Water, electrolytes and PH review
The normal pH range of blood and tissue fluid is
7.35 to 7.45
Which of the following buffer systems actually expels H+ from the body?
Urinary system buffer.
Which of the following is a physiological buffer in humans?
Urinary system buffer.
Base is any chemical that _________________ in solution.
accepts H+
_____________ resist changes in pH.
buffers
The principal source of water gain is
water gain through drinking.
Carbonic acid (H2CO3) is a
weak acid
Bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) is a
weak base
The most dangerous imbalances of electrolytes are
potassium imbalances
The _________________ accounts for about three-quarters of all chemical buffering in the body fluids.
protein system buffer
Acid is any chemical that _________________ in solution.
releases H+
When the rate of alveolar ventilation fails to keep pace with the body's rate of CO2 production a _____________________ is produced.
respiratory acidosis
Hyperventilation produces a
respiratory alkalosis
The major fluid compartment of the body, which contains 65% of the body water is the
intracellular fluid.
Increased production of organic acids such as lactic acid in anaerobic fermentation, and ketone bodies seen in alcoholism, and diabetes mellitus produce a
metabolic acidosis.
____________ markedly lower the pH.
strong acids
________________ markedly raise the pH.
strong bases
Dehydration stimulates hypothalamic
osmoreceptors.
Water moves continually between the fluid compartments by
osmosis.
The _____________ is the most important buffer the intracellular fluid and the renal tubules.
phosphate buffer
_____________ stimulates renal secretion of potassium (K+).
Aldosterone
___________ occurs when proportionate amounts of water and sodium are lost without replacement.
Volume depletion
___________ increases the reabsorption of water by creating aquaporins in the collecting duct.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
____________ decreases the concentration of calcium in blood by inhibiting the osteoclast activity and increasing the osteoblast activity.
Calcitonin
Which of the following electrolytes activates exocytosis of neurotransmitters and other cellular secretions?
Calcium
Which of the following electrolytes serves as a second messenger for some hormones and neurotransmitters?
Calcium
Which of the following electrolytes has a major role in regulating body pH?
Chloride
_____________ is the dominant anion in the extracellular fluid.
Chloride
_____________ play the principal role in governing the body's water distribution and total water content.
Electrolytes
__________ stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone.
Hyperkalemia
Which of the following pair of hormones increase the calcium concentration in blood?
Parathyroid hormone and Calcitriol.
____________ is the greatest determinant of intracellular osmolarity and cell volume.
Potassium
__________ is the most significant solute in determining total body water and distribution of water among the fluid compartments.
Sodium
_______________ is the dominant cation in the extracellular fluid.
Sodium
The principal route of water loss is the
urine