Week 6

___________ refers to whether the person has regularly behaved a certain way or experienced a certain outcome in the past.

Consistency

________ commitment is defined as staying with an organization because of perceived high costs involved with leaving.

Continuance

__ is defined as the extent to which a person is interested in reaching a goal.

Goal commitment

A _______ reinforcement schedule is one in which the desired behavior is reinforced each time that it occurs.

continuous

A person's confidence in his or her ability to organize and execute the courses of action necessary to accomplish a specific task is called __________.

self-efficacy

A key component of equity theory is that employees compare their own input/output ratios with the input/outcome ratios of other employees. What is the term for this phenomenon?

social comparison

A moderate degree of workload-related stress can

stimulate energy and motivation.

A _______ reinforcement schedule is one in which the desired behavior is reinforced after an unpredictable amount of time has elapsed.

variable-interval

A _______ reinforcement schedule is one in which the desired behavior is reinforced after an unpredictable number of instances.

variable-ratio

According to Herzberg, ___________ happiness includes things such as pay, status, and working conditions that produce an acceptable work environment and whose absence leads to dissatisfaction.

hygiene

According to equity theory, people

want to be treated fairly.

According to the human resource approach, offering employees ___________ is the best way to enhance motivation in the workplace.

self-direction

According to the human relations approach, offering employees ___________ is the best way to enhance motivation in the workplace.

the illusion of self-direction

________ commitment is defined as positive emotional attachment to the organization and strong identification with its values and goals.

Affective

__________ is a general tendency of an individual to experience a particular mood or to react to things in a particular way or with certain emotions.

Affectivity

A shortage of ____ factors will lower satisfaction and cause employees to focus on _____ factors, which will produce feelings of dissatisfaction if they are missing.

motivation, hygiene

​According to David McClelland, the desire to control, influence, or be responsible for others is called a need for _____.

power

A(n) __ is a set of expected behaviors associated with a particular position in a group or organization.

role

A poorly designed office that doesn't allow a worker adequate privacy is an example of a(n) __ organizational stressor.

physical demand

A person who generally sees things in a positive light and seems to be in a good mood most of the time has a high level of

positive affectivity.

__ is the set of forces that causes people to engage in one behavior rather than some alternative behavior.

Motivation

A relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs because of experience is called

learning.

According to Herzberg, _______ factors are intrinsic to the job and increase satisfaction.

motivation

According to goal-setting theory, actual performance is determined by the interaction of

organizational support, goal-directed effort, and individual abilities.

__________ workers do not perform close to their potential capability, lacking the emotional and motivational connections to their employer that drive discretionary effort.

Disengaged

​According to David McClelland, the desire to master complex tasks or to do things better or more efficiently is called a need for _____.

achievement

A _______ reinforcement schedule is one in which the desired behavior is reinforced after a certain amount of time has passed.

fixed-interval

A _______ reinforcement schedule is one in which the desired behavior is reinforced after a specified number of instances.

fixed-ratio

According to equity theory, which of the following ratios do people consider when deciding whether they are being treated equitably?

inputs : outcomes

A performance bonus is an example of ___________.

positive reinforcement

______________is defined as a heightened emotional and intellectual connection that an employee has for her job, organization, manager, or coworkers that, in turn, influences her to apply additional discretionary effort to his/her work

Employee engagement

__ theory assumes that people are motivated to work toward a goal if they want that goal and think they can achieve it.

Expectancy

A $10 bonus for every fifth sale would be an example of which schedule of reinforcement?

Fixed-ratio

___________ refer(s) to manageable levels of stress for reasonable periods of time that generate positive emotions including satisfaction, excitement, and enjoyment.

Functional stress

________ commitment is defined as feeling obliged to stay with an organization for moral or ethical reasons.

Normative

__ is the process of screening out information that we are uncomfortable with or that contradicts our beliefs.

Selective perception

__ is the degree to which a job requires completion of a whole and identifiable piece of work.

Task identity

According to David McClelland, the desire for human companionship is called a need for _____.

affiliation

After working in a fast-food restaurant for three years to pay for your college tuition, you vowed never to work in a restaurant again. But after graduation the only job offer you receive is a managerial job at a local restaurant. Your acceptance of this job may result in __ dissonance.

cognitive

According to the equity theory, inputs include all of the following include:

education experience effort loyalty

According to Herzberg, once a state of no dissatisfaction has been reached,

further attempts to enhance motivation via the hygiene factors will be a waste of time.

​A person who feels equitably treated is motivated to ______.

keep things the way they are

According to Herzberg's dual-structure theory, motivation factors were often cited as the primary causes of

satisfaction and motivation.

After encountering an exceptionally good cashier, we might see an average cashier and evaluate him as below average. This is an example of which of the following?

the contrast effect

According to Maslow, if a previously satisfied lower-level need becomes deficient,

the individual returns to the lowest level that is now deficient.