Vocabulary 09

Which of the following cranial nerves is NOT involved in transmitting gustatory information?

12 (hypoglossal)

The way we see that world can be influenced by prior

All of the above

Match the term with the best definition.

An event in the outside world that triggers a response in the nervous system: Stimulus A part of the body that has a specific function: Organ Specialized cells that convert energy from the outside world to neural energy: Sensory receptors Each sensory system, except for somatosensation, is associated with a cranial nerve: Cranial nerve Each sensory system is organized in a stimulus map specific to the associated system: Sensory map The process of converting that sensory signal to an electrical signal in the sensory neurons is unique to the sensory system.: Transduction The brain has two sides. Most information is processed contralaterally.: Hemisphere

Which structure is not part of the vestibular system?

Eustachian tube

Which body part is not highly represented on the sensory homunculus?

Eyes

Our prior experiences have no bearing on how we see the world.

False

The primary and secondary visual cortices are tonotopic.

False

Which is not typically considered one of the basic tastes?

Fruity

Each level of the taste and smell sensory systems show _______ mapping.

None of these

What type of map is associated with the gustatory system?

None of these

_____ is the subjective interpretation of sensations by the brain; _____ is the registration of events from the environment on the sensory receptors.

Perception; sensation

Match each sense with its associated features

Photoreceptors: Vision Light: Vision Hair cells: Audition Sound/frequency: Audition Olfactory epithelium: Olfaction Processed ipsilaterally: Olfaction Tongue: Gustation 5 different tastes: Gustation Touch: Somatosensory Cortical homunculus: Somatosensory

Each level of the visual system shows _______ mapping.

Retinotopy

Match each sense with its associated cortical map

Retinotopy: Vision Tonotopy: Audition Somatotopy: Touch

Match each taste with the correct ions or description. (Note: Ions and descriptions may be used more than once.)

Sour taste: H+ ions Sweet taste: Metabotropic Bitter taste: Metabotropic Savory taste: Metabotropic Salty taste: Na+ ions

Which statement regarding tastes is false?

Sweet tastes interact with fast-acting ionotropic receptors.

Match each term with the best definition.

The number of cycles per second in a sound wave: Frequency A multiple of a particular frequency: Harmonic Frequency discrimination in which the pitch of a sound is determined by location of activated hair cells along the basilar membrane: Place coding theory The disparity between the two ears in the time of arrival of a sound: Interaural temporal difference Frequency discrimination in which the pitch of a sound is determined by the rate of firing of auditory neurons: Temporal coding theory

Your eyes and ears sense activity in your environment. What happens next?

The physical stimuli you perceived are turned into electrical signals called action potentials.

Each level of the auditory system shows _______ mapping.

Tonotopy

Which is not a type of taste papillae?

Turbinate

Humans rely on _____ more than any other sense.

Vision

Vomeronasal organ (VNO) receptors project to the

accessory olfactory bulb.

__________ is to hearing as __________ is to vision.

all of these are true.

The _______ contains the receptor cells for the vestibular system.

ampulla

Learned taste aversion can be abolished by lesions to the:

amygdala.

People perceive sweet

anywhere on the tongue where there are taste receptors

Learned taste aversion

appears to take only one trial of learning.

Experience, music, and language all shape the responses of the _______ cortex.

auditory

"Supertasters" who are able to taste the substance PROP are extremely sensitive to _____ tastes.

bitter

Humans have evolved a high sensitivity to _______ taste.

bitter

Many toxic substances taste

bitter

The phenomenon of amusia is an inability to

discern tunes accurately

Olfactory receptor neurons code different scents because:

each neuron responds to a specific scent.

Although humans produce only 400 olfactory receptor proteins, we able to discriminate possibly 1 trillion odors because

each odor activates a characteristic combination of different kinds of receptor molecules.

There are _____ taste receptors.

five

The canals of the cochlea are filled with _______; thus, sound is carried in the form of _______.

fluid; waves

Tonotopic maps represent adjacent______.

frequencies

The _______ system is the sensory system that detects taste.

gustatory

The auditory stimulus is transduced into electrical signals by the

hair cells.

Perception is the ________ of a stimulus.

interpretation

Sound latency differences between the two ears allows an animal to

localize sounds.

The ossicles are found in the

middle ear

The receptors for smell are embedded within the _____ and have cilia that extend into the _____.

nasal epithelium; olfactory mucosa

Almost all somatosensory information ends up on the ______ side of the body from where it originated.

opposite contralateral

The _____ receives projections from the olfactory system via the thalamus and plays an important role in a variety of emotional and social behaviors.

orbitofrontal cortex

The vomeronasal system appears to specialize in detecting

pheromones.

Frequency of sound waves roughly corresponds to our perception of:

pitch.

The part of the sensory world that stimulates a neuron is called the neuron's

receptive field

The sweet taste is mediated by

slow, metabotropic receptors.

Salty taste is mediated by

sodium ions

Flies prefer which of the following tastes?

sweet

Sensory transduction is the process of

taking signals from the outside world and turning them into electrochemical signals.

Gordon Ramsay comes into your office after one of the participants on the TV show 'Top Chef' hit him in the head with an electric mixer. A preliminary MRI brain scan shows clear damage to his gustatory cortex. After consulting with the radiologist, you give him the news that this lesion will most likely affect his sense of

taste

Which of the following is the correct order of connections in the gustatory system?

taste receptor cells, cranial nerves, solitary tract, thalamus, somatosensory cortex and insula

The gustatory region of the insula is responsive to _____, whereas the primary somatosensory cortex is responsive to _____.

taste; tactile stimulation and texture

Before proceeding to the cerebral cortex, input from all sensory systems except smell converges on the

thalamus.

Outputs from the olfactory bulb make synaptic connections to all the following except the

thalamus.

The vestibular system informs the brain about

the movement and position of the body.

All sensory information, except for smell, reaches the cortex through

the thalamus

Each level of the auditory system shows _______ mapping.

tonotopic

A _____ is a neural-spatial representation of areas of the sensory world perceived by a sensory organ.

topographic map

The process by which our sensory systems transform stimulus energies into neural impulses is called

transduction

The process of translating a physical stimulus into action potentials is known as

transduction.

Studies of cortical activation have revealed that similar brain regions are activated when a subject is listening to words and when he or she is

trying to lip-read.

The fifth taste, called _______, is apparently mediated in part by a type of _______.

umami; metabotropic glutamate receptor

Brain imaging studies have found that the left orbitofrontal cortex codes for the _____ of tastes, whereas the right orbitofrontal cortex codes for the _____ of tastes.

unpleasantness; pleasantness