Week 10 & Chapter 4: Sexual Health

Contraceptive injections

Depo-Provera (intramuscular) and Dep-subQ-Provera (subcutaneously) long-acting synthetic progesterones injected every 3 months (by a health care provider) they thicken cervical mucus, prevent ovulation, and thin the uterine lining (all to prevent conception)

Where the long term consequences of chlamydia?

FEMALE -damage to cervix/fallopian tubes -sterility -pelvic inflammatory disease MALE -Injury to prostate gland, seminal vesicles, and bulbourethral glands -arthritis-like symptoms

What are the symptoms of gonorrhoea?

FEMALE -vaginal discharge -burning sensation when urinating -sore throat MALE -white, milky discharge from penis -pain when urinating -sore throat

What are the symptoms of HIV?

Flu-like symptoms including: -fever -rash -headache

What are the symptoms of HPV?

Genital warts that may be raised, flat, single, or multiple bu often have a cauliflower-like appearance the warts may be itchy but are usually painless

What is the treatment for HIV?

HIV infection is treated with drugs known as antiretrovirals. -these drugs are important to slow down the effect of HIV on the immune system However THERE IS NO CURE

What are the long term consequences of HIV?

HIV will eventually progress to AIDS Treatment of HIV can delay the progression

What is the treatment for chlamydia?

If detected early, it is easily treatable with antibiotics

What is the treatment for gonorrhoea?

If detected early, it is easily treated with antibiotics

chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

Prenatal diagnostic technique that involves taking a sample of tissue from the fetal sac to be analysed for genetic defects commonly used to test for Down syndrome done at 10-12 weeks

What are the symptoms of syphilis?

STAGE 1 painless sores that may last 3-6 weeks and then disappear STAGE 2 -low grade fever -sore throat -rashes -muscle pain

What is the treatment for genital herpes?

THERE IS NO CURE! Medications may help to manage outbreaks and reduce risks of infecting others

triple marker screen (TMS) vs quad test

TMS -common maternal blood test that can be used to identify certain birth defects and genetic abnormalities in a fetus -not used for diagnosis -done at 16-18 weeks QUAD -screens for an additional protein -more accurate

What is the treatment for syphilis?

Treated with antibiotics However, damage in the later stages cannot be reversed and may result in death

After HIV/AIDS, which infection kills more people than any other diseases in the global population?

Tuberculosis

List some examples of viral and bacterial STIs

VIRAL -herpes -HIV -HPV BACTERIAL -chlamydia -gonorrhoea

In an ectopic pregnancy, the fertilised egg usually implants in the woman's... a) fallopian tubes b) uterus c) vagina d) ovaries

a

Laurie is considering using an IUD as a method of contraception. What is something she might want to take into account when considering if an IUD is right for her? a) An IUD offers long-term protection from pregnancy. b) An IUD contains hormones. c) An IUD is unlikely to cause complications. d) An IUD causes a long delay in the return of fertility.

a

Which of the following is not a true statement about HIV? a) You can tell if a potential sex partner has the virus by looking at them b) the virus can be spread through semen or vaginal fluids c) you cannot get HIV from a public restroom toilet seat d) unprotected anal sex increases risk of exposure to HIV

a

toxic shock syndrome (TSS)

a severe illness that occurs when specific bacterial toxins spread to the bloodstream, most commonly through improper use of tampons, diaphragms or cervical caps characterised by high fever, rash, vomiting, diarrhoea, and myalgia, followed by hypotension and possibly shock and death

cervical cap

a small cup made of latex or silicone that is designed to fit snuggly over the entire cervix to block sperm from the uterus; should always be used with spermicide FemCap

diaphragm (contraception)

a soft, flexible, latex, cup-shaped device designed to cover the cervix and block access to the uterus; should always be used with spermicide

contraceptive skin patch (aka Ortho Evra)

a square transdermal (through the skin) adhesive patch that releases hormones similar to those in oral contraceptives worn for 1 week and then replaced. Worn for 3 weeks with no patch on the 4th week looks like a band aid

intact dilation and extraction (D&X)

abortion procedure in which the body of the fetus is extracted up to the head and then the contents of the cranium are aspirated THIRD trimester ILLEGAL in the USA

suction cutterage aka vacuum aspiration aka dilation and cutter age (D&C)

an abortion technique that uses gently suction to remove fetal tissue from the uterus during FIRST trimester

Dr Coby is getting ready to perform a medical procedure to determine the size and position of a fetus. The procedure will also help Dr Coby to detect birth defects in the digestive system and central nervous system. What procedure is Dr Coby about to perform? a) Amniocentesis b) Ultrasound c) Triple marker screen d) Chorionic villus sampling

b

The most commonly reported sexually transmitted bacterium is... a) gonorrhoea b) chlamydia c) syphilis d) chancroid

b

Toxic chemicals, pesticides, X rays, and other hazardous compounds that cause birth defects are referred to as a) carcinogens b) teratogens c) mutations d) environmental assaults

b

Which of the following is a barrier contraceptive? a) seasonal b) FemCap c) Ortho Evra d) contraceptive patch

b

Barrier methods of contraception

block the meeting of egged sperm by means of a PHYSICAL barrier (condom, diaphragm, or cervical cap) or CHEMICAL barrier (spermicide) or BOTH

