Week 10

If in situ has advantages over ex situ, why continue to have ex situ conservation activities?

- Plants are easier to spread if you can control its variables unlike in an in situ - Better for the future of biodiversity and evolution

What products can be FairWild certified?

- Products collected from the wild (e.g. medicinal and aromatic plants, gums and resins, wild fruits, nuts and seeds, mushrooms) - Processed ingredients for finished products (e.g. essential oils and fatty oils) - Finished products containing FairWild ingredients.

Strategies to help value of Indigenous knowledge

- assistance to local communities - training opportunities in ethnobotany - support and encourage biocultural knowledge transmission and custodianship - develop appropriate facilities, methods, techniques to support curation of collections (artifacts, herbarium vouchers, products, living collections, etc.) and associated traditional knowledge - elaborate and disseminate educational materials and resources in appropriate languages

Describe the types of genetic resources that were being stored in the gene bank in Svalbard

986,243 varieties of seeds from almost every country in the world

what is the importance of seed banks in preserving genetic diversity

Seed banks store seeds to preserve genetic diversity for as long as till needed; Conservation in living collection for as many plant species as possible works as an insurance policy. 29% of globally threatened species can be found in seed banks

how does the location of the Svalbard Global Seed Vault make it an ideal storage facility

Sitting in the side of a mountain in the Arctic Archipelago, the cold environment helps ensure the preservation of seeds - less expensive keep an entire building cool when it is already built into the side of an Arctic mountain

how the GSPC is meeting targets for sustainable use and trade of wild plant resources

Sources that are sustainably managed include natural or semi- natural ecosystems that are sustainably managed by avoiding overharvesting of plant products or affecting other components of the ecosystem. i. also aim to ensure that waste is reduced and does not damage the environment.

Name a benefit of in-situ compared to ex-situ conservation

Species thrive in their natural habitats - protects and manages habitats populations of species and for delivering important ecosystem services Fulfills more targets of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC)

the importance of protecting indigenous knowledge

The preservation, protection and promotion of the traditional knowledge, innovations and practices of local and indigenous communities is of key importance, particularly for developing counties. Their endowment of traditional knowledge and biodiversity plays a critical role in their health care, food security, culture, religion, identity, environment, sustainable development and trade

limitations of seed banks?

a. not all species can be conserved this way and alternative long-term conservation methods are required

Describe the types of companies that become FairWild certified

companies that are directly involved in wild sourcing of medicinal and aromatic plants The FairWild Standard Version 2.0 applies to wild plant collection operations wishing to demonstrate their commitment to sustainable collection, social responsibility and Fair Trade principles

the purpose of the Svalbard Global Seed Vault

operated by the Norwegian government containing a seed of just about every known crop in the world -- is meant to be humanity's backup in the event of a catastrophe that devastates crops.

examples of conservation activities in agricultural production landscapes

organic production, integrated pest management, conservation agriculture and on-farm management of plant genetic resources

Which of these is an example of a conservation activity in a production landscape? A. Elimination of any pest reduction strategies. B. Forest certification for sustainable practices. C. Adding plants to the endangered species list. D. Extracting timber to help impoverished communities

B. Forest certification for sustainable practices.

In order to support restoration efforts, the Ecological Restoration Alliance is made up of members involved in which of these? A. Botanical Gardens B. Seed Banks C. Agroforestry councils D. All of these

A. Botanical Gardens

What is the term for an area defined as having exceptional botanical richness? A. Important Plant Area B. Ecosystem Service C. Nature Preserve D. Endangered Ecosystem E. All of these

A. Important Plant Area

Which of these describes a recommendation in the CBD report to make in situ conservation more successful? A. Include a greater variety of ecosystems. B. Protect more forests. C. Put less emphasis on coastal ecosystems. D. Protect habitats of animal species.

A. Include a greater variety of ecosystems.

The Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC) has targets that are supported, in part, by which international agreement? A. ESA B. CITES C. FWSP D. All of these

B. CITES

Wild-sourced medicinal and aromatic plants using ecologically and socially responsible practices can become certified as which of these? A. Forest Allied B. FairWild C. CITES D. Organic

B. FairWild

what are some in situ (in place) strategies for ecosystem conservation

a. In situ strategies: ecosystem conservation, protecting important areas for plant diversity, conservation within production areas, species-level conservation

Which of these describes a limitation of seed banks? A. Seed banks do not include genetically diverse plants. B. Not all species can be conserved through seed banks. C. Seed banks are only established in tropical areas. D. Endemic species are not represented in seed banks. E. All of these

B. Not all species can be conserved through seed banks.

What is one type of in situ conservation that would preserve genetic diversity in crops? A. Storing seeds in the Svalbard Global Seed Vault B. Planting a diverse set of crops on the farm C. Educating the public about purchasing non-traditional foods. D. All of these

B. Planting a diverse set of crops on the farm

What made it difficult to use the seeds stored in the seed bank in Aleppo? A. The seeds succumbed to a fungal infection. B. The Syrian War made it inaccessible C. There was no funding or support available to maintain the facility. D. All of these

B. The Syrian War made it inaccessible

Which of these describes a strategy for conserving crop genetic diversity? A. saving seeds that represent the most economically important crops. B. promoting crop diversity within production systems. C. putting wild crop species on the endangered species list. D. prohibiting breeders from accessing genetic resources contained in seed banks.

B. promoting crop diversity within production systems.

What is the the main institution involved in ex situ conservation of wild plant diversity?

