Water and the Major Minerals

Summarize what ADH and Renin are allowing the body to do.

ADH AND RENIN ARE CAUSING THE BODY TO HOLD ON TO WATER AND HOLD ON TO SODIUM -sodium is an electrolyte so if we are holding on to sodium, we are also going to be hold on to water (remember magnet)

What is ADH?

ADH signals the kidneys to retain water, which increases blood volume

What is ADH?

Antidiuretic hormone stimulates kidneys to reabsorb H2O (helps body to hold onto water)

What occurs in the second stage at the reabsorption point?

As needed, water and electrolytes are reabsorbed back into the blood by actions of osmosis and membrane pumps. Usually about 99% of water is reabsorbed. The decision being made here is based on the state of the body in relation to water. Are we well hydrated? Are we dehydrated?

Examples of foods high in sodium

Bacon, Cheese, Chips, Pickles and Soup

How do we differentiate major minerals and trace minerals?

Based on the quantities required in the body, not on their relative importance.

How are blood calcium levels affected by dietary intake?

Blood calcium levels are affected little by dietary intake since bone can easily release calcium when blood levels are low, and the kidney and intestine can adjust when calcium intake is high.

Summarize the step of filtration.

Blood flowing through the capillaries is filtered by the glomerous. . Electrolytes, water, and urea get filtered through the tubules of the nephron.

What is blood pressure?

Blood pressure is the measurement of force applied to artery walls

What is the bone loss for Type 2?

Both trabecular bone and cortical bone

Rising blood calcium levels signals the thyroid gland to release what?

Calcitonin

What is calciums function in the body?

Calcium helps regulate muscle contraction, blood clotting, nerve impulses, and bone formation.

Many minerals are involved in energy metabolism as metalloenzymes. What are metalloenzymes?

Enzymes with a mineral component.They require a mineral to be active.

Summarize the third step, excretion.

Excess water, electrolytes and urea travel through the nephron tubules the the bladder and are excreted via urine.

Water intake must balance loss, otherwise there can be adverse consequences. What are some of the adverse consequences?

Dehydration

When does dehydration occur?

Dehydration occurs when water output exceeds input due to an inadequate intake or excessive losses

What are factors that enhance calcium absorption?

1. Hydrochloric acid 2. Vitamin D 3. Lactose-in infants only 4. Growth hormones- adults-30% pregnancy and children-50-60%

Describe what our major minerals are

Our major minerals are electrolytes: they have this primary role of maintaining water balance

When does Peak Bone Mass typically occur?

Peak Bone Mass typically occurs when a person is in his or her 20's. After your mid-30's, you begin to slowly lose bone mass.

What is type 1 osteoporosis?

Postmenopausal osteoporosis

What is potassium needed for?

Potassium is needed for fluid balance and can also help lower blood pressure.

What are the primary causes of Type 1?

Rapid loss of estrogen in women following menopause; loss of testosterone in men with advancing age.

What are the primary causes of Type 2?

Reduced calcium absorption, increase bone material loss, increase propensity to fall

What is thirst regulated by?

Regulated by mouth, hypothalamus and nerves. Hypothalamus controls water balance, body temperature and appetite.

What is the regulation of blood volume and blood pressure dependent on?

Regulation of blood volume and blood pressure is dependent on fluid balance.

Cells which hug the inner lining of bone called _______ constantly chew up bone

osteoclasts

Falling blood calcium levels signals the parathyroid gland to secrete what?

parathyroid hormone

Some electrolytes reside primarily outside the cells. What are these electrolytes?

Na and Cl (Sodium and Chloride)

What are our major minerals?

Na, K, Cl, Ca, P, Mg, S

What is considered normal blood pressure?

Normal Blood Pressure = <120/80

What is obligatory water loss?

Obligatory water loss is the minimum needed for excretion of wastes from the body.

Define obligatory water loss, what is the minimum loss?

Obligatory water loss is the minimum needed for excretion of wastes from the body. The minimum loss is 500 ml.

