Week 13 - Quiz Review - Respiratory System

Susie is in the midst of an intense spin cycle routine and her breathing rate has increased to 30 breaths/min. and volume has increased to 2000 ml/breath. What factors triggered this increase in breathing rate & depth?

- As she works her muscles, the cells demand more oxygen. - As her muscles make ATP, more CO2 is produced and released into her blood making her PCO2 rise. - The movement of her legs, arms, and muscle, activate proprioception and stimulate breathing.

Where did the CO2 come from in the body?

- CO2 is a product of cellular respiration. - CO2 is produced after ATP is made.

The following statements about COVID-19 are correct:

- COVID-19 infect cells of the respiratory tract. - Infected alveolar cells become inflamed and lead to fluid and mucus accumulation in the airway. This leads to pneumonia. - Severe response to the COVID-19 infection will lead to respiratory distress and patients will need ventilators to help them breath.

All of the following statements are correct about emphysema:

- Emphysema is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. - Emphysema causes damage to the alveoli causing them to loose elasticity and the ability to recoil. - Emphysema causes damage to the bronchiole leading to bronchiole collapse

How would the following input affect the respiratory center?

- Exercise: STIMULATE - Alkalosis, High pH (low H+): INHIBIT - Ischemia: STIMULATE - Hypercapnic, High PCO2: STIMULATE - Ketoacidosis: STIMULATE - Hypocapnic: INHIBIT

All of the following statements about the pressure difference between intrapleural pressure and intrapulmonary pressure are correct:

- If the intrapleural pressure is higher than the intrapulmonary pressure, the lungs will collapse. - The intrapulmonary pressure must be higher than the intrapleural or the lungs will recoil away from the chest wall. - The pressure difference must be maintained to allow the lungs to expand.

The following statements about mucociliary escalator is correct:

- Mucociliary clearance is very important in decreasing incidence of pneumonia. - The influenza virus infects ciliated cells and decrease its ability to clear mucus. - The goblet cells and mucus glands produce mucus to trap pathogens, dust, pollen, etc.

What molecules can your body measure to make sure that breathing rate and heart rate match energy demands?

- Oxygen - Carbon

At rest: Breathing rate = 12 breaths per min. Volume of air per breath = 500 mL/breath Intense exercise: Breathing rate = 30 breaths per min. Volume of air per breath = 2000 mL/breath During intense exercise, how much air is Susie breathing per minute?

60,000 mL/min

A group of alveoli is called the ____ ____ (2 words). (Anatomy)

Alveolar Sac

Each individual air sac is called ______. (Anatomy)

Alveoli

In your lungs, the main airways (bronchi) branch off into smaller and smaller passageways. These are called the ________ (plural) and the lead to tiny air sacs called alveoli. (Anatomy)

Bronchioles

Acetylcholine causes... (EITHER Bronchodilation OR Bronchoconstriction)

Bronchoconstriction

Anticholinergic causes... (EITHER Bronchodilation OR Bronchoconstriction)

Bronchoconstriction

Corticosteroids causes... (EITHER Bronchodilation OR Bronchoconstriction)

Bronchodilation

Epinephrine causes... (EITHER Bronchodilation OR Bronchoconstriction)

Bronchodilation

The measurement of carbon dioxide in a patient's exhaled breath over time

CAPNOGRAPHY

The lung has the largest ____ networks. Each alveolus is wrapped with one to maximize gas exchange. (Anatomy)

Capillary

Cells with cilia. (Anatomy)

Ciliated Cells

Cells that secrete mucus. (Anatomy)

Goblet Cells

How would K.P.'s breathing rate respond to her asthma attack?

Increase

Contains the vocal cord (Anatomy)

Larynx

The ____ ______ _____ branches to connect to each lobe of the lungs. (Anatomy)

Left/Right Secondary Bronchi

Term for the apparatus of mucus and cilia; responsible for movement of mucus up and out of the respiratory tract; mucus traps particles and cilia propel mucus up and out of the lungs. (Anatomy)

Mucociliary Escalator

contains the sinuses, two words (Anatomy)

Nasal Cavity

J.D. suffers from chronic emphysema and is admitted to the hospital because of severe shortness of breath. How would J.D.'s emphysema affect the following? PCO2 - ? PO2 - ?

PCO2 - INCREASE PO2 - DECREASE

K.P. suffers from allergen-induced asthma and is admitted to the ER with an acute asthma attack. How would K.P.'s asthma attack affect arterial blood gases? PCO2 - ? PO2 - ?

PCO2 - INCREASE PO2 - DECREASE

Can be assessed in a number of ways including by monitoring oxygen levels in the blood using PULSE OXIMETRY.

PERFUSION

Having adequate oxygen in the blood to meet energy demands is called:

Perfusion

Transport of oxygen to cells and tissues is called:

Perfusion

The ___ is commonly referred to as the throat. (Anatomy)

Pharynx

The ______ _______ (plural; 2 words) are the final division of the airways within the lung. They are connected to alveolar sacs. (Anatomy)

Respiratory Bronchioles

S.S. has diabetes and is experiencing ketoacidosis (low pH). He suddenly felt a violent contraction of his diaphragm and chest muscles. Explain why the sudden contraction happened.

The low pH from the ketoacidosis STIMULATED the respiratory center causing STIMULATION of the breathing muscles to breath deeply and rapidly.

Can be assessed in a number of ways including by monitoring respiratory rate (RR; breaths per minute) and a technique called CAPNOGRAPHY.

VENTILATION

When Intrapulmonary pressure (760 mmHg) is equal to atmospheric pressure (760 mmHg)?...

There is no air exchange

Asthma attack that makes breathing difficult is called:

Ventilation

Breathing in oxygen is called:

Ventilation

Movement of air into and out of the lungs is called:

Ventilation

Parasympathetic activation leads to the release of ___ and cause ___.

acetylcholine; broncoconstriction

When Intrapulmonary pressure (761 mmHg) is greater than atmospheric pressure (760 mmHg)?...

air exhaled (expiration)

When Intrapulmonary pressure (759 mmHg) is less than atmospheric pressure (760 mmHg)?...

air inhaled (inspiration)

Asthma causes inflammation and __ and air are trapped in the airway causing a(n) __ in PCO2.

bronchoconstriction; increase

The ribs and sternum expand with the ___ of the intercostal muscles and this __ chest volume.

contraction; increase

During exhalation, your rib cage diameter (chest volume)___ and the intrapulmonary pressure __, then air flows out of the lungs.

decrease, increase

Following surgery, N.P. developed a mucus plug in a lobar bronchus that led to atelectasis. Excess mucus in the lobar bronchus caused the alveoli to __ and the intrapulmonary pressure to ___

deflate; decrease

In order to inhale, your diaphragm moves ___ and the diaphragm is ___.

inferior; contracting

In a healthy normal patient, intrapleural pressure is ____ atmospheric pressure and intrapulmonary pressure.

less than

Sympathetic activation will ___ respiratory center to ___ diaphragm and intercostal contraction and ___ breathing rate and depth to meet body's metabolic demand.

stimulate; stimulate; increase

Exercise activate the ___ nervous system and this ___ breathing and heart rate.

sympathetic; increases