How is chlamydia transmitted?

by bodily fluids -usually spread by vaginal or anal sex w/o a condom

How is Gonorrhoea transmitted?

by bodily fluids -usually spread by vaginal, oral, or anal sex w/o a condom

Leaving a diaphragm or tampon inside the body for an extended period of time increases the risk of a) HPV. b) hypertension. c) toxic shock syndrome. d) thrush.

c

Pelvic inflammatory disease is... a) an STI b) a UTI c) infection of a woman's Fallopian tubes or uterus d) a disease both men & women can get

c

Briony is pregnant and has been diagnosed with preeclampsia. She has been doing some reading and has learned that... a) It usually occurs in the first trimester b) It is never a life-threatening condition for the fetus c) The incidence of preeclampsia is higher for second and third time mothers d) Family history of preeclampsia on the man's or woman's side is a risk factor

d

Fredrick just found out his HIV test is positive. What should Fredrick's doctor tell him about his positive test? a) Looking back, Fredrick should know exactly when he got infected with HIV because the initial symptoms are markedly different than other STIs. b) Fredrick's wife does not need to worry about getting infected since she is a heterosexual female. c) Fredrick's positive HIV test means that he has AIDS. d) Fredrick should seek treatment as soon as possible to slow progression of the disease.

d

What prenatal test involves snipping tissue from the developing fetal sac? a) Fetoscopy b) ultrasound c) amniocentesis d) chorionic villus sampling

d

Which of the following STIs cannot be treated with antibiotics? a) chlamydia b) Gonorrhoea c) syphilis d) herpes

d

Kendall is pregnant. During a regular medical check-up, her doctor discusses alcohol consumption. The doctor will likely advise that Kendall a) she can have an occasional glass of champagne if celebrating a special event b) she should limit her intake to two glasses per day. c) she should limit her intake to one glass per day. d) she should abstain from alcohol during pregnancy.

d - NO ALCOHOL

What are the long term consequences on AIDS?

includes a number of illnesses that a person can develop because HIV weakened their immune system -pneumonia -TB -etc.

sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

infectious diseases caused by pathogens transmitted through some form of intimate, usually sexual, contact

amniocentesis

medical test in which a small amount of fluid is drawn from the amniotic sac to test for down syndrome and other genetic abnormalities

vasectomy

method for male sterilisation involves cutting and tying off the vas deferens

birth control (aka contraception)

methods of preventing pregnancy

what are the 3 conditions necessary for conception?

1. viable egg 2. viable sperm 3. access to the egg by the sperm

What is the recommended pregnancy weight gain for a woman who is at a healthy weight before pregnancy?

10 to 15 kilograms

contraceptive sponge

A device made of polyurethane foam and containing nonoxynol-9 (In spermicides), that fits over the cervix to create a barrier against sperm.

How is syphilis transmitted?

skin to skin contact -usually spread by vaginal or anal sex w/o a condom -direct contact with sore/rash during stage 1 or 2

cesarean section (C-section)

surgical birthing procedure in which a baby is removed through an incision made in the mother's abdominal wall and uterus

surgical methods of contraception

surgically altering a man or woman's reproductive system to permanently prevent pregnancy

behavioural methods of contraception

temporary or permanent abstinence or planning intercourse in accordance with fertility patterns

emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs)

the use of contraceptive drugs taken 3-5 days after unprotected sex or the failure of another method (broken condom)

fetus

the word for developing baby from the third month go pregnancy until birth

ultrasound

uses high frequency sound waves to create a visual image of the fetus in the uterus

conception

when a sperm fertilises an egg and forms a zygote usually takes place in a woman's fallopian tubes

What are the long term consequences of HPV?

Increased risk of cancer, including caners of the: -cervix -ovaries -anus -penis -throat

sterilisation (in terms of the surgical method)

permanent fertility control achieved through surgical procedures

placenta

the network of blood vessel that carries nutrients and oxygen to the fetus and fetal waste products to the mother becomes well established during the second trimester

contraceptive implants

Implanon (no Nexplanon) is a small, soft, plastic capsule inserted into a woman's upper underarm continually releases a low, steady dose of progestin for up to 3 years, suppressing ovulation during that time

What is the treatment for HPV?