What is the movement of water across a membrane toward the more concentrated solutes called?

Osmosis

What is Osteoporosis?

Osteoporosis is characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue leading to increased risk for fractures of the hip, spine, and wrist.

Notes on calcium supplements

Take 500mg or less at one time Avoid taking with MVI or Fe Calcium citrate-21% Ca Calcium carbonate-40% Ca

What does the DASH diet include?

The DASH diet includes whole grains, poultry, fish, legumes, and nuts and has reduced amounts of fats, red meats, sweets, and sugared beverages

What are the recommendations for salt?

The Dietary Guidelines recommend a diet moderate in salt and sodium and thus recommends less than 2300 mg of sodium/day. (UL)

What two parts of the brain are involved in water balance?

The hypothalamus and pituitary glands of the brain

How do the kidneys maintain water balance?

The kidney maintains water balance with direction from the hypothalamus along with hormones which control electrolyte and water movement across kidney tubule membranes.

What is the minimum loss

The minimum loss is 500 ml.

Describe the process of dehydration?

a) Body cells become dehydrated when there are more electrolytes in the fluid surrounding them than in the fluid inside them. This attracts water. b) As a result, water flows out of the cell. This restores balance to the concentration of electrolytes on each side of the cell, but dries out the cell. (Dehydration)

What is Aldoterone?

from adrenal gland signals kidneys to: -retain Sodium (increases blood volume) and -excrete potassium (causes vessels to constrict)

What is Angiotensin II?

-Causes the blood vessels to constrict, raising blood pressure -signals release of aldosterone from adrenal glands -signals release of ADH from pituitary glands (retain more water)

What do functions of major minerals include?

-Maintaining water and acid-based balance, and osmotic pressure -Part of metalloenzymes -Membrane transport of essential nutrients and other compounds -Maintaining nerve transmission and muscle contractions -Structural components -Components of organic molecules

What are the functions of water in body fluids?

-is a carrier of nutrients and waste, i.e., the cytoplasm of the cell, and urinary excretion. -serves as a solvent, i.e., for ionizing electrolytes and for molecules that are eligible for metabolic reactions. -participates in chemical or metabolic reactions as a substrate or a product. -lubricates joints and eyeball sockets. -is important in regulation of body temperature, both for cooling and heating. -Maintains blood volume (and blood pressure)

What are the characteristics of hypertension?

-physical damage to arteries (initiating atherosclerosis) -enlargement of the heart resulting in heart failure -ballooning and weakening of artery walls resulting in aneurysms (bursting of the artery wall) that may lead to blindness, stroke, or death.

What are three majors factors contributing to bone health?

1) Dietary adequacy of Ca and Vitamin D status 2) weight bearing exercise 3) genetics.

What are the three basic stages / functions involved with water balance?

1. Filtration 2. Reabsorption 3. Excretion

What are steps that keep blood pressure in a healthy range?

1. Lose excess weight (per 20 lb) 2. Eat diet high in F&V, low fat dairy 3. Exercise daily (30min/day) 4. Choose/prepare foods with little Na 5. Limit alcohol 6. High potassium diet

What are the water recommendations for a typical adult?

1.0 to 1.5 liters/1000 calories -1/3 from food; 2/3 from beverages -Water, tea, soda, coffee, juices, etc.

What is the gender incidence with Type 2

2 women to 1 man

What are the water recommendations for athletes?

2-3 cups fluid before event, 1 cup during every 15 minutes

List the components of water intake for a typical adult. In liters/day

2/3 liters per day

How much sodium does 1 tablespoon of salt equal?

2300 mg of Na

What is the RDA for potassium?

4700 mg/day

For Type 1, what is age onset?

50 to 70 years old

What is the gender incidence with Type 1?

6 women to 1 man

The average healthy adult is what percent water?

60% water

For Type 2, what is age onset?

70 years and older

What percentage of sodium in the american diet do process foods contribute to?

77%

Where is calcium found in the body?

99% is found in bones and teeth, and 1% is found in the blood and soft tissues as ionized calcium.

