Week 9 Check Your Understanding

The microorganism that causes the vast majority of urinary tract infections is

Escherichia coli.

In general, a cancer cell that is more tissue-specific differentiated is more likely to be aggressive.

False

The characteristic x-ray findings in tuberculosis include

Ghon tubercles.

In patients with polycystic kidney disease, renal failure is expected to progress over time as the cystic process destroys more nephrons. At what point will a patient reach end-stage renal disease?

Greater than 90% nephron loss

Which symptom suggests the presence of a hiatal hernia?

Heartburn

A patient with chronic gastritis would likely be tested for

Helicobacter pylori.

Which condition is associated with an elevated reticulocyte count?

Hemolytic anemia

While in the hospital for management of acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL), a patient develops severe thrombocytopenia. The most appropriate action for this condition is

activity restriction.

All the following stress-induced hormones increase blood glucose except

aldosterone.

The pathophysiologic basis of acute glomerulonephritis is

an immune complex reaction.

Acute right lower quadrant pain associated with rebound tenderness and systemic signs of inflammation are indicative of

appendicitis.

The major buffer in the extracellular fluid is

bicarbonate.

The most important preventive measure for hemorrhagic stroke is

blood pressure control.

A severe complication of elevated intracranial pressure is

brain herniation.

A breast lump that is painless, hard, and unmoving is most likely

carcinoma.

Hypotension, distended neck veins, and muffled heart sounds are classic manifestations of

cardiac tamponade.

A cause of thrombocytopenia includes

chemotherapy.

Clinical manifestations of hyponatremia include

confusion, lethargy, coma, and perhaps seizures.

The most common agent resulting in nephrotoxicity and subsequent acute tubular necrosis (ATN) in hospitalized patients is

contrast media.

In general, with aging, organ size and function

decrease.

A restrictive respiratory disorder is characterized by

decreased residual volume.

Endometriosis is a condition in which

ectopic endometrial tissue is present.

A patient is diagnosed with heart failure with normal ejection fraction. This patient is most likely characterized by a(n)

elderly woman without a previous history of MI.

The primary adaptive purpose of the substances produced in the alarm stage is

energy and repair.

Paget's disease is characterized by

excessive bone resorption followed by excessive formation of fragile bone.

It is true that polycystic kidney disease is

genetically transmitted.

The nurse provides teaching regarding dietary intake of potassium to avoid an electrolyte imbalance when a patient

has chronic heart failure that is treated with diuretics.

In addition to renal colic pain, signs or symptoms of ureteral stones may frequently include

hematuria.

An important mediator of a type I hypersensitivity reaction is

histamine.

When a patient is struck in the eye by a baseball, the result is redness and swelling. This increase in blood flow to a localized area is called

hyperemia.

Risk factors for atherosclerosis include

hyperlipidemia.

Autonomic dysreflexia is characterized by

hypertension and bradycardia.

A patient presents to the emergency department with a diastolic blood pressure of 132 mm Hg, retinopathy, and symptoms of an ischemic stroke. This symptomology is likely the result of

hypertensive crisis.

Respiratory alkalosis is caused by

hyperventilation.

A clinical finding that is consistent with a diagnosis of adrenocortical insufficiency is

hypoglycemia.

A laboratory finding that would help confirm the diagnosis of hyperaldosteronism is

hypokalemia.

An example of inappropriate treatment for head trauma would be

hypoventilation.

Individuals diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are at risk for developing numerous complications of various organs because of

immune injury to basement membranes.

To best prevent emphysema, a patient is instructed to stop smoking since cigarette smoke

impairs α1-antitrypsin, allowing elastase to predominate.

If an individual has a fully compensated metabolic acidosis, the blood pH is

in the normal range.

The major cause of death from leukemic disease is

infection.

Celiac sprue is a malabsorptive disorder associated with

inflammatory reaction to gluten-containing foods.

Propylthiouracil may be used to treat hyperthyroidism, because it

inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis.

At his most recent clinic visit, a patient with end-stage renal disease is noted to have edema, congestive signs in the pulmonary system, and a pericardial friction rub. Appropriate therapy at this time would include

initiation of dialysis.

The most likely cause of anemia in a patient with end-stage renal disease is

insufficient erythropoietin.

The underlying pathogenic mechanism for type 2 diabetes is

insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction.

The expected treatment of a pregnant woman with hyperemesis gravidarum is

intravenous therapy.

The most common types of uterine tumors are known as

leiomyomas.

Thalassemia may be confused with iron-deficiency anemia, because they are both

microcytic.

A loud pansystolic murmur that radiates to the axilla is most likely a result of

mitral regurgitation.