No treatment for HPV once it has been contracted but there is a VACCINE available for both women and men

The following products SHOULD or SHOULD NOT ever be used with a condom. Why? -baby oil -cold cream -petroleum jelly -body lotion -vaginal yeast infection medications

SHOULD NOT because they will cause the latex of the condom to disintegrate

______ STIs cannot be treated with antibiotics while _______ STIs can.

Viral ; Bacterial

Which of the following statements about male infertility is NOT true? a) When a couple is having difficulty conceiving it normally an issue with the woman's fertility. Male infertility problems account for only 10 percent of infertility cases. b) Low sperm count can be caused by wearing excessively tight underwear. c) Exposure of the scrotum to radiation can cause infertility in men. d) Exposure of the scrotum to intense heat or cold can cause infertility in men.

a

what is the most commonly used method of 1st trimester abortion a) suction curettage b) dilation and evacuation (D&E) c) medication abortion d) induction abortion

a

Preeclampsia

a complication in pregnancy characterized by high blood pressure, protein in the urine, and edema (fluid retention) tends to occur in late 2nd or 3rd trimester more likely for first-time mothers

dilation and evacuation (D&E)

an abortion technique that uses a combo of instruments and vacuum aspiration fetal tissue is both sucked and scraped out of the uterus during SECOND trimester

Which of the following statements is true about fertility? a) Fertility involves the sperm exiting an ovum. b) Fertility is a person's ability to have conceive. c) Fertility is an effective method of preventing pregnancy. d) Fertility is an infection transmitted through sexual contact.

b

method of withdrawal

behavioural method pulling out just prior to ejaculation

How is HIV transmitted?

bodily fluids -usually spread by vaginal or anal sex w/o a condom -through injecting drug use -from mother to child during birth and breastfeeding

Which of the following is a common reason that some men are reluctant to undergo a vasectomy a) A long recovery period required. b) There is major surgery involved. c) They worry that their sexual performance will decrease. d) A general anesthetic used.

c

integrated screen

combines quad screen, results from earlier blood tests, and an ultrasound to screen for abnormalities

Victoria is pregnant and her doctor has told her that she should try and increase her folic acid. What food should Victoria eat to increase her folic acid intake? a) low-fat milk and yogurt b) beef and lamb c) poultry d) dark leafy greens

d

embryo

fertilised egg from conception until the end of 2 months' development

what elements are important to the diet of a pregnant women?

folic acid -dark leafy greens, citrus fruits, and beans iron -dried fruits, meats, legumes, liver, and egg yolks calcium -nonfat/low-fat dairy products, and some canned fish fluids

What are the symptoms of genital herpes?

infection begins with burning sensation and redness at site and then turns into a blister full of the virus

hormonal methods of contraception

introduce synthetic hormones into the woman's system to prevent ovulation, thicken cervical music, or prevent a fertilised egg from implanting

How is HPV (Human Papilloma Virus) transmitted?

skin to skin contact -usually spread by vaginal or anal sex w/o a condom

How is herpes transmitted?

skin to skin contact -usually spread by vaginal or anal sex w/o a condom

Intrauterine device (IUD)

small, plastic, T-shaped device, placed in the uterus through the cervix to prevent conception

perfect-use failure rate

the number of pregnancies (per 100 users) that are likely to occur in the first year of use of a particular birth control method if the method is used consistently and correctly

typical-use failure rate

the number of pregnancies (per 100 users) that are likely to occur in the first year of use of a particular birth control method if the method's use is not consistent or is incorrect

What is meant by the failure rate go contraceptive use?

the number of pregnancies that occur for women using a particular method of birth control

abortion

the termination of a pregnancy by expulsion or removal of an embryo/fetus from the uterus

Why is it recommended not to use condoms made of lambskin?

they do not protect against the transmission of STIs

methods for female sterilisation

tubal ligation -Fallopian tubes are sealed shut to block the sperm from released eggs -menstrual cycle continues hysterectomy -removal of the uterus

What are the long term consequences of syphilis?

-Heart/nervous system damage -blindness -deafness -paralysis -dementia

What are the symptoms of AIDS?

-Toxoplasmosis of the brain -Kaposi's sarcoma -candidiasis of the oesophagus/trachea/bronchi/lungs

What are the long term consequences of genital herpes?

-complications during pregnancy -can cause meningitis if left untreated -exposed blisters can increase risk of acquiring HIV

What are the 3 stages of birthing?

1. Dilation of the cervix and transition of the baby's head into the vagina 2. expulsion (actually pushing the baby out) 3. delivery of the placenta

Vasectomy: 1. What method of contraception? 2. STI protection?

1. Surgical 2. None

Condoms: 1. What method of contraception? 2. STI protection?

1. barrier 2. prevents against HIV but not against STIs with external areas of infection

Withdrawal: 1. What method of contraception? 2. STI protection?

1. behavioural 2. none

Oral contraceptives: 1. What method of contraception? 2. STI protection?

1. hormonal 2. None

pregnant women only need about ______ additional calories a day

300

What are the long term consequences of gonorrhoea?

FEMALE -Infertility -pelvic inflammatory disease -life threatening if spreads to blood MALE -Infertility -life threatening if spreads to blood

What are the symptoms of Chlamydia?

FEMALE -bleeding between periods/after sex -pain when urinating MALE -clear discharge from penis -pain when urinating

What are oral contraceptives? what method is this?

Hormonal method pills containing synthetic hormones that prevent ovulation by regulating hormones