volcanoes

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Over ________ of Earth's magma extruded through volcanism takes place at the oceanic spreading centers.

80%

Over ________ of volcanism is associated with the edges of tectonic plates.

90%

800-1,000 C, medium gray

andesitic

1,000-1,300 C, black to dark gray

basaltic

high viscosity, high volatiles, very large volume

calderas

pyroclastic debris is

chucks of magma and rocks blown into the air by gas in a volcanic eruption

why does the magma from some volcanoes flow smoothly and relatively peacefully, while the magma from other volcanoes blasts forth violently and deals death over wide areas?

differences in the chemical and mineral makeup of magmas, variations in the temperature, water and gas content, viscosity of magmas, and different geographic positions with respect to hot spots and edges of tectonic plates

low viscosity, low volatiles, very large volume

flood basalts

more vicious

increase SiO2 content, increase mineral crystal content

less vicious

increase temperature

this volcano erupted in 1883 in the Sunda Strait between Sumatra and Java, exploding with a loudness heard 3,000 miles away then collapsing into its magma chamber, making a caldera and setting off a tsunami that killed at least 36000 people

krakatoa

high viscosity, low volatiles, small volume

lava domes

lava flow

molten rock moving downslope

crater lake, oregon, fills the caldera of _______, which collapsed about 7600 years ago

mt mazama

lahars

muddy water-laden rush of material downslope

on 20 february 1943, a new volcano named ___________, a scoria cone, was born when an eruption rose up through a farm field near a village in mexico

paricutin

pyroclastic flow

rapid rush of gases and materials downslpoe

600-900 C, light colored

rhyolitic

low/medium viscosity, medium/ high volatiles, small volume

scoria cones

low viscosity, low volatiles, large volume

shield volcano

a mantle hotspot has generated a long live plume beneath yellowstone national park, and the north america continent is moving ________ above it about 2 to 4 cm/yr

southwestward

_______ are steep-sided, symmetrical volcanic peaks built of alternating layers of pyroclastic debris capped by high-viscosity andesitic to rhyolitic lava flows that solidify to form protective caps

stratovolcano

medium/high viscosity, medium /high volatiles, large volume

stratovolcanoes

some of earths most beautiful moments are _________, including Mt Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, Mt Shasta in California, Mt Rainier in washington, and mt fuji in japan

stratovolcanoes

The volcanic explosivity index (VEI) measures size of volcanic eruptions on a scale of 0 to 8. between 1500 and 1980, one VEI 7 eruption occurred. this was _____________

tambora in 1815

what is the cause of volcanism at italys vesuvius, stromboli, vulcano and etna?

the subduction of Mediterranean seafloor beneath europe

a caldera collapse occurs

after the magma chamber is mostly empty

in magma, _____________ is the most abundant dissolved gas

water vapor (H2O)

a shield volcano has great _______________

width compared to its height


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