Botanic Gardens

Which of these describes an advantage of in situcompared to ex situconservation? A. Saving seeds and storing them in seed banks will help prevent extinction. B. Cultivating plants to sell to consumers while providing education supports conservation. C. Maintaining species in their natural area allows evolutionary processes to continue. D. Greater genetic diversity can be maintained with careful breeding in research facilities.

C. Maintaining species in their natural area allows evolutionary processes to continue.

Which of the following is true of the FairWild standard A. FairWild is a voluntary label that organizations can attach to their products to show their commitment to sustainability. B. All food products with the FairWild label must show that they use organic practices or they cannot be traded internationally. C. Medicinal plants can be labeled as FairWild if the company's practices are confirmed by a third-party certification system as sustainable. D. The FairWild label is restricted to natural products that are sold directly from the people who grew them.

C. Medicinal plants can be labeled as FairWild if the company's practices are confirmed by a third-party certification system as sustainable.

Which bestdescribes a practice that would be important in the sustainable use of wild plants and products that arise from them? A. Establishing factories within the countries of origin B. Development of the landscape to be more profitable for the people. C. Protection of the environment, including limiting waste. D. Employing the expertise of successful businesses in the U.S.

C. Protection of the environment, including limiting waste.

Which of these is a storage bank in the Arctic for seeds of almost every known crop species? A. ICARDA B. Moroccan International Seed Bank C. Svalbard Global Seed Vault D. All of these

C. Svalbard Global Seed Vault

The Global Strategy for Plant Conservation is a framework for addressing targets for conservation at an international level. This was initiated by which of these? A. The US Fish and Wildlife Service B. The EPA C. The Convention on Biological Diversity D. The Union of Concerned Scientists E. The Wildflower Fund

C. The Convention on Biological Diversity

Why should we should conserve wild relatives of plants that we find useful? A. They might become food resources in the future B. They might contain valuable genes for traits we need C. We have not explored all of the potential uses of all species D. All of these

D. All of these

Which of these is a way to demonstrate our respect for the value of indigenous knowledge? A. Send delegations to teach English to local communities so that they can disseminate their knowledge about native plants more globally. B. Provide indigenous people with more information gained through scientific research about their local plants. C. Do nothing as the involvement of other cultures will have only negative effects. D. Assist local communities in developing facilities where they can be directly involved in passing on their knowledge to visitors and members of their community.

D. Assist local communities in developing facilities where they can be directly involved in passing on their knowledge to visitors and members of their community.

Which of these would be considered an in situ conservation strategy? A. Botanical gardens B. The Norwegian Seed Bank C. Confiscating illegal exports D. Protecting areas of critical habitat E. All of these

D. Protecting areas of critical habitat

If consumers are interested in purchasing sustainably harvested forest products, they can look for which of these? A. Products made without wood. B. US Fish and Wildlife certified timber. C. Sweet corn with an Organic Certification. D. Rainforest Alliance Certified seal.

D. Rainforest Alliance Certified seal.

Which of the following is true of biodiversity conservation? A. The cost of conservation practices has not been compared to the value of ecosystem services. B. The costs of conservation practices is equivalent to the value of ecosystem services. C. The costs of conservation practices are greater than the value of ecosystem services so we must carefully articulate other reasons for these practices. D. The costs of conservation practices are less than the value of ecosystems services and is a good reason to argue for these practices.

D. The costs of conservation practices are less than the value of ecosystems services and is a good reason to argue for these practices.

Which of these describes a goal of the Millennium Seed Bank Partnership? A. enabling innovation in agriculture and forestry B. contributing to habitat restoration C. banking seeds from 25% of the world's seed bearing plant species. D. all of these

D. all of these: enabling innovation in agriculture and forestry contributing to habitat restoration banking seeds from 25% of the world's seed bearing plant species

What are IPAs?

Important Plant Areas (IPAs) - High plants species richness or outstanding assemblage of rare, threatened or endemic plant species - Contains vegetation of high botanical value

Compare the costs of biodiversity conservation to the net value of ecosystem services that are lost when they are not protected

These costs have been compared with the net value of ecosystem services being lost annually, for which estimates range from US$2 to US$6.6 trillion. The total is just 1-4% of the net value.

Goals of the Millennium Seed Bank Partnership at Kew.

enabling innovation in agriculture and forestry contributing to habitat restoration banking seeds from 25% of the world's seed bearing plant species

strategies for the conservation of crop genetic diversity

ex situ conservation (seed banks, field gene banks, tissue culture) on-farm conservation in situ conservation

examples of conservation activities in the production landscapes forestry

extraction while sustaining or enhancing the forest's biodiversity and ecosystem services, and protecting and respecting the rights of workers and local people

what are the 5 principal threats to plant biodiversity

habitat transformation, climate change, over-exploitation, pollution and the impact of invasive alien species

how ex situ conservation efforts can support in situ conservation efforts, with the Ecological Restoration Alliance as an example

in restoring damaged ecosystems - ecological restoration projects set up by the Ecological Restoration Alliance of botanic gardens specifically aim to incorporate the conservation of threatened plant species within the restoration of ecosystems

what impact do IPAs have on conservation

these areas are high in plant diversity, aka they are important and therefore need high conservation and have growing levels of conservation

Describe the types of genetic resources that were being stored in the gene bank in Aleppo

where new strains of drought- and heat-resistant wheat have been developed over time; includes more than 135,000 varieties of wheat, fava bean, lentil and chickpea crops, as well as the world's most valuable barley collection.