eat breakfast cereals enriched grains

When using a vitamin to treat a nondeficiency disease (e.g., the common cold), the vitamin is considered a , ......and side effects can be expected.

drug

Vitamins are considered ______ nutrients.

essiental

Vitamins are divided into two broad classes called........ -soluble and -.......soluble.

fat & water

Children with cystic fibrosis are at risk for rickets because

fat malabsorption limits absorption of fat-soluble vitamin D.

The coenzyme form of pantothenic acid participates in

fatty acid synthesis. release of energy from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

Enrichment replaces some of the nutrients that have been lost during food processing. Compared to whole grains, however, enriched, refined grain products remain lower in

fiber. magnesium.

How are the B vitamins absorbed?

free vitamins

If the supply of a specific vitamin is inadequate, a deficiency disease related to that vitamin's function will develop

gradually over a period of time.

phylloquinone, menaquinone, menadione

green plants gut bacteria synthetic

What is the opposite of hemostasis?

hemorrhage

What are the three main problems associated with vitamin A deficiency?

impaired vision stunted growth weakened immune system

Factors that increase the risk of developing rickets include ______.

inadequate vitamin D intake cystic fibrosis

A riboflavin deficiency usually occurs with a deficiency of several other B vitamins because

these nutrients often occur in the same foods.

Chronic use of antibiotics can affect blood health because

they destroy microorganisms in the large intestine that synthesize vitamin K.

The B vitamin required as a coenzyme to release energy from carbohydrates and some amino acids is

thiamin

B vitamins

thiamin folate pantothenic acid

The chemical name for the four forms of Vitamin E is

tocopherols

Exposure to light, heat, and oxygen can reduce a food's ______ content.

vitamin

Which vitamin is known as the "anti-infection" vitamin because it maintains the health of the epithelial cells, which provide a barrier against invading microorganisms?

vitamin A

The only nutrient that can be produced in the skin upon exposure to ultraviolet light is ______.

vitamin D

Good options for vitamin D supplementation include

vitamin D supplements. fruit juice fortified with vitamin D.

Phylloquinone, menaquinone, and menadione are all forms of ______.

vitamin K

Which vitamin is given as an injection to infants at birth due to the inability of the bacteria in the intestines to produce enough?

vitamin K

fat-soluble

vitamins A, D, E and K -are absorbed with dietary lipids. -The body is able to store

A person with dark skin would need ______ sun exposure to synthesize the same amount of vitamin D as someone with light skin.

longer

Typical North American B vitamin status is good because

many foods are fortified with B vitamins. B vitamins are efficiently absorbed. sources of B-vitamins are plentiful

Taking an amount of a vitamin that is many times larger than a person needs is called a(n) ______.

megadose

Good food sources for pantothenic acid include ______.

mushrooms sunflower seeds

Vitamins isolated from foods are considered ........ natural and vitamins synthesized in a laboratory are considered ........

natural . synthetic

Which of the following are potential consequences of vitamin B-6 deficiency?

nerve problems anemia impaired immune response

The coenzyme forms of ______ are involved in breakdown and synthesis of fat and protein.

niacin

Which B vitamin has been used as a medication to lower blood lipids?

niacin

Megadoses of vitamin A or carotenoid supplements are not recommended to reduce cancer risk because ______.

of the potential for toxicity

The disease associated with a vitamin D deficiency that affects older adults is

osteomalacia.

Which B vitamin is required for the synthesis of coenzyme A (CoA)?

pantothenic acid

Which of the following B-vitamins functions in the release of energy from carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins as well as in fatty acid synthesis? Its name comes from the Greek word meaning "from every side."

pantothenic acid

Active vitamin D enhances the absorption of calcium and ______.

phosphorus

The two categories of functional foods are ______.

phytochemicals zoochemicals

Which food sources are naturally higher in vitamin E?

plant

Factors that can decrease the skin's ability to absorb UVB rays include ______.

pollution cloud cover glass

Risk factors associated with osteomalacia include

poor intestinal absorption and kidney disease

A vitamin K deficiency is ______.

rare

Food sources for obtaining vitamin D include

salmon. fortified milk.

Factors that affect the ability of the skin to synthesize vitamin D include

skin color. age.

Groups who are at high risk of a vitamin E deficiency include

smokers. preterm infants.

Provitamin A carotenoids function as antioxidants and help to prevent

some cancers. cardiovascular disease in high-risk people.

The primary consequence of hypercarotenemia is

yellowing of the skin

Vitamin E can donate electrons or hydrogen to free radicals found in cell membranes, making cell membranes more ______.

stable

Hemostasis describes body processes that

stop blood loss

Which of the following are good food sources of vitamin E?

sunflower oil, 1 tablespoon dried apricots (1/2 cup) dry-roasted sunflower seeds, 1 ounce

Which statements about B vitamins are true?

They are absorbed primarily in the small intestine. They have relatively high bioavailability.

Which of the following MyPlate food groups provides the most vitamin K?

Vegetables

Niacin is

a coenzyme in metabolic reactions that yield energy from food.

In North America, intakes of most B vitamins are generally ______.

adequate

Where is most of vitamin E found within the body?

adipose tissue and cell membrane

Vitamin K status may be a concern when taking which of the following medications?

antibiotics

According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, infants who do not consume 10 micrograms (400 IU) of vitamin D should ______.

be given a daily vitamin D supplement

A person experiencing weakness, loss of appetite, poor coordination, and edema caused from lack of thiamin is experiencing the deficiency disease known as

beriberi

About 50% to 90% of the water-soluble vitamins in the diet are absorbed, which means they have a relatively high ______.

bioavailability

A B-vitamin that functions in the addition of carbon dioxide to other compounds during metabolism of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids is ______.

biotin

Vitamin K and calcium work together to prevent ______.

blood loss

Sources of provitamin A carotenoids include

broccoli, sweet potatoes, and carrots -Dark green and yellow-orange vegetables

A deficiency in vitamin K can lead to ______.

bruising excessive bleeding

Vitamin K serves as a cofactor in chemical reactions that add carbon dioxide molecules to various proteins, thus enabling these proteins to bind to ______.

calicum

The thiamin coenzyme is particularly important for the release of energy from

carbohydrates

Alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and beta-cryptoxanthin are three ______ that can be converted to retinol, the active form of vitamin A.

carotenoids

Why could a person with adequate calcium intake but a deficiency of vitamin D be at risk of bone fractures?

Vitamin D is necessary for calcium absorption.

Functions of vitamin B-6 include ______.

conversion of tryptophan to niacin breakdown of stored glycogen to glucose synthesis of white blood cells and the heme portion of hemoglobin -the synthesis of nonessential amino acids the synthesis of neurotransmitters homocysteine metabolism

The names of the four tocotrienols are

gamma alpha beta delta

When habitual intake of vitamin D exceeds the UL, health risks include

gastrointestinal disorders. calcium deposits in organs.

Refining grains leads to a loss of

germ, bran, and husk layers of the grain. B vitamins.

phytochemicals

health promoting substances found in plants

zoochemicals

health-promoting substances found in animal foods

The body's needs for niacin are met by

synthesis from tryptophan. food sources.

Vitamin D

synthesized by the skin & exposure to ultraviolet light -bone-building nutrients is classified as a hormone