What is the daily recommendation for Calcium?

AI = 1000mg per day Ca

What are Osteoporosis risk factors?

Age Family History of Osteoporosis Race - Caucasian or East Asian Low dietary calcium and vitamin D deficiency Underweight (low BMI) Smoking Chronic Steroid use (asthma, rheumatoid arthritis) Female Gender Sedentary Lifestyle Hormones (low estrogen and elevated thyroid) Anorexia or bulimia Alcohol consumption in excess

What is the Al for sodium?

Al for sodium is 1,500mg (Adult recommended daily)

What is Angiotensin I ?

Angiotensis I is the inactive form and the lungs, kidney and brain activate Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II.

What is the most abundant mineral in the body?

Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body

How does potassium affect the kidneys?

Causes kidneys to excrete excess sodium; reduces risk of forming kidney stones.

What is thirst?

Conscious desire to drink.

Means of control hypertension?

Control your salt intake and then there is also recommended medications if levels are high enough

Cortical versus Trabecular bone

Cortical: 75-80% of total bone- lose this after age 40 Trabecular: 20-25%- stores Ca- gives up when needed

What diet is connected with potassium?

DASH Diet: High in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean meats, low-fat dairy, nuts, seeds.

What does extracellular compartment include?

Fluid in blood vessels and Interstitial fluid (fluid between cells)

What does the intracellular compartment include?

Fluid in the cell

What is considered high blood pressure?

High Blood Pressure = > 140/90

Where are the fracture sites for Type 2?

Hip

If you are very thirsty, what hormone is elevated that regulates water balance?

Hormone that is elevated that regulates water balance is ADH (antidiuretic hormone tells us to retain water)

For some individuals, their kidneys are less efficient at removing excess sodium, and they may experience ______ with high sodium intake.

Hypertension

How does the hypothalamus help regulate blood volume and blood pressure?

Hypothalamus signals the pituitary gland to release ADH

Define extracellular water and intracellular water

Intracellular water is the fluid inside the cell and extracelluar water is the blood vessels and between cells.

Whereas other electrolytes reside predominantly inside the cells. What are these electrolytes

K, Mg, Phosphate and sulfate

What are ways to assess hydration status?

Monitor body weight before and after long bouts of physical activity. & Monitor color and volume of urine output. -Thirst is not the best indicator.

What is Renin and what does it do?

Renin is an enzyme released from kidneys: -reabsorbs Na and retains H2O (influences body to hold on to water and hold on to sodium) It also hydrolyzes a protein from the liver, angiotensinogen

What is type 2 osteoporosis?

Senile osteoporosis

Describe the basic regulation of body water at the level of the nephron (filtration, reabsorption, and excretion).

Three steps to think about with how the Nephron works. Filtration is happening in the glomerous. Blood is filtered during filtration. There is a decision making point - either reabsorbed where they go back into the blood stream or back to the body or the fluid is excreted if the body doesn't need anymore sodium.

What is the bone loss for Type 1?

Trabecular Bone

Parathyroid hormone works with what when blood calcium levels fall?

Vitamin D - it enhances calcium reabsorption

Blood levels of calcium are high regulated by what three hormones?

Vitamin D, calcitonin, and parathyroid hormone.

What is the most abundant substance in the body?

Water

What does water balance, or homeostasis, depend on?

Water balance, or homeostasis, depends on electrolytes, a function of many of the major minerals -Here are your electrolytes, these are major minerals. One of their functions is to act as an electrolyte in a solution. They attract water. As electrolytes move in and out of a cell, they move water along with them. THINK OF THEM AS MAGNETS.

What are water compartments in the body differentiated as?

Water compartments in the body are differentiated as intracellular or extracellular.

Describe the basic principle of osmosis which explains why fluids are maintained in these compartments.

Water is drawn to the area of higher concentration. This directs the fluid movement throughout the body.

Where are the fracture sites for Type 1?

Wrist and spine

while _______ build up bone structure.

osteoblasts