Rupture of esophageal varices is a complication of cirrhosis with portal hypertension and carries a high ________ rate.

mortality

Radioactive iodine treatment is the therapy of choice in patients with Graves disease. The patient should be expected to

need lifelong thyroid replacement therapy.

Tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-1 contribute to shock states because they induce production of

nitric oxide.

The physiologic mechanisms involved in the pain phenomenon are termed

nociception.

The defining characteristic of severe acute kidney injury is

oliguria.

The process responsible for distribution of fluid between the interstitial and intracellular compartments is

osmosis.

Urinary retention with consistent or intermittent dribbling of urine is called

overflow incontinence.

The underlying pathogenic mechanism for type 1 diabetes is

pancreatic β-cell destruction.

One cause of an extrinsic renal system obstruction is

pelvic tumor.

A tumor which results in excessive production and release of catecholamines is

pheochromocytoma.

Signs consistent with a diagnosis of glomerulonephritis include

proteinuria.

A serious complication of deep vein thrombosis is

pulmonary embolus.

When preparing for the admission of a client diagnosed with bronchiectasis, the nurse will

put a sputum cup and a box of tissues on the bedside table.

Beta-blockers are advocated in the management of heart failure because they

reduce cardiac output.

The common denominator in all forms of heart failure is

reduced cardiac output.

The effect on the renal tubules during the postoliguric phase of acute tubular necrosis involves

regeneration of the renal tubular epithelium.

The movement of blood through the vascular system is opposed by the force of

resistance.

Diabetes insipidus is a condition that

results from inadequate ADH secretion.

Hypertension with a specific, identifiable cause is known as _____ hypertension.

secondary

A laboratory test that should be routinely monitored in patients receiving digitalis therapy is

serum potassium.

The electrolyte that has a higher concentration in the extracellular fluid than in the intracellular fluid is _____ ions.

sodium

In the acute phase of stroke, treatment is focused on

stabilization of respiratory and cardiovascular function.

A patient with a history of myocardial infarction continues to complain of intermittent chest pain brought on by exertion and relieved by rest. The likely cause of this pain is

stable angina.

A patient receiving chemotherapy may be at greater risk for development of

stomatitis.

Manifestations of acute brain ischemia (Cushing reflex) are due primarily to

sympathetic nervous system activation.

The progressive stage of hypovolemic shock is characterized by

tachycardia.

A patient is diagnosed with a tortuous blood vessel of the right hand that bleeds spontaneously. This patient presents with

telangiectasia.

A unique characteristic feature of fibromyalgia is the presence of

tender point pain.

Air that enters the pleural space during inspiration but is unable to exit during expiration creates a condition called

tension pneumothorax.

Individuals with end-stage chronic renal disease are at risk for renal osteodystrophy and spontaneous bone fractures, because

they are deficient in active vitamin D.

The most commonly ordered diagnostic test for evaluation of the urinary system is

ultrasonography.

Pelvic floor muscle training is appropriate for

urge incontinence.

A patient with gouty arthritis develops renal calculi. The composition of these calculi is most likely to be

uric acid crystals.

The effect of nitric oxide on systemic arterioles is

vasodilation.

When a parent asks how they will know if their 2-month-old baby, who is throwing up and has frequent diarrhea, is dehydrated, the nurse's best response is

"If the soft spot on the top of his head feels sunken in and his mouth is dry between his cheek and his gums, then he is probably dehydrated."

A patient with metastatic lung cancer wants to know her chances for survival. Which response is correct?

"Lung cancer has about a 15% survival rate."

"Please explain the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis to me," says another nurse. "Is it just wear and tear so that the cartilage wears out?" Your best response is

"No; cells in bone, cartilage, and the synovial membrane all get activated and secrete inflammatory mediators that destroy cartilage and damage bone."

Intracranial pressure normally ranges from ______ mm Hg.

0 to 15

The person at highest risk of a greenstick fracture from falling off a tall ladder is age

8.

The cellular component that is most susceptible to radiation injury is the

DNA.

Which neurologic disorder is commonly referred to as Lou Gehrig disease?

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

The most common tumor-suppressor gene defect identified in cancer cells is

P53.

The earliest manifestation of scleroderma is

Raynaud phenomenon.

The pathology report for a patient with penile cancer has this statement: The tumor involves the shaft of the penis. The cancer is at what stage?

Stage II

Which complication of asthma is life threatening?

Status asthmaticus

Which vessel normally demonstrates the most rapid blood flow?

The vena cava

Lactated Ringer solution and normal saline are commonly used crystalloid solutions that contain electrolytes.

True

The best intervention for acute kidney injury (AKI) is prevention.

True

The most common cause of urinary obstruction in male newborns and infants is urethral valves.

True

Two of the most serious oncology emergencies associated with non-Hodgkin lymphoma are obstruction of the superior vena cava and compression of the spinal cord.

True