Vol 1 Ch 5

What type of confidence interval would be appropriate for a research study that is potentially going to change EMS​ practice? A. 95 percent B. 85 percent C. 80 percent D. 90 percent

A. 95 percent

Where are the results of a scientific study​ published, regardless of the outcome of the​ study? A. In a​ peer-reviewed journal B. In a​ university-based magazine C. In a medical director paper D. In an EMS trade magazine

A. In a​ peer-reviewed journal

The difference between mean and median is which of the​ following? A. Mean is calculated by adding​ values, then dividing the sum by the number of values​ involved; median is calculated by putting the values into numerical order and finding the middle value. B. Median is calculated by adding​ values, then dividing the sum by the number of values​ involved; mean is calculated by putting the values into numerical order and finding the middle value. C. Mean is a representation of the standard deviation within a​ study, and median is the value of the variance. D. Mean is the value of the variance within a​ study, and median is a representation of the standard deviation.

A. Mean is calculated by adding​ values, then dividing the sum by the number of values​ involved; median is calculated by putting the values into numerical order and finding the middle value.

This type of study has less validity than an​ RCT, but it has utility in some circumstances. The problem in this study design is that there is an increased chance that the study groups will be different. A. Nonrandomized controlled trial B. Case series C. ​Cross-sectional study D. Cohort study

A. Nonrandomized controlled trial

What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative​ research? A. Quantitative research is designed to determine the relationship between one thing and another and describe it with​ numbers; qualitative research primarily relies on collection of nonnumeric data. B. Qualitative research is designed to determine the relationship between one thing and another and describe it with​ numbers; quantitative research primarily relies on collection of nonnumeric data. C. Quantitative research does not use a control​ group; qualitative research does use a control group. D. Quantitative research uses a control​ group; qualitative research does not use a control group.

A. Quantitative research is designed to determine the relationship between one thing and another and describe it with​ numbers; qualitative research primarily relies on collection of nonnumeric data.

The​ ____________ section of a research paper is where the authors interpret their findings and describe their significance. A. discussion B. results C. summary D. methods

A. discussion

A specific question that a research study sets out to answer is called​ the: A. hypothesis. B. odds ratio. C. ​meta-analysis. D. experiment.

A. hypothesis.

Which type of research can help determine whether a​ procedure, drug,​ treatment, or similar strategy actually improves patient​ outcomes? A. ​Outcomes-based B. Bench C. Qualitative D. Mixed

A. ​Outcomes-based

The most valid of all the specific study types​ is: A. ​meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. B. ​cross-sectional study. C. expert​ opinions, editorials, rational conjecture. D. In vivo research.

A. ​meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

​_____________ describes phenomena in numbers. A. Qualitative research B. Quantitative research C. Prospective research D. Mixed research

B. Quantitative research

The​ ________ is a brief paragraph that summarizes the need for the​ study, the research methods​ used, and the results encountered. A. parameter B. abstract C. hypothesis D. mode

B. abstract

The first thing to appear after the title and names of the authors of a research paper is​ the: A. results. B. abstract. C. introduction. D. summary.

B. abstract.

The acronym ANOVA stands​ for: A. abstract null overaction. B. analysis of variance. C. an​ over-variable analog. D. a novel analysis.

B. analysis of variance.

In​ a(n) ____________study, subjects are randomized into either the treatment group or the control​ group; this type is considered among the most valid of studies. A. observational B. experimental C. retrospective D. quasiexperimental

B. experimental

In many situations it is unethical to withhold treatment from a group simply for the purposes of experimentation. As a​ result, a(n)​ _________ study must be done. A. prospective B. observational C. quasiexperimental D. retrospective

B. observational

The person who is overseeing a study and is familiar with requirements for informed consent is​ the: A. controller. B. principal investigator. C. abstract editor. D. institutional review foreman.

B. principal investigator.

​______________ are very important in interpreting the value of the research results. A. Measures of central tendency B. Qualitative statistics C. Confidence intervals D. Standard deviations

C. Confidence intervals

A group of subjects who do not have manipulation of the independent variable is called​ the: A. treatment group. B. experimental group. C. control group. D. subject group.

C. control group.

A type of study that does not allow the subjects or the experimenters to know who is in the control group​ is: A. ​cross-sectional. B. single blind. C. double blind D. ​quasi-experimental.

C. double blind

Telling participants the inclusion and exclusion criteria for enrolling patients in the​ study, the effect of the study on patient care in​ general, and the risks and potential benefits to patients in the study helps​ to: A. determine how to publish. B. identify the PI. C. gain informed consent. D. get EMS concessions.

C. gain informed consent.

The process by which scientists endeavor to construct an accurate representation of the world that is​ reliable, consistent, and​ non-arbitrary is​ the: A. random sampling. B. iterative process. C. scientific method. D. case series

C. scientific method.

Which section of a research paper describes exactly how the authors conducted the​ study, including what population they wished to​ study, how subjects were selected​ (and excluded), and what intervention was​ performed? A. Discussion B. Introduction C. Results D. Methods

D. Methods

What is the first step of the scientific​ method? A. Test the hypothesis. B. Construct a hypothesis. C. Conduct research and collect data. D. Observe and ask questions.

D. Observe and ask questions.

The statistic that reflects only the odds of seeing the results of a particular piece of research if the study hypothesis is true is​ the: A. t test. B. chi square test. C. nominal data. D. P value.

D. P value.

When comparing and contrasting between a retrospective and prospective​ study, which of the following is a TRUE​ statement? A. There is more chance for the introduction of bias in the data gathering for prospective studies. B. Prospective studies are generally less expensive than retrospective methodologies. C. Retrospective studies use a research form or instrument specifically designed for the study. When comparing and contrasting between a retrospective and prospective​ study, which of the following is a TRUE​ statement? D. Prospective studies have greater validity than retrospective studies.

D. Prospective studies have greater validity than retrospective studies.

Which of the following is a common measure of​ dispersion? A. Confidence interval B. Inferential statistics C. Ordinal data D. Standard deviation

D. Standard deviation

All of the following are questions to ask when reviewing a​ study, EXCEPT: A. Was the research peer​ reviewed? B. Were the results reported​ properly? C. Was the study type​ appropriate? D. What control group were the researchers​ studying?

D. What control group were the researchers​ studying?

The mean is especially useful when the data are what statisticians call​ "normally distributed." This​ means: A. the data falls within the​ "fiftieth percentile." B. the distribution of a group is how spread out it​ is, or how dispersed the data are. C. values are placed into numerical​ order, and the middle value is determined. D. if you graphed the​ data, it would form a shape similar to a bell curve.

D. if you graphed the​ data, it would form a shape similar to a bell curve.

A​ ____________is undertaken first to find unforeseen obstacles to data gathering during participation in a research study. A. principal investigation B. data analysis C. null hypothesis D. pilot trial

D. pilot trial

How well a study supports the conclusions is referred to​ as: A. bias. B. variance. C. ordinal data. D. validity.

D. validity.